Uterine wound healing after caesarean section: A systematic review.

The rate of caesarean section (CS) is increasing worldwide. Defects in uterine healing have a major gynaecological and obstetric impact (uterine rupture, caesarean scar defect, caesarean scar pregnancy, placenta accreta spectrum). The complex process of cellular uterine healing after surgery, and specifically after CS, remains poorly understood in contrast to skin wound healing. This literature review on uterine wound healing was mainly based on histological observations, particularly after CS. The primary objective of the review was to examine the effects of CS on uterine tissue at the cellular level, based on histological observations. The secondary objectives were to describe the biomechanical characteristics and the therapies used to improve scar tissue after CS. This review was performed using PRISMA criteria, and PubMed was the data source. The study included all clinical and animal model studies with CS and histological analysis of the uterine scar area (macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical and biomechanical). Twenty studies were included: 10 human and 10 animal models. In total, 533 female humans and 511 female animals were included. Review articles, meeting abstracts, case series, case reports, and abstracts without access to full-text were excluded. The search was limited to studies published in English. No correlation was found between cutaneous and uterine healing. The histology of uterine scars is characterized by disorganized smooth muscle, fibrosis with collagen fibres and fewer endometrial glands. As for skin healing, the initial inflammation phase and mediation of some growth factors (particularly connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumour necrosis factor α and tumour necrosis factor ß) seem to be essential. This initial phase has an impact on the subsequent phases of proliferation and maturation. Collagen appears to play a key role in the initial granulation tissue to replace the loss of substance. Subsequent maturation of the scar tissue is essential, with a decrease in collagen and smooth muscle restoration. Unlike skin, the glandular structure of uterine tissue could be responsible for the relatively high incidence of healing defects. Uterine scar defects after CS are characterized by an atrophic disorganized endometrium with atypia and a fibroblastic highly collagenic stromal reaction. Concerning immunohistochemistry, one study found a decrease in tumour necrosis factor ß in uterine scar defects. No correlation was found between biomechanical characteristics (particularly uterine strength) and the presence of a collagenous scar after CS. Based on the findings of this review, an illustration of current understanding about uterine healing is provided. There is currently no validated prevention of caesarean scar defects. Various treatments to improve uterine healing after CS have been tested, and appeared to have good efficacy in animal studies: alpha lipoic acid, growth factors, collagen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Further prospective studies are needed.

Long-term outcomes of primary cystocele repair by transvaginal mesh surgery versus laparoscopic mesh sacropexy: extended follow up of the PROSPERE multicentre randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic sacropexy (LS) and transvaginal mesh (TVM) at 4 years. DESIGN: Extended follow up of a randomised trial. SETTING: Eleven centres. POPULATION: Women with cystocele stage ≥2 (pelvic organ prolapse quantification [POP-Q], aged 45-75 years without previous prolapse surgery. METHODS: Synthetic non-absorbable mesh placed in the vesicovaginal space and sutured to the promontory (LS) or maintained by arms through pelvic ligaments and/or muscles (TVM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional outcomes (pelvic floor distress inventory [PFDI-20] as primary outcome); anatomical assessment (POP-Q), composite outcome of success; re-interventions for complications. RESULTS: A total of 220 out of 262 randomised patients have been followed at 4 years. PFDI-20 significantly improved in both groups and was better (but below the minimal clinically important difference) after LS (mean difference -7.2 points; 95% CI -14.0 to -0.05; P = 0.029). The improvement in quality of life and the success rate (LS 70%, 61-81% versus TVM 71%, 62-81%; hazard ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.55-1.54; P = 0.75) were similar. POP-Q measurements did not differ, except for point C (LS -57 mm versus TVM -48 mm, P = 0.0093). The grade III or higher complication rate was lower after LS (2%, 0-4.7%) than after TVM (8.7%, 3.4-13.7%; hazard ratio 4.6, 95% CI 1.007-21.0, P = 0.049)). CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques provided improvement and similar success rates. LS had a better benefit-harm balance with fewer re-interventions due to complications. TVM remains an option when LS is not feasible. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: At 4 years, Laparoscopic Sacropexy (LS) had a better benefit-harm balance with fewer re-interventions due to complications than Trans-Vaginal Mesh (TVM).

Surgical techniques for the removal of Essure® microinserts: a literature review on current practice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the different techniques for Essure® microinserts removal and to assess the risk of fracture of the device and the intra- and post-operative complications in relation to surgical technique variants. METHODS: Electronic search in Medline, Scopus and Embase databases using the following keywords: Essure; Essure removal; Essure surgical technique. RESULTS: Out of 95 articles in the initial database, 17 studies were eligible for inclusion in our literature review. Several surgical techniques have been described in which the most frequent were laparoscopic salpingectomy (LS), laparoscopic cornuectomy (LC), laparoscopic or vaginal hysterectomy (LH, VH) with en-bloc salpingectomy. There were more fractures of the device with the LS procedure (6.25%) followed by the LC technique (2.77%), while there was no fracture with hysterectomy. However, peri-and post-operative complications were more severe and frequent with hysterectomy in comparison with the LC and LS procedures (respectively 8.1% Clavien Dindo grade 3 for the hysterectomy group, 1.11% for the LC procedure and 0.69% for the LS technique). CONCLUSION: Due to the lack of standardised surgical treatment guidelines, a system of care networks for symptomatic patients with adverse effects related to Essure® headed by specialised centres may offer a suitable and high-quality management with the appropriate removal techniques within two objectives: limiting the risk of fracture (with an en-bloc removal of the Essure® microinserts) and avoiding intra- and post-operative complications.

[Treatment of synechiae related to infertility]. / Traitements des synéchies associées à une infertilité.

Synechiae are intrauterine adhesions that affect the fertility of women. They are most often of post-traumatic origin. The management of pregnancy abortions in the first trimester and post-delivery retention are the main contributing factors. Synechiae is responsible for cycle disorders and repeated pregnancy loss. Hysteroscopy is the reference method for its diagnosis and treatment. The surgical objective is the restoration of a normal sized cavity and a functional endometrium to allow fertilization and implantation. The use of small diameter (5mm) hysteroscopes and no energy or bipolar energy instruments are recommended. Echo guidance facilitates the treatment of severe synechiae and limits the risk of intraoperative perforation. The main risk of treatment is recurrence, particularly in severe cases where multiple operating times are sometimes necessary. An office hysteroscopy at 6 weeks is recommended to identify and treat these recurrences. Different physical, molecular or cellular methods are studied as primary and secondary prevention of postoperative synechiae. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the treatment of synechiae in the context of infertility.

Ovarian drilling in polycystic ovary syndrome: Long term pregnancy rate.

OBJECTIVE: To report long term pregnancy rate in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated by ovarian drilling. To evaluate predictive factors of pregnancy and possibility of a second drilling. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, multicenter study. SETTING: Gynecologic departments of two teaching's hospitals. PATIENTS: All infertile women with PCOS who were treated by ovarian drilling from 2004 to 2013. The Rotterdam criteria were applied to define PCOS. INTERVENTIONS: Surgical ovarian drilling by laparoscopy and trans vaginal hydro laparoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was pregnancy rate after ovarian drilling. The secondary endpoints were the predictive factors of pregnancy and the possibility of a second ovarian drilling. RESULTS: 289 women were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 28.4 months (25.3-31.5). A pregnancy was obtained in at least 137 (47.4%) women after a drilling, and 71 (51.8%) of these pregnancies were spontaneous, 48 (16.6%) women achieved at least two pregnancies after drilling, and 27 (56.3%) of these were spontaneous. The predictive factors for effectiveness were a normal body mass index (BMI), an infertility period of less than three years, an AFC of less than 50, and an age of less than 35. Second drillings were performed on 33 women. Among them, 19 (57.6%) achieved at least one pregnancy, and 10 (52.6%) of these were spontaneous. It appeared that a second drilling was effective either when the first drilling had been successful (pregnancy achieved after drilling) or when it had failed in cases of high AFC (greater than 55). CONCLUSION: Ovarian drilling permitted to obtain spontaneous pregnancy for women with PCOS. This surgery could have durably effect permitted to obtain more than one pregnancy.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of medical management versus conservative surgery for early tubal pregnancy.

STUDY QUESTION: Is conservative surgery (laparoscopic salpingotomy) cost-effective, using fertility as the endpoint compared with medical management (Methotrexate) in women with an early tubal pregnancy? SUMMARY ANSWER: Conservative surgery appeared slightly, but not statistically significantly, more effective than medical management but also more costly. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Women with an early tubal pregnancy treated with medical therapy (Methotrexate) or conservative surgery (laparoscopic salpingotomy) have comparable future intrauterine pregnancy rates by natural conception. Also, cost-minimisation studies have shown that medical therapy was less expensive than conservative surgery, but there is no cost-effectiveness study comparing these two treatments with fertility as the endpoint. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A multicentre randomised controlled trial-based (DEMETER study) cost-effectiveness analysis of conservative surgery compared with medical therapy in women with an early tubal pregnancy was performed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: Included women had an ultrasound that confirmed an early tubal pregnancy. They were randomly allocated to conservative surgery or to medical therapy. The study clinical outcome was the intrauterine pregnancy rate. The payer's perspective was considered. Costs of conservative surgery and medical therapy were compared. The analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Missing variables were imputed using the fully conditional method. To characterise uncertainty and to provide a summary of it, a non-parametric bootstrap resampling was executed and cost-effectiveness accessibility curves were constructed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: At baseline, costs per woman in the conservative surgery group and in the medical therapy group were 2627€ and 2463€, respectively, with a statistically significant difference of +164€. Conservative surgery resulted in a marginally, but non-significant (P = 0.46), higher future intrauterine pregnancy rate compared to medical therapy (0.700 vs. 0.649); leading, after bootstrap, to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 1299€ (95% CI = -29 252; +29 919). Acceptability curves showed that conservative surgery could be considered a cost-effective treatment at a threshold of 3201€ for one additional future intrauterine pregnancy. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A limitation was that monetary valuation was carried out using 2016 euros while the DEMETER study took place from 2005 to 2009. Anyway, the results would not have been very different given the marginal changes in the health insurance reimbursement tariffs during this period. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Conservative surgery can be considered a cost-effective treatment, if the additional cost of 3201€ per additional future intrauterine pregnancy is an acceptable financial effort for the payer. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT 00137982.

Are 3D ultrasound and office hysteroscopy useful for the assessment of uterine cavity after late foetal loss?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of office hysteroscopy and 3D ultrasound for the diagnostic of uterine anomalies after late foetal loss. METHOD: This retrospective observational study took place in the gynaecologic unit of a teaching hospital from 2009 to 2014. Women with late foetal loss (<22 weeks of gestation) had an office hysteroscopy and 3D ultrasound within three months after delivery. The results of the ultrasound and hysteroscopy were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Eighty women were included with a mean age of 29.8 years (28.2-31.4). Forty-seven women had both hysteroscopy and 3D ultrasound, and a uterine cavity's anomaly (bicornuate uterus, T-Shape uterus and septate uterus) was found in ten women (21%) at 3D sonography and in 13 women (28%) at office hysteroscopy. Concordance between the two exams was very good with a kappa at 0.83. In three cases, a uterine cavity's anomaly was found at hysteroscopy whereas sonography was normal. Anomalies at ultrasound (uterine cavity's anomaly, myometrium anomaly or ovarian anomaly) were found in 27.6% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Both 3D ultrasound and office hysteroscopy are useful for assessment of the uterine cavity after late foetal loss. The application of these two exams is important, as hysteroscopy is generally used for assessment of the uterine cavity and endometrium, while 3D ultrasound is generally used to identify the precise type of uterine malformation and for the examination of the myometrium and annexes.

Update on the management of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common complaint that affects large numbers of women from puberty to menopause. It negatively affects health by causing anemia, and impacts the quality of life of women affected. AUB also has an economic impact for both women and society. Therefore, it should not be under- or overestimate and diagnosis, investigations and treatment should be proposed, taking into account the scientific data available in the current state of medical knowledge. Using the new terminology and etiologic classification of AUB is essential to communicate properly around the subject. The evaluation of the bleeding includes self-report and more objective methods. Work out should focus on diagnosing anemia and researching for causal factors. It is important to differentiate AUB caused by anatomical changes and functional causes, and the PALM-COIEN classification has been developed on that dichotomy. Investigations may include blood test, ultrasound, hysteroscopy and endometrial sampling is required in a certain number of situations. Treatment for AUB can be medical and/or surgical depending on the cause. Medical treatment is based on iron supplementation, hormonal and non-hormonal therapies. Surgical treatments include removal of a focal lesion, endometrial resection or destruction and hysterectomy. Age, desire for future pregnancy and etiology for AUB are key factors to consider before initiating a treatment. Treatment efficiency can be assessed using the same tools as pretherapeutic evaluation, and improvement of quality of life has now become the main goal for most international guidelines addressing the subject.

Reproducibility of the interpretation of coronal 3D ultrasound view of the uterus to evaluate the position of Essure® 3 months after hysteroscopic procedure.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional sonography is a good alternative method to assess the position of microinserts. Adequate position after three months allows for the interruption of other contraception. Objective is to evaluate inter-observer reproducibility of the interpretation of coronal transvaginal 3D ultrasound view of the uterus to evaluate the position of Essure®. STUDY DESIGN: Inter-observer reproducibility study. Fifty women underwent successful bilateral placement of microinserts (Essure®) by hysteroscopy in the Department of Gynaecology of a teaching hospital and were included in the study. At three month, 3D ultrasound coronal views of the fifty uterus (accounting for one hundred microinserts) were assessed by five different observers and microinsert position was classified according to the classification described by Legendre et al. Inter-observer reproducibility in reading the 3D coronal view of the uterus was evaluated. RESULTS: The k-value was disparate, from 0.26 to 0.82. Inter-observer reproducibility then ranged from fair to almost perfect, depending on a prior knowledge of the position classification. CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal 3D coronal view of the uterus is sufficient to assess the positioning of the microinserts when the practionner or the surgeon is familiar with the classification method.

Quality assessment of pelvic ultrasound for uterine myoma according to the CNGOF guidelines.

INTRODUCTION: French guidelines regarding the minimum criteria for gynaecological ultrasound were given in a recent report in 2016, by the French National College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (CNGOF). An accurate report is essential for the optimal care of women, especially those presenting myomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of gynaecological ultrasound reports for women with type 0 to 2 uterine myomas, referring to the items contained in the French guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from reports of ultrasounds performed in private offices and in the gynaecologic department of a hospital, between June 2014 and June 2016 (before the report of CNGOF). These reports involved women who underwent hysteroscopic resection of myoma(s). A search of validated items was conducted for all of the reports, and the missing items were analysed. The different types of practitioners and between hospital and private medical offices were also compared with Chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 138 reports were analysed; 71 were performed in private offices and 67 were performed in the gynaecologic unit of the hospital. Many items were missing in the reports, with disparities between the type of institution (private offices or hospital) and the speciality of practitioners (radiologists or gynaecologists). Specific items regarding myomas, such as the International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) classification or measurement of the posterior wall, were more often missing in reports from radiologists (89.7% and 79.5%, respectively) than in reports from gynaecologists (21.2% and 34.3%, respectively) (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed for these data between private offices' reports and hospitals' reports. Items relative to ultrasound structures, such as the appearance of myomas or associated abdominal effusion, were more frequently missing in gynaecologists' reports (88.9% and 49.5%, respectively) compared to radiologists' reports (56.4% and 12.8%, respectively) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Certain items are present in all the reports, while others are insufficiently mentioned. These inequalities can be explained in part by the type of practice; however, methods to overcome these difficulties must be developed. Information campaigns to educate professionals on the minimum reporting and training conducted jointly by radiologists and gynaecologist surgeons might improve reports and improve the care of women.

Place of ulipristal acetate in the management of uterine fibroids: Preoperative treatment or sequential treatment?

Symptomatic uterine fibroids affect 25% of women of childbearing potential and are responsible for various symptoms, mainly menometrorrhagia, pelvic pain and infertility. No currently available medical treatment is able to eradicate fibroids. Two treatments are indicated preoperatively to reduce bleeding and decrease the size of fibroids: GnRH agonists and ulipristal acetate. Ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone receptor modulator, exerts an antagonist effect on fibroid tissue, inducing apoptosis. It rapidly induces amenorrhoea (after an average of seven days of treatment) and reduces fibroid volume. It causes few adverse effects and, in particular, is associated with a low rate of hot flashes compared to GnRH agonists. Due to its partial antagonist effect on endometrial tissue, endometrial thickening with no glandulocystic atypia is commonly observed during treatment and is reversible after stopping treatment. These specific histological changes are called Progesterone receptor modulator-Associated Endometrial Changes (PAEC). Since February 2012, ulipristal acetate has been approved in Europe for preoperative treatment of symptomatic fibroids for two three-month cycles. The use of ulipristal acetate facilitates surgery or allows modification of the surgical approach (due to a reduction of fibroid volume) and restores normal preoperative hemoglobin. In some cases, the reduction of menometrorrhagia induced by treatment can allow surgery to be postponed. Since May 2015, ulipristal acetate is also indicated as repeated sequential treatment for moderate-to-severe symptoms due to uterine fibroids.

Office hysteroscopy: A report of 2402 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for evaluation of uterine cavity. It can be performed either as office setting or as day care procedure under general anaesthesia. Objective of this study is to assess feasibility and acceptability of office hysteroscopy without anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study took place in the gynaecologic unit of a teaching hospital. Women who had had an office hysteroscopy from 2010 to 2013 were included. RESULTS: Two thousand four hundred and two office hysteroscopies were carried out. Indications were menorrhagia (32.2%), postoperative evaluation (20.8%), infertility (15.8%), postmenopausal bleeding (10.9%) and other indications (20.3%). Women's mean age was 39.4 [39.0-39.9] and significantly higher among women with a failure of the office hysteroscopy (47.3 vs. 38.6, P<0.01). The failure rate was 9.5%, significantly higher in women with postmenopausal bleeding and lower in women for a postoperative evaluation. Assessment of an abnormal uterine cavity was done in 56.0% of cases with 28.7% of myomas, 27.2% of polyps, 17.7% of synechiaes, 14.7% of endometrial hypertrophies, 9.0% of trophoblastic retentions and 7.7% of uterine malformation. The complication rate of office hysteroscopy was 0.05%. Mean pain score during the examination was 3.57 out of 10 [3.48-3.66] and 0.89 [0.83-0.95] five minutes later. CONCLUSION: Office hysteroscopy is safe and feasible with little pain. A failure rate of 9.5% is reported, mainly for older women with postmenopausal bleeding.

Pregnancy loss: French clinical practice guidelines.

In intrauterine pregnancies of uncertain viability with a gestational sac without a yolk sac (with a mean of three orthogonal transvaginal ultrasound measurements <25mm), the suspected pregnancy loss should only be confirmed after a follow-up scan at least 14 days later shows no embryo with cardiac activity (Grade C). In intrauterine pregnancies of uncertain viability with an embryo <7mm on transvaginal ultrasound, the suspected pregnancy loss should only be confirmed after a follow-up scan at least 7 days later (Grade C). In pregnancies of unknown location after transvaginal ultrasound (i.e. not visible in the uterus), a threshold of at least 3510IU/l for the serum human chorionic gonadotrophin assay is recommended; above that level, a viable intrauterine pregnancy can be ruled out (Grade C). Postponing conception after an early miscarriage in women who want a new pregnancy is not recommended (Grade A). A work-up for women with recurrent pregnancy loss should include the following: diabetes (Grade A), antiphospholipid syndrome (Grade A), hypothyroidism with anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies (Grade A), vitamin deficiencies (B9, B12) (Grade C), hyperhomocysteinaemia (Grade C), hyperprolactinaemia (Grade B), diminished ovarian reserve (Grade C), and a uterine malformation or an acquired uterine abnormality amenable to surgical treatment (Grade C). The treatment options recommended for women with a missed early miscarriage are vacuum aspiration (Grade A) or misoprostol (Grade B); and the treatment options recommended for women with an incomplete early miscarriage are vacuum aspiration (Grade A) or expectant management (Grade A). In the absence of both chorioamnionitis and rupture of the membranes, women with a threatened late miscarriage and an open cervix, with or without protrusion of the amniotic sac into the vagina, should receive McDonald cerclage, tocolysis with indomethacin, and antibiotics (Grade C). Among women with a threatened late miscarriage and an isolated undilated shortened cervix (<25mm on ultrasound), cerclage is only indicated for those with a history of either late miscarriage or preterm delivery (Grade A). Among women with a threatened late miscarriage, an isolated undilated shortened cervix (<25mm on ultrasound) and no uterine contractions, daily treatment with vaginal progesterone up to 34 weeks of gestation is recommended (Grade A). Hysteroscopic section of the septum is recommended for women with a uterine septum and a history of late miscarriage (Grade C). Correction of acquired abnormalities of the uterine cavity (e.g. polyps, myomas, synechiae) is recommended after three early or late miscarriages (Grade C). Prophylactic cerclage is recommended for women with a history of three late miscarriages or preterm deliveries (Grade B). Low-dose aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin at a preventive dose are recommended for women with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (Grade A). Glycaemic levels should be controlled before conception in women with diabetes (Grade A).

[Medical management of interstitiel pregnancy by in situ methotrexate]. / Prise en charge des grossesses interstitielles par traitement médical selon un protocole de méthotrexate in situ.

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial pregnancy accounts for 3 to 11% of ectopic pregnancy; these pregnancies are the more frequently non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Medical treatment can be used in case of unruptured interstitial pregnancy and is used more and more frequently to avoid hemorrhagic risk and risk of conversion to radical surgery when a surgical management is decided. However, a larger use of methotrexate in interstitial pregnancy and conditions of use are not clearly defined. The aim of this study is to report a series of unruptured interstitial pregnancy managed by in situ injection of methotrexate. WOMEN AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included women treated for an interstitial pregnancy between 2010 and 2013 in a teaching hospital. Medical management used was an in situ injection of methotrexate (1mg/kg) guided by vaginal sonography plus an intramuscular injection of methotrexate (1mg/kg) in the 48hours following in situ injection and 600mg of mifepristone when progesterone blood rate was more than 9ng/mL. A great decrease of serum hCG without surgery was considered a success. RESULTS: Fourteen women had an interstitial pregnancy during the study period. Six were managed surgically in 5 cases for suspicion of uterine rupture and one for pregnancy of unknown location. Eight women had a medical management and the success rate was 100%. Mean time for decrease of serum hCG until 2 UI/L was 54.4 days [34.0-74.8]. No uterine rupture or immediate complication was reported. Five women out of 8 had a spontaneous pregnancy after management of interstitial pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Medical management by in situ injection of methotrexate under sonographic guidance with an intramuscular injection within the 48hours following the in situ injection and mifepristone when ectopic pregnancy was active can be proposed in first-line therapy in case of unruptured interstitial pregnancy. This treatment has a great efficiency and low rate of complications.

[Assessment patient's sexuality after prolapse repair using the Elevate™ kit]. / Évaluation de la sexualité des patientes après pose de prothèse Elevate™ pour cure de prolapsus.

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study is to present the impact on the sexuality of patients after prolapse repair by a vaginal approach using the Elevate™ kit. Secondary objectives include the evaluation of the quality of life and presentation of anatomical results and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective unicentric study of 177 patients with symptomatic urogenital prolapse, repair from 2009 to 2013, using anterior and/or posterior Elevate™ kit. Assessment sexuality was performed using a validated questionnaire, the PISQ-12. Anatomical outcomes and quality of life were assessed using the classification POP-Q and questionnaires PFDI20 and PFIQ-7 respectively. RESULTS: Response to the questionnaire was 53.1 % with a mean follow-up of 29 months (8-60). Forty-six patients were sexually (49 %) active after the procedure. The average score of postoperative questionnaire PISQ-12 was 34.5/48. De novo dyspareunia rate is 10.8 %. The anatomic success rate was 90 %, the exposure rate was 2.8 % and the retraction rate was 2.2 %. No patient with de novo dyspareunia had postoperative complication. CONCLUSION: The Elevate™ kit is associated with satisfactory functional and anatomical results. De novo dyspareunia rate is "acceptable" compared to the literature data.

[Axillary management in breast cancer: The French practice versus recommendations in the post-2011 era]. / Ganglion sentinelle et curage axillaire dans le cancer du sein : la pratique française face aux recommandations à l'ère post-2011.

OBJECTIVES: Today, according to St-Gallen and ASCO clinical guidelines, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) should be avoided in patients who meet the ACOSOG Z011 criteria. In French guidelines, ALND is still recommended in case of macrometastasis in sentinel lymph node (SLN) and in case of micrometastasis without systemic treatment. We performed a survey of the French practices in the management of the axilla. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 454 breast surgeons between June 2014 and January 2015. Questionnaire included items about: indications of SLN biopsy, frequency of ALND in case of metastatic SLN and modality of radiotherapy in case of metastatic SLN without ALND. RESULTS: A total of 169 surgeons (37%) answer the questionnaire. Twenty-one percent of surgeons avoid ALND in case of macrometastasis. Thirty-two percent do not perform extemporaneous examination of SLN. Only 8.4% of practionners performed a SLN biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Fourteen percent performed a SLN biopsy in case of multicentric tumors, while it is not recommended. In case of positive SLN without ALND completion, radiotherapy does not change in 34% while irradiation fields are expanded in 44%. CONCLUSIONS: Significant unconformities are observed towards national recommendations. The divergence between French and international guidelines leads to heterogeneous surgical practices.

[Fertility after hysteroscopic resection of submucosal myoma in infertile women]. / Fertilité après résection hystéroscopique de myomes sous-muqueux chez des patientes infertiles.

OBJECTIVES: Myoma is the most frequent benign uterine tumor and might have a negative impact on fertility. In 5 to 10% of cases, infertility is associated with myoma and in 1 to 3% myoma is the only infertility factor. Even if effect of myomectomy on fertility is controversial, benefit of hysteroscopic myomectomy for submucosal myoma on fertility has already been shown. The aim of this study is to evaluate fertility of infertile women less than 46years old after hysteroscopic resection of submucosal myoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective unicentric study took place in the gynecologic unit of a teaching hospital. All infertile women with a hysteroscopic myomectomy for submucosal myoma between March 2009 and May 2013 were included. A phone questionnaire was conducted to evaluate pregnancy rate, eventual medical assistance, time between submucisal resection and pregnancy and issue of pregnancies. RESULTS: Seventy-one infertile women with a hysteroscopic resection of submucosal myoma were included. Pregnancy rate was 33.8% with 50% of live births, 41.6% of miscarriages and 8.4% of late fetal losses with a mean follow-up of 28.7months. Mean time between hysteroscopic resection and pregnancy was 9.9months. A medical assistance was necessary for 6 women (25% of pregnancy). CONCLUSION: This study reports hysteroscopic resection of submucosal myoma for infertile women. The rate of pregnancy after treatment is 33.8%.

[Assessment of women's satisfaction supported day care gynecological surgery: A prospective study]. / Évaluation de la satisfaction des patientes prises en charge en ambulatoire en chirurgie gynécologique : une étude prospective.

OBJECTIVES: To report a prospective evaluation of women's satisfaction after a day care gynecologic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective unicentric study from June to October 2013 in a teaching hospital. Women planned for a day care gynecologic surgery were enrolled after giving their consent. Three phone questionnaires were done on day 1, 7 and 30 after surgery. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-five women were included and 90.3% had finally a day care surgery. Response to the phone questionnaire was 75.2% with a satisfaction on day 1 of 94.2% and on day 7 and 30 of 96.4%. CONCLUSION: A high satisfaction rate is observed in this study. These data are consistent with a promotion of day care surgery in gynecology.