Impact of intensive care unit admission during handover on mortality: propensity matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of intensive care unit admission during medical handover on mortality. METHODS: Post-hoc analysis of data extracted from a prior study aimed at addressing the impacts of intensive care unit readmission on clinical outcomes. This retrospective, single-center, propensity-matched cohort study was conducted in a 41-bed general open-model intensive care unit. Patients were assigned to one of two cohorts according to time of intensive care unit admission: Handover Group (intensive care unit admission between 6:30 am and 7:30 am or 6:30 pm and 7:30 pm) or Control Group (intensive care unit admission between 7:31 am and 6:29 pm or 7:31 pm and 6:29 am). Patients in the Handover Group were propensity-matched to patients in the Control Group at a 1:2 ratio. RESULTS: A total of 6,650 adult patients were admitted to the intensive care unit between June 1st 2013 and May 31st 2015. Following exclusion of non-eligible participants, 5,779 patients (389; 6.7% and 5,390; 93.3%, Handover and Control Group) were deemed eligible for propensity score matching. Of these, 1,166 were successfully matched (389; 33.4% and 777; 66.6%, Handover and Control Group). Following propensity-score matching, intensive care unit admission during handover was not associated with increased risk of intensive care unit (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 0.92-2.11; p=0.113) or in-hospital (OR: 1.23; 95%CI: 0.85-1.75; p=0.265) mortality. CONCLUSION: Intensive care unit admission during medical handover did not affect in-hospital mortality in this propensity-matched, single-center cohort study.

Impact of intensive care unit admission during handover on mortality: propensity matched cohort study / Impacto na mortalidade da admissão de pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva durante a passagem de plantão: estudo de coorte utilizando escore de propensão

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of intensive care unit admission during medical handover on mortality. Methods: Post-hoc analysis of data extracted from a prior study aimed at addressing the impacts of intensive care unit readmission on clinical outcomes. This retrospective, single-center, propensity-matched cohort study was conducted in a 41-bed general open-model intensive care unit. Patients were assigned to one of two cohorts according to time of intensive care unit admission: Handover Group (intensive care unit admission between 6:30 am and 7:30 am or 6:30 pm and 7:30 pm) or Control Group (intensive care unit admission between 7:31 am and 6:29 pm or 7:31 pm and 6:29 am). Patients in the Handover Group were propensity-matched to patients in the Control Group at a 1:2 ratio. Results: A total of 6,650 adult patients were admitted to the intensive care unit between June 1st 2013 and May 31st 2015. Following exclusion of non-eligible participants, 5,779 patients (389; 6.7% and 5,390; 93.3%, Handover and Control Group) were deemed eligible for propensity score matching. Of these, 1,166 were successfully matched (389; 33.4% and 777; 66.6%, Handover and Control Group). Following propensity-score matching, intensive care unit admission during handover was not associated with increased risk of intensive care unit (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 0.92-2.11; p=0.113) or in-hospital (OR: 1.23; 95%CI: 0.85-1.75; p=0.265) mortality. Conclusion: Intensive care unit admission during medical handover did not affect in-hospital mortality in this propensity-matched, single-center cohort study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto na mortalidade da admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva durante passagem de plantão médico. Métodos: Análise post-hoc de estudo original publicado previamente, com o objetivo de avaliar os impactos da readmissão em unidade de terapia intensiva nos desfechos clínicos. Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em centro único, com pareamento por escore de propensão, foi conduzido em uma unidade de terapia intensiva geral, aberta, com 41 leitos. Com base no tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, os pacientes foram categorizados em duas coortes: Grupo Passagem de Plantão (admissão entre 6h30 e 7h30 ou 18h30 e 19h30) ou Grupo Controle (internação entre 7h31 e 18h29 ou 19h31 e 6h29). Pacientes no Grupo Passagem de Plantão foram pareados com Grupo Controle na proporção de 1:2. Resultados: Entre 1° de junho de 2013 e 31 de maio de 2015, 6.650 pacientes adultos foram admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva. Após a exclusão de participantes inelegíveis, 5.779 pacientes (389; 6,7% no Grupo de Admissão na Passagem de Plantão e 5.390; 93,3% no Grupo de Controle) foram elegíveis para pareamento por escore de propensão, dos quais 1.166 foram pareados com sucesso (389; 33,4% no Grupo Passagem de Plantão e 777; 66,6% no Grupo Controle). Após pareamento, admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva durante a passagem plantão não foi associada ao aumento da chance de óbito na unidade de terapia intensiva (RC: 1,40; IC95%: 0,92-2,11; p=0,113) ou no hospital (RC: 1,23; IC95%: 0,85-1,75; p=0,265). Conclusão: Internação em unidade de terapia intensiva durante passagem de plantão médico não impactou na mortalidade hospitalar.

Effect of volume replacement during combined experimental hemorrhagic shock and traumatic brain injury in prostanoids, brain pathology and pupil status.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of trauma-related deaths. Systemic hypotension and intracranial hypertension causes cerebral ischemia by altering metabolism of prostanoids. We describe prostanoid, pupilar and pathological response during resuscitation with hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in TBI. Method Fifteen dogs were randomized in three groups according to resuscitation after TBI (control group; lactated Ringer's (LR) group and HSS group), with measurement of thromboxane, prostaglandin, macroscopic and microscopic pathological evaluation and pupil evaluation.Result Concentration of prostaglandin is greater in the cerebral venous blood than in plasma and the opposite happens with concentration of thromboxane. Pathology revealed edema in groups with the exception of group treated with HSS.Discussion and conclusion There is a balance between the concentrations of prostaglandin and thromboxane. HSS prevented the formation of cerebral edema macroscopically detectable. Pupillary reversal occurred earlier in HSS group than in LR group.

Effect of volume replacement during combined experimental hemorrhagic shock and traumatic brain injury in prostanoids, brain pathology and pupil status / Efeito da reposição volêmica durante o choque hemorrágico combinado com traumatismo craniencefálico sobre prostanóides, patologia cerebral e status pupilar

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of trauma-related deaths. Systemic hypotension and intracranial hypertension causes cerebral ischemia by altering metabolism of prostanoids. We describe prostanoid, pupilar and pathological response during resuscitation with hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in TBI. Method Fifteen dogs were randomized in three groups according to resuscitation after TBI (control group; lactated Ringer’s (LR) group and HSS group), with measurement of thromboxane, prostaglandin, macroscopic and microscopic pathological evaluation and pupil evaluation.Result Concentration of prostaglandin is greater in the cerebral venous blood than in plasma and the opposite happens with concentration of thromboxane. Pathology revealed edema in groups with the exception of group treated with HSS.Discussion and conclusion There is a balance between the concentrations of prostaglandin and thromboxane. HSS prevented the formation of cerebral edema macroscopically detectable. Pupillary reversal occurred earlier in HSS group than in LR group.

O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é a principal causa de morte relacionada ao trauma. O choque hemorrágico e hipertensão intracraniana causam isquemia cerebral alterando o metabolismo de prostanóides. Neste estudo, relatamos o comportamento dos prostanóides, resposta pupilar e patologia durante a reposição volêmica com solução salina hipertônica (SSH) no TCE. Método Quinze cachorros foram randomizados em três grupos (controle, grupo de Ringer lactato e grupo de SSH) e foram avaliados tromboxane, prostaglandina, avaliação patológica macroscópica e microscópica e status pupilar.Resultado A concentração de prostaglandina é maior no sangue cerebral em comparação ao plasma, e o inverso ocorre com o tromboxane. A patologia revelou edema em todos os grupos, com exceção do grupo tratado com SSH.Discussão e conclusão Existe um equilíbrio entre concentrações cerebrais e plasmáticas de prostaglandina e tromboxane. A SSH protegeu o cérebro da formação de edema pós traumático.

Gestão em terapia intensiva: conceitos e inovações / Management in intensive care: concepts and innovations

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Atualmente, várias propostas são feitas com o objetivo de resolver ou pelo menos, controlar o grande problema da gestão na área da saúde: reduzir ou conter custos ao mesmo tempo em que a melhoria contínua da qualidade é promovida. A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) é um dos setores mais importantes do hospital, local onde mudanças são essenciais. A procura por modelos em que medicina baseada em evidênciase utilização de rotinas e protocolos em UTI convivam como conceito de gestão ocorre em velocidade nunca vista antes. Cabe ao líder da UTI, tornar o setor modelo de unidade de negócios,preocupando-se com aspectos financeiros, segurança, qualidade, educação e inovação no atendimento ao cliente interno e externo. CONTEÚDO: Revisão da literatura incluindo modelos estudados e aplicados em outras áreas de conhecimento humano, bem como a proposta inovadora da utilização do instrumento Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) como opção de implementação de serviços médicos em UTI. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento de conceitos fundamentais e aplicação de modelos de gestão que priorizam a redução de margem de erro, segurança e aplicação da medicina baseada em evidência para o paciente crítico, podem estar relacionados a melhor utilização de recursos em Medicina Intensiva, colaborando na solução do dilema da área da saúde, manter qualidade e conter ou reduzir custos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As each day passes, various proposals are made to resolve or at least control the major problem of health care: to reduce or contain costs at the same time as continuous quality improvement is promoted. One of the most important sectors of a hospital, where changes are essential,is the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The search for models in which evidence-based medicine and the use of routines and protocols in ICU mingle with the concept of management occurs at a rate never seen before. It is for the leader of ICU, making the sector a business model unit, concerned with financial aspects, safety, quality, education and innovation in customer service. CONTENTS: Review of literature including models studied and applied in other areas of human knowledge and a innovative approach,using the tool Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), asan option for implementation of medical services in Intensive Care Units. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of fundamental concepts and application of management models that emphasize the reduction of error, security and implementation of evidence-based medicine for the critically ill patient, may be related to better utilization of resources in intensive care, collaborating in the solution of health care dilemma, maintain quality and contain or reduce costs.

Fluid resuscitation with isotonic or hypertonic saline solution avoids intraneural calcium influx after traumatic brain injury associated with hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: Calcium is one of the triggers involved in ischemic neuronal death. Because hypotension is a strong predictor of outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI), we tested the hypothesis that early fluid resuscitation blunts calcium influx in hemorrhagic shock associated to TBI. METHODS: Fifteen ketamine-halothane anesthetized mongrel dogs (18.7 kg +/- 1.4 kg) underwent unilateral cryogenic brain injury. Blood was shed in 5 minutes to a target mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg to 45 mm Hg and maintained at these levels for 20 minutes (shed blood volume = 26 mL/kg +/- 7 mL/kg). Animals were then randomized into three groups: CT (controls, no fluid resuscitation), HS (7.5% NaCl, 4 mL/kg, in 5 minutes), and LR (lactate Ringer's, 33 mL/kg, in 15 minutes). Twenty minutes later, a craniotomy was performed and cerebral biopsies were obtained next to the lesion ("clinical penumbra") and from the corresponding contralateral side ("lesion's mirror") to determine intracellular calcium by fluorescence signals of Fura-2-loaded cells. RESULTS: Controls remained hypotensive and in a low-flow state, whereas fluid resuscitation improved hemodynamic profile. There was a significant increase in intracellular calcium in the injured hemisphere in CT (1035 nM +/- 782 nM), compared with both HS (457 nM +/- 149 nM, p = 0.028) and LR (392 nM +/- 178 nM, p = 0.017), with no differences between HS and LR (p = 0.38). Intracellular calcium at the contralateral, uninjured hemisphere was 438 nM +/- 192 nM in CT, 510 nM +/- 196 nM in HS, and 311 nM +/- 51 nM in LR, with no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION: Both small volume hypertonic saline and large volume lactated Ringer's blunts calcium influx in early stages of TBI associated to hemorrhagic shock. No fluid resuscitation strategy promotes calcium influx and further neural damage.

Linking the chain of survival: trauma as a traditional role model for multisystem trauma and brain injury.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Trauma systems are central in the care of trauma patients and the concept of 'Critical Care Cascade' matches the concept of the 'Trauma Systems'. Both concepts aim to offer a model of continuum care from prehospital assistance to ICU discharge that can have a significant impact on outcome. In spite of the trauma system concept maturity, many controversies still remain unresolved. This text will review some of the relevant literature related to prehospital and early hospital care of trauma patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Effectiveness of trauma systems and outcome studies on prehospital and early hospital care have been published recently. Limitations, controversies and important points of those studies will be highlighted in this text. SUMMARY: Although there is a lack of definitive evidence to support many of the current recommendations for the acute care of trauma patients, the historical development of trauma systems, their long experience and even the existing controversies, can help to establish other critical pathways and can guide performance evaluations so necessary to improve outcomes.

Papel da dosagem seriada de troponina nos pacientes com suspeita de contusão miocárdica após trauma torácico fechado / The role of serial measurement of troponin in patients with a suspected myocardial injury after chest trauma

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A contusão miocárdica está freqüentemente associada ao trauma torácico fechado. Seu correto diagnóstico é um constante desafio aos profissionais que trabalham em unidades de emergência, devido aos seus sintomas inespecíficos e a ausência de exames subsidiários com precisão para fazer o diagnóstico. Dentre os diversos métodos diagnósticos estudados, tem-se destacado nos últimos anos o papel dos indicadores de necrose miocárdica troponina I e troponina T. Por serem proteíðnas constituintes do aparelho de regulação contrátil celular, são liberadas na corrente sanguínea somente após a perda da integridade de membrana dos miócitos e, portanto, são altamente específicas para detectar lesão miocárdica. CONTEUDO: Foi realizada uma revisão de estudos clínicos nas bases eletrônicas de dados MedLine e LILACS, no período de janeiro de 1980 a novembro de 2006, sobre a importância da dosagem seriada de troponina como instrumento diagnóstico e preditor de evolução clínica desfavorável nos pacientes com contusão miocárdica. CONCLUSÕES: Embora exista maior especificidade das troponinas I e T quando comparadas aos indicadores tradicionais, CKMB massa e CPK total, esses dois indicadores apresentarem sensibilidade e valor preditivo positivo baixos para diagnosticar contusão miocárdica. Pacientes que apresentam alterações eletrocardiográficas, elevação de troponinas, ou ambas, devem permanecer em observação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), por no mínimo 24 horas, período em que se desenvolve a maioria das complicações decorrentes da contusão miocárdica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myocardial contusion is often associated with blunt chest trauma. Its diagnosis is challenging to the professionals who work in emergency department due to nonspecific symptoms and the lack of auxiliary exams with enough accuracy to diagnose. Among the available diagnostic tools, the biomarkers of myocardial injury troponin I and troponin T have stood out. Troponins are proteins of the citocellular apparatus, released into the bloodstream only after the disruption of myocytes cellular membrane. Therefore they are highly specific to detect myocardial injuries. CONTENTS: We performed a clinical review using the electronic databases MedLine and LILACS from January 1980 to November 2006 about the importance of a serial measurement of troponin I and T as a diagnostic tool as well as predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome in patients with myocardial contusion after a blunt chest trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Although troponins I and T are more specific than usual biomarkers CKMB and CK, these two first biomarkers show a low sensitivity and positive predictive value to diagnosis myocardial contusion. Patients with ECG abnormalities, troponins elevations or both should remain in an intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 24 hours, period in which they cam develop most of the complications related to myocardial contusion.

[The role of serial measurement of troponin in patients with a suspected myocardial injury after chest trauma]. / Papel da dosagem seriada de troponina nos pacientes com suspeita de contusão miocárdica após trauma torácico fechado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myocardial contusion is often associated with blunt chest trauma. Its diagnosis is challenging to the professionals who work in emergency department due to nonspecific symptoms and the lack of auxiliary exams with enough accuracy to diagnose. Among the available diagnostic tools, the biomarkers of myocardial injury troponin I and troponin T have stood out. Troponins are proteins of the citocellular apparatus, released into the bloodstream only after the disruption of myocytes cellular membrane. Therefore they are highly specific to detect myocardial injuries. CONTENTS: We performed a clinical review using the electronic databases MedLine and LILACS from January 1980 to November 2006 about the importance of a serial measurement of troponin I and T as a diagnostic tool as well as predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome in patients with myocardial contusion after a blunt chest trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Although troponins I and T are more specific than usual biomarkers CKMB and CK, these two first biomarkers show a low sensitivity and positive predictive value to diagnosis myocardial contusion. Patients with ECG abnormalities, troponins elevations or both should remain in an intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 24 hours, period in which they cam develop most of the complications related to myocardial contusion.

Volume replacement with lactated Ringer's or 3% hypertonic saline solution during combined experimental hemorrhagic shock and traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: The devastating effects of hypotension on head-trauma-related mortality are well known. This study evaluates the systemic and cerebral hemodynamic responses to volume replacement with 3% hypertonic saline (HSS) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR), during the acute phase of hemorrhagic shock (HS) associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Fifteen dogs were assigned to one of three groups (n = 5, each) according to the volume replacement protocol, infused after TBI (brain fluid percussion, 4 atm) and epidural balloon to an intracranial pressure (ICP) higher than 20 mm Hg and HS, induced by blood removal to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg in 5 minutes: Group HS+TBI+HSS (8 mL/kg of 3% HSS), HS+TBI+LR (16 mL/kg LR), and Group HS+TBI (controls, no fluids). We simulated treatment during prehospital and early hospital admission. Groups HS+ TBI and HS+TBI+LR received shed blood infusion to a target hematocrit of 30%. Measurements included shed blood volume, fluid volume infused to restore MAP, MAP, cardiac output, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral and systemic lactate, and oxygen extraction ratios. RESULTS: Fluid replacement with HSS 3% or LR promoted major hemodynamic benefits over control animals without luids. Cerebral perfusion pressure was higher than controls and similar between treated groups; however, HSS 3% infusion was associated with lower ICP during the "early hospital phase" and a higher serum sodium and osmolarity. CONCLUSION: In the event of severe head trauma and hemorrhagic shock, the use of HSS 3% and larger volumes of LR promote similar systemic and cerebral hemodynamic benefits. However, a lower ICP was observed after HSS 3% than after LR.

Hemometabolismo cerebral: variaçoes na fase aguda do coma traumático / Cerebral hemometabolism: variability in the acute phase of traumatic coma

OBJETIVO: avaliar as interrelaçoes entre as alteraçoes hemometabólicas cerebrais e sistêmicas em pacientes com traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) grave submetidos a um protocolo terapêutico padronizado. DESENHO: estudo prospectivo, intervencionista em pacientes com coma traumático. LOCAL: uma UTI geral em hospital universitário. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: vinte e sete pacientes (21M e 6F), idade 14-58 anos, com TCE grave, com três a oito pontos na escala de coma de Glasgow, foram avaliados prospectivamente segundo um protocolo cumulativo padronizado para tratamento da hipertensao intracraniana aguda, o qual incluía medidas rotineiras da pressao intracraniana (PIC) e da extraçao cerebral de oxigênio (ECO2). Foram analisadas as interrelaçoes hemometabólicas envolvendo: pressao arterial média (PAM), PIC, pressao parcial de gás carbônico arterial (PaCO2), ECO2, pressao de perfusao cerebral (PPC) e extraçao sistêmica de oxigênio (ESO2). INTERVENÇOES: apenas as padronizadas no protocolo terapêutico. RESULTADOS: nao houve correlaçao entre a ECO2 e a PPC (r = -0,07; p = 0,41). Houve correlaçao inversa entre a PaCO2 e a ECO2 (r = -0,24; p = 0,005) e direta entre a ESO2 e a ECO2 (r = 0,24; p = 0,01). A mortalidade geral dos pacientes foi de 25,9 por cento (7/27). CONCLUSAO: 1) a PPC nao se correlaciona com a ECO2 em quaisquer níveis de PIC; 2) a ECO2 está estreitamente relacionada aos diferentes níveis de PaCO2 ; e 3) durante a hiperventilaçao otimizada existe um acoplamento entre a ECO2 e a ESO2

Sedaçäo e analgesia no cardiopata / Sedation and analgesia in cardiologig patients

A sedaçäo e a analgesia säo práticas muito comuns noscardiopatas.O emprego dessas drogas encontra-se relacionado a necessidades clínicas variadas:analgesia, induçäo de amnésia ou sono, relaxamento muscular, controle de medo e ansiedade, reduçäo de metabolismo e também para facilitar procedimentos desconfortáveis.O texto apresentado refere-se somente ao uso de sedativos e analgésicos no ambiente hospitalar.A técnica de sedaçäo tem mudado nos últimos anos, migrando para uma técnica de sedaçäo mais leve de utilizar drogas de farmacocinética mais adequada.A monitorizaçäo clínica da sedaçäo e da abalgesia por meio de escalas é fundamental para racionalizar o tratamento e para reduzir as complicações.As principais drogas utilizadas säo:morfina, fentanil, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, holoperidol e propofol.Pelo entendimento fisiopatológico dos processos associados às cardiopatias e da farmacologia das drogas, é possível estabelecer quais as drogas de eleiçäo para esquemas de sedaçäo de curta e de longa duraçäo.As drogas utilizadas säo de uso seguro, encontrando-se maior taxas de complicações em pacientes predispostos e näo pelo emprego de uma classe particular de sedativo.