Effectiveness of Interventions in Reducing Substance-Related Stigma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The purpose of this study was to undertake a quantitative analysis to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed in reducing different types of stigma (self-stigma, social stigma, and structural stigma) for the substance use. This study followed the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guideline. This study followed the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guideline. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE. These electronic databases were searched research published in English from date of their inception to July 15, 2021. Randomized controlled trials that evaluated interventions on stigma associated with substance use were included. Studies should include at least one stigma outcome involving self-stigma, social stigma, or structural stigmatization. Ten randomized controlled studies were included. The overall Hedges'g for the interventions' impact on reducing stigma was 0.301, 95%CI = [-0.154- 0.755], p = 0.195, that there was no statistically significant difference. However, the meta-analysis showed that interventions had no significant impact on self-stigma [0.682, 95% CI=(-0.015-1.380), p = 0.055] and social stigma [0.198, 95% CI=(-1.271-0.876), p = 0.718] but had a small but significant impact in favor of the experimental group on reducing structural stigma [0.360 (95% CI= 0.156-0.564), p = 0.00]. According to subgroup analyses, there was no difference in the effects of stigma according to the type of intervention, the number of sessions, or the type of group. The interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use are promising. It seems to have a small but significant positive impact on structural stigma.

The Adaptation of the Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale (SU-SMS) Into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study.

BACKGROUND: Substance users are among the most highly stigmatized individuals by both the public and health care providers. However, no multidimensional scale for measuring substance use stigma for substance use disorders (SUDs) currently exists in Turkey. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale (SU-SMS). METHOD: The study was conducted at the AMATEM (Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment Center Clinic). The sample group of this methodological study consisted of 156 participants with SUDs who met the inclusion criteria. "Social-demographics Questionnaire," "The Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale," and "Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale" were used for data collection. In the validity-reliability analysis of the scale, language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-concurrent validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, item-total score correlation, split-half reliability analysis, and test-retest reliability methods were used. RESULTS: Using exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the SU-SMS has five factors. Its five-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .828, and factor loading was between .402 and .971. Analyses indicated that each of the factors of the Turkish version of the scale had high internal consistency. The test-retest correlation value was .752, p = .000. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the Turkish version of the SU-SMS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing substance use-related stigma in individuals with SUDs.

Covid-19 Literacy Scale: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study.

The current study was planned to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the COVID-19 Literacy Scale. The sample of the study was taken from 473 individuals. In this study, language validity, content validity and construct validity were examined to determine the validity of the scale. Its reliability was evaluated by internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability method. It was defined that the scale has a two-factor structure as a result of EFA and its factor loadings are in the appropriate range (0.852-0.324). According to the CFA result, it was determined that the model-data fit was at a good level. The Cronbach values for the whole scale and subscales were .92, .90, and .87, respectively. It was observed that the test-retest value was .95. It was concluded that the Turkish form of the COVID-19 Literacy Scale is a reliable and valid tool.

The effects of mindfulness-based empathy training on empathy and aged discrimination in nursing students: A randomised controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Mindfulness-Based Empathy Training (MBET) program on nursing students' empathy and aged discrimination. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The 123 participants were randomly allocated to either the training group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the experimental group received the MBET. No intervention was applied to the participants in the control group. "Descriptive Information Form", "Jefferson Empathy Scale (JSENS)", and "Age Discrimination Attitude Scale (ADAS)" were used for data collection. General Linear Model repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of the MBET on JSENS and ADAS. The analyses revealed that participants in the training group reported a significant increase in empathy level compared to the control group. No significant change in total aged discrimination scores and sub-scale of the ADAS were recorded in either group. This study indicated that empathy can be enhanced over an 8-week duration when mindfulness practices are integrated into a curriculum.

Is Exercise a Useful Intervention in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of exercise on individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) across multiple health outcomes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search complete, Sport Discuss, and ERIC databases. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Interventional studies published between 2000 and 2018 focused on evaluating the effectiveness of exercise interventions in adults with AUD. DATA EXTRACTION: This protocol was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols standard and the Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS: Physical activity levels/fitness [VO2 max (Oxygen Uptake) and HRmax (Maximum Heart Rate)], levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, quality of life, and alcohol consumption (number of standard drinks consumed per day and per week). RESULTS: The findings indicated that exercise significantly improved physical fitness as assessed by VO2 max (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.487, P < .05) and HRmax (SMD: 0.717, P < .05). Similarly, exercise significantly improved mental health as assessed by quality of life (SMD: 0.425, P < .05), but levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and alcohol consumption did not change significantly. Aerobic exercise alleviated depression and anxiety symptoms more than that of yoga and mixed types. Duration of exercise also had a similar effect on anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise can be an effective and persistent adjunctive treatment for individuals with AUDs.

The Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Model-Based Intervention on Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in Alcohol Use Disorder.

Exercise is constantly gaining attention as adjuvant treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), supplementing classical pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive-behavioral model-based (CBM-based) intervention on the depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy levels in AUD. This quasi-experimental study was conducted using pre- and posttests and repeated measurements with a control group; it was completed between February 2015 and August 2015 in Turkey. Participants were 41 individuals with AUD, 20 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The individuals in the experimental group performed aerobic exercise 3 days a week as well as attended the psychoeducation provided 1 day a week. The difference between mean scores of the individuals in the experimental and control groups taken in posttest and 4-month follow-up test in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as well as the difference between mean posttest scores in the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) were found to be statistically significant ( p < .05). In the intragroup comparisons, a significant difference was found between the "BDI," "BAI," and "SES" measurement times ( p < .05). It was concluded that CBM-based intervention was effective in reducing depression and anxiety, increasing self-efficacy in individuals with AUD. Appropriate nurse-managed CBM-based intervention for individuals with AUD can promote their health.

The Effect of the Cognitive-behavioral Model-based Psychoeducation and Exercise Intervention on Quality of Life in Alcohol Use Disorder.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the cognitive behavior model (CBM)-based psychoeducation and exercise intervention on quality of life (QoL) in alcohol use disorder (AUD). DESIGN: This study was a non-randomized controlled trial. METHODS: CBM-based psychoeducation and exercise intervention was applied to the experimental group four times a week for 6weeks; no intervention was applied to the control group. FINDINGS: No difference was seen between the points of pretest QoL of the experimental and control groups (p>0.05). However, according to the posttest, the experimental group's mean score of QoL was higher than the control groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was found that CBM-based psychoeducation and exercise intervention applied to individuals with AUD affected the QoL positively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CBM-based psychoeducation and exercise intervention can be used by nurses to improve AUD individuals' quality of life.