Nutritional management of cancer patients in clinical practice in Spain: patients' and multidisciplinary health care professionals' perceptions.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is a prevalent problem in patients with cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends the provision of nutritional support and evaluation. This study aims to describe the nutritional management of patients with cancer, including assessment of adherence, from the perspective of both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out through two surveys addressed to patients and HCPs. RESULTS: A total of 230 cancer patients and 461 HCPs completed the questionnaire. The survey found 55.0% of patients experienced eating problems during treatment and 64.0% reported sequelae affecting nourishment. However, 60.1% of patients and 42.6% of HCPs indicated that nutritional status is not generally assessed. While 86.6% of HCPs stated that nutritional information is provided to patients, only 33.5% of patients reported having received it. Regarding nutritional adherence, 87.4% of HCPs stated that it is assessed whereas only 49.2% of patients receiving nutritional supplements confirmed this. General discomfort or gastrointestinal problems were the main issues hampering correct adherence perceived by both patients (41.8%) and HCPs (95.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrate that different perceptions exist between patients and HCPs about nutritional management in cancer and suggests that in Spain nutritional approach is suboptimal in terms of screening/assessment of malnutrition, nutritional information provided to the patient, nutritional intervention and assessment of adherence to nutritional support. Therefore, measure should be taken to foster the adoption of ESPEN recommendations in clinical practice and to promote nutritional education of HCPs.

[Opinions and experiences of healthcare professionals in the nutritional management of oncology patients: the ONA study]. / Opiniones y experiencias de profesionales sanitarios en el manejo nutricional del paciente oncológico: estudio ONA.

Introduction: Objectives: an inadequate approach to prevent malnutrition in cancer patients may worsen their quality of life and reduce their response to treatment. This study aims to describe the nutritional management of cancer patients in clinical practice, as well as the opinions of the healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved. Methods: this was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study addressed to HCPs in the Spanish healthcare setting. The online questionnaire was designed based on a literature review, one focus group of patients (n = 6), and the experience of the multidisciplinary scientific committee (n = 5), and was distributed by the scientific societies endorsing the study. Results: a total of 461 HCPs answered the survey. Most of them considered that a nutrition expert (95.0 %) is essential for the nutritional management of patients. However, 22.8 % of HCPs did not have access to this expert, and only 49.0 % had received training. Nutritional screening or patient referral for screening was performed by 58.4 % of HCPs. Of the total of HCPs, 86.6 % stated that nutritional information is provided to patients and considered them moderately satisfied with the information received. In malnourished patients or in those at risk of malnutrition, a complete nutritional assessment was performed by HCPs (73.1 %). Most HCPs (87.4 %) reported prescribing or recommending nutritional support if needed, and assessing adherence (86.8 %). Conclusions: despite malnutrition being a common problem in cancer patients, almost half of professionals do not perform any nutritional screening. In addition, patient information and assessment of nutritional adherence appear to be suboptimal.

Introducción: Objetivos: un abordaje inadecuado de la desnutrición en el paciente con cáncer puede conducir a un empeoramiento de su calidad de vida y una respuesta deficiente al tratamiento. El estudio ONA (Oncología, Nutrición y Adherencia) tiene como objetivo describir el manejo nutricional del paciente con cáncer en la práctica clínica, así como las opiniones de los profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el mismo. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal dirigido a profesionales sanitarios españoles. El cuestionario online fue diseñado a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, un grupo focal de pacientes (n = 6) y un comité científico multidisciplinar (n = 5), y distribuido por las sociedades científicas que avalan el estudio. Resultados: de los 461 profesionales sanitarios participantes, el 95,0 % consideraron fundamental la figura del profesional sanitario con formación específica en nutrición, pero el 22,8 % no tenían acceso a ella y solo el 49,0 % habían recibido formación. El 58,4 % afirmaron realizar el cribado nutricional o derivar al paciente para este fin. El 86,6 % de los participantes indicaron que se informa al paciente sobre aspectos nutricionales y consideraron que este estaba moderadamente satisfecho con la información recibida. En caso de detectarse desnutrición o riesgo de desnutrición, los profesionales afirmaron realizar una evaluación nutricional completa (73,1 %) y, de necesitarse soporte nutricional, este se prescribiría/recomendaría (87,4 %), evaluándose la adherencia al mismo (86,8 %). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la desnutrición es un problema común en el paciente con cáncer, casi la mitad de los profesionales no realizan un cribado nutricional. Además, el proceso de información y evaluación de la adherencia nutricional es subóptimo.

RISK FACTORS FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA IN INPATIENTS WITH TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: A POST HOC ANALYSIS OF THE INSUPAR STUDY.

Objective: Treatment of hyperglycemia with insulin is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of hypoglycemia in hospitalized T2DM patients receiving TPN. Methods: Post hoc analysis of the INSUPAR study, which is a prospective, open-label, multicenter clinical trial of adult inpatients with T2DM in a noncritical setting with indication for TPN. Results: The study included 161 patients; 31 patients (19.3%) had hypoglycemic events, but none of them was severe. In univariate analysis, hypoglycemia was significantly associated with the presence of diabetes with end-organ damage, duration of diabetes, use of insulin prior to admission, glycemic variability (GV), belonging to the glargine insulin group in the INSUPAR trial, mean daily grams of lipids in TPN, mean insulin per 10 grams of carbohydrates, duration of TPN, and increase in urea during TPN. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of diabetes with end-organ damage, GV, use of glargine insulin, and TPN duration were risk factors for hypoglycemia. Conclusion: The presence of T2DM with end-organ damage complications, longer TPN duration, belonging to the glargine insulin group, and greater GV are factors associated with the risk of hypoglycemia in diabetic noncritically ill inpatients with parenteral nutrition. Abbreviations: ADA = American Diabetes Association; BMI = body mass index; CV% = coefficient of variation; DM = diabetes mellitus; GI = glargine insulin; GV = glycemic variability; ICU = intensive care unit; RI = regular insulin; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TPN = total parenteral nutrition.

Regular insulin added to total parenteral nutrition vs subcutaneous glargine in non-critically ill diabetic inpatients, a multicenter randomized clinical trial: INSUPAR trial.

BACKGROUND: There is no established insulin regimen in T2DM patients receiving parenteral nutrition. AIMS: To compare the effectiveness (metabolic control) and safety of two insulin regimens in patients with diabetes receiving TPN. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label, multicenter, clinical trial on adult inpatients with type 2 diabetes on a non-critical setting with indication for TPN. Patients were randomized on one of these two regimens: 100% of RI on TPN or 50% of Regular insulin added to TPN bag and 50% subcutaneous GI. Data were analyzed according to intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: 81 patients were on RI and 80 on GI. No differences were observed in neither average total daily dose of insulin, programmed or correction, nor in capillary mean blood glucose during TPN infusion (165.3 ± 35.4 in RI vs 172.5 ± 43.6 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.25). Mean capillary glucose was significantly lower in the GI group within two days after TPN interruption (160.3 ± 45.1 in RI vs 141.7 ± 43.8 mg/dL in GI; p = 0.024). The percentage of capillary glucose above 180 mg/dL was similar in both groups. The rate of capillary glucose ≤70 mg/dL, the number of hypoglycemic episodes per 100 days of TPN, and the percentage of patients with non-severe hypoglycemia were significantly higher on GI group. No severe hypoglycemia was detected. No differences were observed in length of stay, infectious complications, or hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Effectiveness of both regimens was similar. GI group achieved better metabolic control after TPN interruption but non-severe hypoglycemia rate was higher in the GI group. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02706119.

Balón intragastrico: revisión de los dispositivos alternativos a los métodos clásicos (Bioenterics) / Intragastric balloon: A review concerning alternative ballons compared to the classical ones (Bioenterics)

Desde la Conferencia de Consenso de Tarpon Spring en 1987, el Balón Intragástrico de Bioenterics se ha impuesto como modelo en el tratamiento de la obesidad con esta técnica. No obstante, a lo largo de los 30 últimos años, y en especial en los 10 últimos, han aparecido nuevos conceptos de balón intragástrico así como modelos alternativos de balón que revisamos en este trabajo (AU)

Since de Tarpon Springs Consensus Conference in 1987, the Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon represents the standard model for obesity treatment with this technique. Nevertheless, over the last 30 years, especially for the last ten years, novel concept of balloons has appeared, as well as new alternative models, which are reviewed in this paper (AU)

[Intragastric balloon: a review concerning alternative balloons compared to the classical ones (Bioenterics)]. / Balón intragastrico: revisión de los dispositivos alternativos a los métodos clásicos (Bioenterics).

Since de Tarpon Springs Consensus Conference in 1987, the Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon represents the standard model for obesity treatment with this technique. Nevertheless, over the last 30 years, especially for the last ten years, novel concept of balloons has appeared, as well as new alternative models, which are reviewed in this paper.

Desde la Conferencia de Consenso de Tarpon Spring en 1987, el Balón Intragástrico de Bioenterics se ha impuesto como modelo en el tratamiento de la obesidad con esta técnica. No obstante, a lo largo de los 30 últimos años, y en especial en los 10 últimos, han aparecido nuevos conceptos de balón intragástrico así como modelos alternativos de balón que revisamos en este trabajo.

Modificaciones anatomofuncionales del corazón en la obesidad mórbida. Cambios tras la cirugía bariátrica / Anatomical and functional alterations of the heart in morbid obesity. Changes after bariatric surgery

Introducción y objetivos. La adaptación cardiaca a la obesidad asocia anomalías estructurales y funcionales del corazón. El último escalón terapéutico en la obesidad mórbida lo ofrece la cirugía bariátrica. En este estudio se investigan los cambios anatomofuncionales del corazón en una cohorte española de obesos mórbidos y las modificaciones después de la cirugía bariátrica. Métodos. Inclusión prospectiva de pacientes referidos para cirugía bariátrica. En cada caso se realizó ecocardiograma transtorácico, electrocardiograma y analítica antes de la cirugía y 1 año después de la intervención. Resultados. Alcanzaron el seguimiento a 1 año 41 pacientes, con media de edad de 40,2±9,6 años, el 82,9% mujeres. El índice de masa corporal promedio era 47,41, y pasó a 30,43 después de la cirugía. Antes de la cirugía, el 70,7% presentaba remodelado ventricular, fundamentalmente por hipertrofia excéntrica (el 34,1% de los casos). Al año, el 58,5% tenía un patrón geométrico normal (p = 0,02). La relación E/A de llenado mitral pasó de 1,14 a 1,43 (p<0,001). Sin embargo, la velocidad del anillo mitral medida con Doppler tisular descendió ligeramente (p=0,06). Conclusiones. Los pacientes obesos mórbidos que se someten a cirugía bariátrica presentan con elevada frecuencia datos de remodelado ventricular, que es fundamentalmente de características excéntricas. La pérdida de peso conseguida mediante cirugía bariátrica se acompaña de significativas mejorías estructurales y en muchos casos lleva a la normalización completa del patrón geométrico ventricular. Sin embargo, es posible que la disfunción diastólica llegue a ser permanente (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Cardiac adaptation to obesity includes both structural and functional changes in the heart. The therapeutic option of last resort for morbidly obese patients is bariatric surgery. This study aims to assess the anatomical functional changes in the heart for a Spanish cohort of morbidly obese patients, as well as changes after bariatric surgery. Methods. Patients referred for bariatric surgery were prospectively included. In each case, a transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiogram, and blood tests were performed before the procedure and repeated 1 year after surgery. Results. Forty-one patients completed the 1-year follow-up. Of these, 82.9% were female. Mean age was 40.2±9.6) years. Prior to surgery, mean body mass index was 47.41kg/m2, decreasing to 30.43kg/m2 after the procedure. Before surgery, cardiac remodeling was present in 70.7%, most frequently in the form of eccentric hypertrophy (34.1%). At 1-year follow-up, 58.5% showed a normal left ventricular geometric pattern (P=.02). Mitral inflow E/A ratio changed from 1.14 to 1.43 (P<.001). Nevertheless, early mitral velocity measured by Doppler tissue decreased (P=.06). Conclusions. In morbidly obese patients referred for bariatric surgery, cardiac remodeling is highly prevalent, in most cases in an eccentric manner. Weight loss achieved by bariatric surgery is accompanied by significant improvements in left ventricular structure. Nevertheless, the damage in diastolic function may be permanent despite weight loss (AU)

Anatomical and functional alterations of the heart in morbid obesity. Changes after bariatric surgery.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiac adaptation to obesity includes both structural and functional changes in the heart. The therapeutic option of last resort for morbidly obese patients is bariatric surgery. This study aims to assess the anatomical functional changes in the heart for a Spanish cohort of morbidly obese patients, as well as changes after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Patients referred for bariatric surgery were prospectively included. In each case, a transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiogram, and blood tests were performed before the procedure and repeated 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Forty-one patients completed the 1-year follow-up. Of these, 82.9% were female. Mean age was 40.2±9.6 years. Prior to surgery, mean body mass index was 47.41 kg/m(2), decreasing to 30.43 kg/m(2) after the procedure. Before surgery, cardiac remodeling was present in 70.7%, most frequently in the form of eccentric hypertrophy (34.1%). At 1-year follow-up, 58.5% showed a normal left ventricular geometric pattern (P=.02). Mitral inflow E/A ratio changed from 1.14 to 1.43 (P<.001). Nevertheless, early mitral velocity measured by Doppler tissue decreased (P=.06). CONCLUSIONS: In morbidly obese patients referred for bariatric surgery, cardiac remodeling is highly prevalent, in most cases in an eccentric manner. Weight loss achieved by bariatric surgery is accompanied by significant improvements in left ventricular structure. Nevertheless, the damage in diastolic function may be permanent despite weight loss.

[Recommendations of the Study Group for Metabolic Alterations/Secretariat for the National AIDS Plan (GEAM/SPNS) on the management of metabolic and morphologic alterations in patients with HIV infection]. / Recomendaciones de GEAM/SPNS sobre el tratamiento de las alteraciones metabólicas y morfológicas en el paciente con infección por VIH.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update of the metabolic and morphologic alterations in patients infected with HIV with an in-depth analysis of their clinical management and treatment. METHODS: These recommendations were agreed by consensus by a committee of experts in metabolic alterations and HIV patient care, under the auspices of the Secretariat for the National AIDS Plan. To do this, the latest clinical, epidemiological and physiopathological advances described in studies published in the scientific literature and/or presented in congresses were reviewed. RESULTS: The most frequent metabolic alterations in HIV patients and in antiretroviral treatment (ART) are dyslipidemia with an atherogenic profile and alterations in carbohydrate metabolism/insulin resistance. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, especially smoking, has been described. The same criteria for their management as those used in the general population have been employed, with specific nuances. Diet and exercise should be the first therapeutic recommendation. In patients with dyslipidemia who require drug treatment, statins and/or fibrates are indicated. Glitazones have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of insulin resistance. The approach to anomalous fat distribution continues to be controversial. The main approaches at present are a switch of ART, reparative surgery, psychological support and lifestyle changes. Lactic acidosis is an infrequent but highly serious complication, and the first step is withdrawal of ART. In bone metabolism alterations, prevention and early detection are essential, especially in children and perimenopausal women. Sexual dysfunction is a frequent problem in both men and women; because the causes are highly varied, treatment should be individualized. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic and morphologic alterations has increased since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Knowledge of the various aspects involved in their diagnosis and treatment is essential for the appropriate care of patients with HIV infection.

Recomendaciones de GEAM/SPNS sobre el tratamiento de las alteraciones metabólicas y morfológicas en el paciente con infección por VIH / Recommendations of the Study Group for Metabolic Alterations/Secretariat for the National AIDS Plan (GEAM/SPNS) on the management of metabolic and morphologic alterations in patients with HIV infection

Objetivo. Efectuar una puesta al día de las alteraciones metabólicas y morfológicas presentes en los pacientes con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), ahondando en su manejo clínico y tratamiento. Métodos. Estas recomendaciones han sido consensuadas por un comité de expertos en alteraciones metabólicas y en la atención al paciente con VIH, bajo los auspicios de la Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida (PNS). Para ello se han revisado los últimos avances clínicos, epidemiológicos y fisiopatológicos reseñados en estudios publicados en las revistas médicas y/o presentados en los congresos. Resultados. Las alteraciones metabólicas que con mayor frecuencia aparecen en los pacientes con infección por VIH y en tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) son la dislipidemia con perfil aterogénico y las alteraciones del metabolismo hidrocarbonado/resistencia a la insulina. Se ha descrito una elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, especialmente el tabaquismo. Para su manejo se han utilizado los mismos criterios que para la población general, con matices específicos. La dieta y el ejercicio deben ser la primera recomendación terapéutica. En los pacientes con dislipidemia y necesidad de tratamiento farmacológico, estarían indicadas las estatinas y/o los fibratos. En el tratamiento de la resistencia a la insulina las glitazonas han demostrado su eficacia. El abordaje del reparto anómalo de la grasa sigue siendo controvertido. El cambio de TAR, la cirugía reparadora, el soporte psicológico y los cambios de estilo de vida son las bases para abordar este problema en el momento actual. La acidosis láctica es una complicación infrecuente pero muy grave, siendo la primera actitud terapéutica la retirada del TAR. En cuanto a las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo son fundamentales la prevención y la detección precoz, especialmente en mujeres perimenopáusicas y niños. La disfunción sexual es un problema frecuente tanto en varones como en mujeres; la diversidad de causas obliga a un tratamiento individualizado. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de alteraciones metabólicas y morfológicas ha aumentado desde la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). Es fundamental el conocimiento de los diversos aspectos relacionados con su diagnóstico y tratamiento para una correcta atención de los pacientes con infección por VIH (AU)

Objective. To provide an update of the metabolic and morphologic alterations in patients infected with HIV with an in-depth analysis of their clinical management and treatment. Methods. These recommendations were agreed by consensus by a committee of experts in metabolic alterations and HIV patient care, under the auspices of the Secretariat for the National AIDS Plan. To do this, the latest clinical, epidemiological and physiopathological advances described in studies published in the scientific literature and/or presented in congresses were reviewed. Results. The most frequent metabolic alterations in HIV patients and in antiretroviral treatment (ART) are dyslipidemia with an atherogenic profile and alterations in carbohydrate metabolism/insulin resistance. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, especially smoking, has been described. The same criteria for their management as those used in the general population have been employed, with specific nuances. Diet and exercise should be the first therapeutic recommendation. In patients with dyslipidemia who require drug treatment, statins and /or fibrates are indicated. Glitazones have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of insulin resistance. The approach to anomalous fat distribution continues to be controversial. The main approaches at present are a switch of ART, reparative surgery, psychological support and lifestyle changes. Lactic acidosis is an infrequent but highly serious complication, and the first step is withdrawal of ART. In bone metabolism alterations, prevention and early detection are essential, especially in children and perimenopausal women. Sexual dysfunction is a frequent problem in both men and women; because the causes are highly varied, treatment should be individualized. Conclusions. The prevalence of metabolic and morphologic alterations has increased since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Knowledge of the various aspects involved in their diagnosis and treatment is essential for the appropriate care of patients with HIV infection (AU)