Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power.

PURPOSE: While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD: Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 â„ƒ), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 â„ƒ). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS: Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.

Ecological and Construct Validity of a Repeated Sprint Test in Male Youth Soccer Players.

ABSTRACT: Fernandes-Da-Silva, J, Castagna, C, Teixeira, AS, Carminatti, LJ, Francini, L, Póvoas, SCA, and Antonacci Guglielmo, LG. Ecological and construct validity of a repeated sprint test in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2000-2009, 2021-This study aimed to examine the relationship between a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (5 bouts of 30-m sprints interspersed by 30 seconds of recovery) and match-related physical performance in male youth soccer players. Although 60 outfield players were evaluated, only data from players who participated in the full matches (n = 39) were retained (8 central defenders, 7 external defenders, 8 central midfielders, 8 external midfielders, and 8 forwards). To verify the ecological validity of this RSA protocol, the association between the best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) sprint time in the 5 × 30-m and physical match performance during friendly youth soccer games was examined. Physical match demands were assessed using global positioning system technology (10 Hz) considering distance covered in selected arbitrary speed categories. The absolute speed thresholds were the same for all the players. Players were categorized into 2 groups based on the 5 × 30-m performance: RSAmean times below (i.e., faster) and above (i.e., slower) the median value. Players with faster RSAmean times covered significantly more distance sprinting during friendly matches (606 ± 204 m, +47.0%; t = 4.953; effect size = 1.88, 1.24; 2.52, p ≤ 0.001) compared to their slower counterparts (322 ± 145 m). A large negative correlation (r = -0.63, -0.77; -0.44, p ≤ 0.001) was found between RSAbest time (4.59 ± 0.27 seconds) and match sprint distance (457 ± 229 m). Likewise, RSAmean time (4.76 ± 0.25 seconds) was also largely associated (r = -0.60, -0.75; -0.39; p ≤ 0.001) with in-game sprinting performance. The results of this study provided evidence to support the construct and ecological validity of the 5 × 30-m protocol in male youth soccer players. Furthermore, differences in 5 × 30-m performance explained the amount of sprinting activity performed during the match.

Game Running Performance and Fitness in Women's Futsal.

The study aimed to verify possible associations between game-play running performance and outcomes derived from fitness (running) tests in female futsal players. Sixteen women professional elite futsal players from a 1st division league team (19.2±2 years-old, 4.3±2.1 years of experience) participated. Firstly, a graded incremental treadmill test was adopted to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following 72 h of laboratory protocol, players were asked to perform a repeated-sprint test on a court (8×40 m with two 180° change-of-directions). Twenty-four hours after, players participated in a one-off friendly game (two 20-min half-times). A computerized automatic image recognition software (DVIDEOW; 30 Hz) allowed to determine game running performance variables. Fatigue index and best time in the court test and VO2max and its attached speed derived from laboratory-based test showed significant moderate-to-moderately high correlations (r=- 0.59-0.76; p<0.05) with some game running performance outputs, notably related to high-intensity running. In conclusion, the present study provided initial evidence on associations between two fitness tests and one-off game running performance in female futsal. Information derived from the work potentially help conditioning professionals working with female futsal athletes gain awareness about some properties of common testing tools.

Predicting Maximal Lactate Steady State from Carminatti's Shuttle Run Test in Soccer Players.

The objective of the present study was to determine the validity of Carminatti's shuttle run incremental test-T-Car derived parameters in estimating the maximal lactate steady state determined in shuttle run format. Eighteen soccer players performed a T-Car test, and several trials to determine the maximal lactate steady state. From T-Car were derived the heart rate deflection point, peak speed, maximal heart rate and parameters resulting from percentage of peak measures. The validity was accessed by Bland-Altman plots, linear regressions, and two one-sided tests of equivalence analysis. The results showed the speed at 80.4% of T-Car peak speed, the heart rate deflection point and the 91.4% of maximal heart rate were equivalent to maximal lactate steady state (Mean difference; ±90% compatibility interval; -0.8; ±1.5%, -0.4; ±1.1%, and 0.0; ±2.7%, respectively). Additionally, peak speed during the T-Car test was a stronger predictor of maximal lactate steady state (MLSS [km/h]=2.57+0.65 × sPeak; r=0.82 [90% CI; 0.62-0.92], standard error of the estimate=3.6%; 90% CI ×/÷1.4). Therefore, soccer players can use the T-Car derived parameters as a noninvasive and practical alternative to estimate the specific maximal lactate steady state for soccer.

Functional Threshold Power in Cyclists: Validity of the Concept and Physiological Responses.

Functional threshold power is defined as the highest power output a cyclist can maintain in a quasi-steady state for approximately 60 min (FTP60). In order to improve practicality for regular evaluations, FTP60 could theoretically be determined as 95% of the mean power output in a 20-min time trial (FTP20). This study tested this assumption and the validity of FTP20 and FTP60 against the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). Twenty-three trained male cyclists performed an incremental test to exhaustion, 20- and 60-min time trials, and a time to exhaustion at FTP20. Power output, heart rate and oxygen uptake representing FTP20, FTP60 and IAT were not different (p>0.05), and large to very large correlations were found (r=0.61 to 0.88). Bland-Altman plots between FTP20, FTP60 and IAT showed small bias (-1 to -5 W), but large limits of agreement ([-40 to 32 W] to [-62 to 60 W]). Time to exhaustion at FTP20 was 50.9±15.7 min. In conclusion, FTP20 and FTP60 should not be used interchangeably on an individual basis and their validity against IAT should be interpreted with caution.

The peak velocity of Carminatti's Test for aerobic-fitness training in male soccer players / O pico de velocidade do Teste de Carminatti para treinamento aeróbio em jogadores de futebol

Abstract Aerobic energy transference is highly required and accounts for more than 90% of total energy consumption during a soccer match. In addition high aerobic fitness contributes to recovery from high-intensity intermittent exercise, specific to performance in soccer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the peak velocity in the Carminatti's test (PVT-CAR) for prescribing interval-training drills is effective in eliciting aerobic-fitness development intensities in male soccer-players. Fifteen Brazilian male elite soccer-players (U20) were tested for T-CAR and monitored for heart rate (HR) during PVT-CAR prescribed interval-training drills (i.e., 4x4min with 3min passive recovery). Drills were performed with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio with either straight-line (6/6s) or 180° shuttle running (12/12s). The interval training performed at PVT-CAR elicited HR above 90% of HRmax and lactate above 4m.mol.l-1. In the shuttle-running drills, HR and lactate (93.3±2.1% HRmax; 7.7±1.4 m.mol.l-1) were significantly higher than in the straight line drills (vs 90.3±2.6 %HRmax; 4.5±0.9 m.mol.l-1). The coefficient of variations showed low inter-subject variability in HR (CV 2.3 and 3.0% for 12/12 and 6/6 respectively). The results of this study demonstrated that PVT-CAR can be successfully used to individualize high-intensity interval running training in players with different aerobic profiles, while shuttle-running drills presented higher values at intern load than straight line. The physiological and time-motion profiles resemble the most demanding phases of the match, especially for the fittest players.

Resumo A transferência de energia aeróbia é altamente necessária e representa mais de 90% do consumo total de energia durante um jogo no futebol. Ademais, a alta aptidão aeróbia contribui para a recuperação durante exercício intermitente de alta intensidade, específico do desempenho do futebol. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar se o pico de velocidade no teste de Carminatti (PVT-CAR) para a prescrição de treino intervalado é funcional na obtenção de desenvolvimento de aptidão aeróbia em jogadores de futebol. Quinze jogadores de futebol brasileiros (Sub-20) foram testados no T-CAR e monitorados por freqüência cardíaca (FC) durante o treinamento intervalado prescrito por PVT-CAR (ou seja, 4x4min com recuperação passiva de 3min). Os treinos foram realizados com uma relação de trabalho e repouso de 1:1 com corrida em linha reta (6/6s) e corrida de 180° com mudança de direção em vai-e-vem (12/12s). O treinamento intervalado prescrito com PVT-CAR induziu respostas de FC acima de 90% de FCmax, lactato superior a 4m.mol.l-1. uOs resultados de FC e lactato no treinamento de corrida com mudança de direção (93,3±2,1% FCmax; 7,7±1,4 m.mol.l-1) foram significativamente maiores que no treino de corrida em linha (vs 90,3±2,6 %FCmax; 4,5±0,9 m.mol.l-1). O coeficiente de variação mostrou baixa variabilidade inter-sujeitos na frequência cardíaca (CV 2,3 e 3,0% para 12/12 e 6/6, respectivamente). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que o PVT-CAR pode ser utilizado com sucesso para individualizar o treinamento de corrida intervalado de alta intensidade em jogadores com diferentes perfis aeróbicos. Os perfis fisiológicos e momentos de demandas se assemelham às fases mais exigentes da partida, especialmente para os jogadores melhor condicionados.

Physiological Responses During the Time Limit at 100% of the Peak Velocity in the Carminatti's Test in Futsal Players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during the time limit at the intensity of the peak velocity of the Carminatti's test (T-CAR). Ten professional futsal players (age, 27.4 ± 5.8 years, body mass, 78.8 ± 8.5 kg, body height, 175.8 ± 6.8 cm, body fat mass, 14.1 ± 2.6%) took part in the study. The players performed three tests, with an interval of at least 48 hours, as follows: the T-CAR to determine the peak velocity and the maximal heart rate; an incremental treadmill protocol to determine the maximal physiological responses; and a time limit running test at the peak velocity reached in the T-CAR. During the last two tests, a portable gas analyzer was used for direct measurement of cardiorespiratory variables. It was shown that the peak velocity was not significantly different from the maximal aerobic speed achieved in the laboratory (p = 0.213). All athletes reached their maximum oxygen uptake during the time limit test. The maximum oxygen uptake achieved during the time limit test was not different from that observed in the laboratory condition (51.1 ± 4.7 vs. 49.6 ± 4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively, p = 0.100). In addition, Bland and Altman plots evidenced acceptable agreement between them. On average, athletes took ~140 s to achieve maximum oxygen uptake and maintained it for ~180 s. Therefore, the peak velocity intensity can be used as an indicator of maximal aerobic power of futsal athletes and the time limit can be used as a reference for training prescription.

The peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test is related to physical match performance in young soccer players.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test (T-CAR) (PVT-CAR) and physical match performance in young soccer players. Thirty-three youth soccer players were recruited from 2 non-professional clubs. Friendly matches and small-sided game were performed. Physical match demands were assessed using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On a separate occasion, the players were submitted to the T-CAR. Players were categorised into 3 groups based on their T-CAR performance: Low (PVT-CAR ≤ P33), Intermediate (P33 > PVT-CAR < P66) and High (PVT-CAR ≥ P66). The PVT-CAR (15.5 ± 0.7 km·h-1) was significantly related to high-intensity activities (HIA; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), high-intensity running (HIR; r = 0.66, P < 0.001), sprinting (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and total distance (TD) covered (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) during friendly matches. The PVT-CAR was strongly correlated with the amount of HIA (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), HIR (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and TD covered (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) during small-sided game. No significant correlation was observed between the PVT-CAR and distance of sprinting (r = 0.49, P = 0.067) during small-side game. Furthermore, players in the High group covered significantly more TD (10%) and did more HIA (42%), sprinting (31%) and HIR (25%) during friendly matches compared to the players classified as having Low performance on the T-CAR. These differences still remained after adjusting for chronological age (CA), maturity and body size. In conclusion, the current study gives empirical support to the ecological and construct validity of this novel field test (T-CAR) as an indicator of match-related physical performance in young soccer players during pubertal years.

Physiological characteristics, evaluation and prescription of aerobic training in Futsal / Características fisiológicas, avaliação e prescrição do treinamento aeróbio no Futsal

Abstract Futsal has intermittent characteristics with different requirements of displacements and changes of direction, requiring simultaneously aerobic and anaerobic capacities of athletes. So, during counter-attacks and returns to defense or fast movements to get rid or perform marking, there is maximum mobilization of specific capabilities of the sport and the ability to perform high-intensity intermittent exercise is a key factor of performance. The aim of this study was to perform an expositive review on the physiological characteristics, high-intensity interval training and aerobic evaluation methods that have been used and suggested in scientific literature in original studies. A search in scientific portals Google Scholar, Scopus®, SciELO®, ScienceDirect® (Elsevier) and PubMed® was conducted to find articles with publication date since 2000 using the following terms in different combinations: “Futsal”, “performance”, “aerobic evaluation”, “high-intensity interval training”, “field tests” and their variations in English. Analysis of physiological indexes related to game performance can help in the knowledge about the aerobic fitness of Futsal players and improve training assessment, prescription and monitoring, also serving as a reference to assist professionals of this sport in the preparation of high intensity interval training programs to meet the particular needs of the sport. Field tests with specific features of the sport were created as a means of assessment and also training prescription and are recommended due to their specificity and ecological validity.

Resumo O futsal apresenta características intermitentes com diferentes exigências de deslocamentos e mudanças de direção, exigindo simultaneamente as capacidades aeróbias e anaeróbias dos atletas. Assim, durante os contra-ataques e retornos à defesa, ou movimentações rápidas para se desmarcar ou realizar marcação, há uma mobilização máxima das capacidades específicas da modalidade, sendo que a habilidade de realizar exercícios intermitentes de alta intensidade é um fator decisivo da performance. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura expositiva sobre as características fisiológicas, treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade e métodos de avaliação aeróbia que vêm sendo utilizados e sugeridos na literatura científica em estudos originais. Realizou-se uma pesquisa nos portais científicos da Google Scholar, Scopus®, SciELO®, ScienceDirect® (Elsevier) e PubMed® buscando artigos com data de publicação a partir do ano 2000 pelos seguintes termos em diferentes combinações: “futsal”, “performance”, “avaliação aeróbia”, “treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade”, “testes de campo” e suas variações em inglês. A análise dos índices fisiológicos relacionados à performance de jogo podem auxiliar no conhecimento a respeito da aptidão aeróbia de jogadores de futsal e aprimorar a avaliação, prescrição e acompanhamento do treinamento. Adicionalmente, servem de referência para auxiliar os profissionais da modalidade na elaboração de programas de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade que atendam às necessidades específicas do esporte. Os testes de campo com características próprias da modalidade foram criados como forma de avaliação e também prescrição de treinamento e são recomendados pela especificidade e validade ecológica que possuem.

Intensidade de esforço em jogos oficiais e simulados de futsal feminino / Exercise intensity during official and simulated female futsal games

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descrever as demandas de intensidade de esforço (IE) sustentadas por atletas de futsal feminino em partidas oficiais e simuladas. Trinta e uma jogadoras realizaram cinco partidas oficiais e 16 duas simuladas. Primeiramente, as mesmas executaram o Futsal Intermittent Endurance Test (FIET) para determinação do pico de velocidade (PV) e da frequência cardíaca máxima (FCMAXFIET). Na sequência, foi realizado o monitoramento da FC durante todos os jogos para obtenção da IE. Para comparar os valores de FC registrados nas partidas (oficial vs. simulada) utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student para dados pareados. O nível de significância foi fixado em p≤0,05. A FCMAXFIET (196±9 bpm) e FCMAXJOGO (197±8 bpm) apresentaram correlação muito alta (r=0,83; p<0,01), sem diferença significante (p=0,45). A IE sustentada durante as cinco partidas oficiais foi em torno de 91 % da FCMAXFIET. Adicionalmente, as atletas permaneceram durante 96,7 % e 69,7 % do tempo total dos jogos com a FC acima de 85 % e 90 % da FCMAXFIET, respectivamente. Nos dois simulados, a IE foi 90,6 %da FCMAXFIET, corroborando os dados das partidas oficiais monitoradas. Assim, a partir dos resultados deste estudo, destaca-se a elevada demanda fisiológica imposta às jogadoras, comprovando a necessidade de um nível superior de potência aeróbia máxima. Além disso, a IE nas partidas oficiais e simuladas foi semelhante, demonstrando que na modalidade os jogos simulados são uma importante estratégia para induzir um estresse fisiológico semelhante àquele solicitado nos oficiais.(AU)

The main purpose of this study was to describe the exercise intensity (EI) sustained by female athletes during official and simulated futsal games. Thirty one athletes played five official games, and 16 two simulated games. The athletes performed the Futsal Intermittent Endurance Test (FIET) to determine the peak velocity (PV) and maximum HR (HRMAXFIET). Following, the HR was monitored during the games to determine the exercise intensity demands. In order to compare the HR values between official and simulated games, Student´s t-test for paired sample was used. The level of confidence was set at 5% for all analyses. The HRMAXFIET (196 ± 9 bpm) and HRMAXGAME (197 ± 8 bpm) presented very high correlation (r = 0.83, p <0.01), with no significant difference (p = 0.45). In addition, the athletes spent 96.7% and 69.7% of the playing time with the HR above 85% and 90% of HRMAXFIET, respectively. In both simulated games, the EI was 90.6% of HRMAXFIET, confirming the HR values found during official matches. Thus, according to the results of the present study, it can be highlighted that there is a high physiological demand imposed on players during games, showing the importance of an enhanced level of maximal aerobic power for female futsal athletes. In addition, it was found that the EI in official and simulate games was similar, showing that the simulated games are an important strategy to induce similar physiological responses.(AU)

TESTE DE CARMINATTI: ANÁLISE DA REPRODUTIBILIDADE EM JOVENS MILITARES / CARMINATTI'S TEST: RELIABILITY ANALYSIS IN YOUNG MILITARY

RESUMOO objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a reprodutibilidade relativa e absoluta do pico de velocidade (PVT-CAR) e da frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) determinados no teste incremental de Carminatti (T-CAR) em jovens militares. Vinte e sete militares do sexo masculino (idade = 19,3±1,1 anos, massa corporal = 69,5±7,7 kg, estatura = 1,76±0,9m, percentual de gordura = 8,9±3,2 %) pertencentes à Marinha do Brasil foram recrutados para participar deste estudo. Os participantes foram submetidos a duas sessões de avaliação, separadas por 48 horas, para a determinação do PVT-CAR e FCmáx a partir do protocolo do T-CAR. Os testes foram realizados nomes no horário, como intuito de minimizar a interferência das variações biológicas. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa para o PVT-CAR (t=0,773; p=0,446) e FCmax (t=0,543; p=0,592) entre a situação de teste e reteste. Além disso, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) do PVT-CARe FCmax foram 0,73 e 0,90, com um coeficiente de variação do erro típico de medida (CVETM) de 1,55% e 1,28%, respectivamente. As análises de Bland-Altman para o PVT-CAR e FCmax também sugerem que houve boa concordância para essas medidas em condições repetidas. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo mostram que houve uma baixa variação intra-individual para o PVT-CARe FCmax, resultando em evidências consistentes de reprodutibilidade absoluta (CVETM) erelativa (CCI). Como aplicação prática,o T-CAR parece ser uma estratégia interessante para avaliar a máxima velocidade aeróbia de jovens militares em diferentes momentos do planejamento anual de treinamento.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relative and absolute reliability of peak velocity (PV) and heart rate maximum (HRmax) derived from Carminatti's incremental test (T-CAR) in young military. Twenty-seven healthy male (age = 19.3 ± 1.1 years, body mass = 69.5 ± 7.7 kg, height = 1.76 ± 0.9 m, body fat percentage = 8.9 ± 3.2 %) belonging to Brazil's Navy were recruited to participate in the current study. Participants performed two assessment sessions, separated by 48 h, to determine the PVT-CAR and HRmax from the T-CAR protocol. The tests were performed on the same day time, in order to minimize the interference of biological variations. There was no significant differences for PVT-CAR (t=0.773; p=0.446) and HRmax (t=0.543; p=0.592) between the test-retest situation. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for PVT-CAR and HRmax were 0.73 and 0.90, with a coefficient of variation of the typical error of measurement (CVTETM) of 1.55% and 1.28%, respectively. In addition, Bland-Altman plots for PVT-CAR and HRmax suggest that there was acceptable agreement for these measures in repeated conditions. In conclusion, our finding show that there was a low intra-individual variation for PVT-CAR and HRmax, resulting in consistent evidence of absolute (CVETM) and relative (ICC) reliability. As a practical application, the T-CAR test seems to be an interesting alternative to evaluate the maximal aerobic speed of young military at different moments of the annual training planning.

The effect of two generic aerobic interval training methods on laboratory and field test performance in soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 generic aerobic training models, based on peak running velocity in Carminatti's test (PVT-CAR) in U-20 elite soccer players. Seventeen soccer players (age: 17.9 ± 1.0 years; 178.6 ± 5.0 cm; 73.6 ± 6.6 kg; 11.1 ± 1.3%) from a team competing in a national junior league took part in the study. The athletes performed a series of pre- and posttraining tests (incremental test on a treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen uptake [(Equation is included in full-text article.)], velocity at maximal oxygen uptake [(Equation is included in full-text article.)], the lactate threshold [LT], and T-CAR). The interval training models applied were with 180° direction change (T12:12; n = 9) and without direction change (T6:6; n = 8). No significant interaction (time vs. group) was observed for the majority of variables analyzed (p > 0.05), although significant main effects in time were evident regarding peak treadmill velocity (PVTREAD) (F = 56.3, p < 0.0001), (Equation is included in full-text article.)(F = 35.8, p < 0.0001), LT (F = 57.7, p < 0.0001), and PVT-CAR (F = 52.9, p < 0.0001). Moreover, there was no significant change in (Equation is included in full-text article.)between pre and posttraining period (F = 4.26, p = 0.056) in both training groups. Thus, it can be concluded that the prescribed training with and without direction change in the intensity of the PVT-CAR increases the PVTREAD, the (Equation is included in full-text article.), the LT, and the PVT-CAR similarly.

Comparação do ponto de deflexão da frequência cardíaca com a máxima fase estável de lactato em corredores de fundo / Comparison between Heart rate deflection point and maximal lactate steady state indistance runners

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o ponto de deflexão da freqüência cardíaca (PDFC) visual emétodo DMAX com a máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL). Treze corredores executaram testeincremental Vameval e testes de cargas retangulares (TCR). A velocidade do PDFC visual (14,3 ±1,13km.h-1) foi significantemente maior que o DMAX (13,2 ± 1,35km.h-1) além de apresentarem correlaçãonão significante. Entretanto, nenhuma dessas velocidades foram diferentes da MFEL (13,8 ± 0,90km.h-1) embora somente o PDFC visual tenha apresentado correlação significante com a MFEL (r = 0,75). Aconcentração de lactato sanguíneo não apresentou estabilidade em oito sujeitos no TCR na intensidade do PDFC visual o qual nos leva a concluir que este não é um índice confiável para estimativa da MFEL. Noentanto, este índice pode ser usado como um indicador de capacidade aeróbia.

The aim of study was to compare heart rate deflection point (HRDP) determined by visual and DMAX methods to Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Thirteen runners carried out incremental test Vameval and constant load tests (CLT). Velocity of HRDP (14,3 ± 1,13km.h-1) was significantly highercompared to DMAX (13,2 ± 1,35km.h-1) but they were not significantly correlated. However, both velocities, HRDP and DMAX, were not different from MLSS (13,8 ± 0,90km.h-1) while only HRDP has been significantcorrelated with MLSS (r = 0,75). On eight runners during CLT the blood lactate concentration did not showstability at HRDP velocity which to let us to conclude that HRPD is not appropriated to estimate MLSS. However, it may be used as aerobic capacity index.

Diferença entre intensidade do exercício prescritapor meio do teste TCAR no solo arenoso e na grama / Prescribed differences in exercise intensity based on the TCARtest over sandy ground and grass

The intensity of training might be influenced by exercise mode and type of terrain. Thus, the objective of this study was a) to compare the physiological indices determined in the TCAR test carried out on natural grass (NG) and sandy ground (SG), and b) to analyze heart rate (HR) and blood lactate responses during constant exercise on SG and NG. Ten soccer players (15.11 ± 1.1 years, 168 ± 4.0 cm, 60 ± 4.0 kg) were submitted to the TCAR test to determine peak velocity (PV) and the intensity corresponding to 80.4% PV (V80.4) on NG and SG. The second evaluation consisted of two constant load tests (CLT) (80.4% PV on NG and SG) with a duration of 27 min. The paired Student t-test was used to compare the tests carried out on NG and SG. ANOVA (two-way), complemented by the Tukey test, was used to compare lactate concentrations [La] at 9, 18 and 27 min between the two types of terrain. A p value <0.05 was adopted. PV and V80.4 (15.3±1.0 and 12.3±0.6 km/h) were significantly higher on grass than on sand (14.3±1.0 and 11.5±0.4 km/h). Lactate concentration during the CLT [LaV80.4] was significantly higher on sand (4.1±0.9 mmol/L) than on grass (2.8±0.7 mmol/L). In the CLT, no significant difference in mean HR was observed between the two terrains, whereas there was a difference in [La]. In conclusion, the type of terrain interferes with indicators associated with aerobic power and capacity obtained by the TCAR test.

The intensity of training might be influenced by exercise mode and type of terrain. Thus, the objective of this study was a) to compare the physiological indices determined in the TCAR test carried out on natural grass (NG) and sandy ground (SG), and b) to analyze heart rate (HR) and blood lactate responses during constant exercise on SG and NG. Ten soccer players (15.11 ± 1.1 years, 168 ± 4.0 cm, 60 ± 4.0 kg) were submitted to the TCAR test to determine peak velocity (PV) and the intensity corresponding to 80.4% PV (V80.4) on NG and SG. The second evaluation consisted of two constant load tests (CLT) (80.4% PV on NG and SG) with a duration of 27 min. The paired Student t-test was used to compare the tests carried out on NG and SG. ANOVA (two-way), complemented by the Tukey test, was used to compare lactate concentrations [La] at 9, 18 and 27 min between the two types of terrain. A p value <0.05 was adopted. PV and V80.4 (15.3±1.0 and 12.3±0.6 km/h) were significantly higher on grass than on sand (14.3±1.0 and 11.5±0.4 km/h). Lactate concentration during the CLT [LaV80.4] was significantly higher on sand (4.1±0.9 mmol/L) than on grass (2.8±0.7 mmol/L). In the CLT, no significant difference in mean HR was observed between the two terrains, whereas there was a difference in [La]. In conclusion, the type of terrain interferes with indicators associated with aerobic power and capacity obtained by the TCAR test.

Determinação da intensidade da aula de Power Jump por meio da freqüência cardíaca / Determination of the intensity of a Power Jump session by means of heart rate monitoring

O Power Jump (PJ) caracteriza-se como uma aula segura, de fácil execução, com ações intermitentes retardando a fadiga. Contudo, são escassos os estudos específi cos sobre o assunto. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a intensidadeda aula de PJ por meio da freqüência cardíaca (FC). Participaram do estudo 11 mulheres praticantes da modalidade (21,7±1,9 anos; 59,3±4,8kg; 162,6±5,6cm; 22,6±3,2 %G). Os indivíduos foram primeiramente submetidos a um teste incremental em esteira ergométrica (TI), obtendo valores de consumo de oxigênio (VO2), FC máxima (FCmax), ponto de defl exão da FC (PDFC) e gasto calórico (GC). Os indivíduos tiveram sua FC monitorada em duas aulas da modalidade do mix nove. Os domínios fisiológicos foram delimitados de acordo com os valores de PDFC em três domínios de esforço: severo, pesadoe moderado. Foi empregada a estatística descritiva(média±DP). Para comparações de FC e GC entre PJ1 e PJ2, foi realizado o teste t de Student, e, para comparações entre os domínios a análise de variância Two-way, complementada pelo Scheffé test. Foi adotado p<0,05. A FCmax no TI foi de 195±10 bpm. A velocidade, FC e %FCmax correspondentesao PDFC e 80% do PDFC foram 10,1±0,95km.h-1, 178±7 bpm e 91,7±4,0%; 8,1±0,76km.h-1, 143±5 bpm; 73,4±3,2%, respectivamente. Foi significativa a diferença da FCmédia e GC entre PJ1 (161±11 bpm, 386±58,2kcal) e PJ2 (156±10 bpm, 355,1±53,8 kcal). O tempo de permanência no domínio pesado foi de 51±14,5%; severo 27±19,7% e 23±8,7% no moderado. Pode-se concluir que as alunas permaneceram maior parte das aulas no domínio pesado, intensidade que é adequada para o aprimoramento da capacidade aeróbia...

A Power Jump (PJ) session is considered to be a safe and easy class that also involves intermittent exercises that prolong the time to exhaustion. However, there is not enough information about this subject in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the intensity of a PJ session by means of heart rate (HR) monitoring. Eleven physically active females participated in the study (age: 21.7 ± 1.9 years; body mass: 59.3 ± 4.8 kg; height: 162.6 ± 5.6 cm; percentage body fat: 22.6 ± 3.2 %). Participants were asked to perform an incremental test (IT), in order to obtain values for oxygen uptake (VO2), maximal heart rate (HRmax), heart rate defl ection point (HRDP) and energy expenditure (EE). The HR of the subjects was monitored during a special type of Power Jump session called ômix nineõ on two different occasions. According to the HRDP values, physiological domains could be divided into three exercise intensity classes: moderate, heavy and severe. Descriptive statistics were adopted (mean ± SD). Studentãs t test was used to compare HR and EE between PJ1 and PJ2. For comparisons between domains, two-way ANOVA and the Scheffé test were used. The level of signifi cance was set at p<0.05. Mean HRmax obtained during the IT was 195±10bpm. The velocities, HR and %HRmax corresponding to HRDP and 80% of HRDP were 10.1±0.95km.h-1, 178±7bpm and 91.7±4.0%; and 8.1±0.76km.h-1, 143±5bpm and 73.4±3.2%, respectively. Values for HRmean and EE were signifi cantly different when PJ1 (161±11bpm, 386±58.2kcal) and PJ2 (156±10bpm, 355.1±53.8kcal) were compared. The times spent in each exercise intensity domain were: heavy 51±14.5%; severe 27±19.7% and moderate 23±8.7%. These results show that the subjects spent most of the time in the heavy exercise domain which, in turn, appears to be the most indicated for improving aerobic capacity...

Gasto calórico nas atividades de trabalho e cotisianas, dos carteiros que utilizam bicicleta / Caloric expenses in daily and labor activities of cycling postmen

Com o objetivo de conhecer hábitos de vida e estimar gasto calórico despendido, esse estudo se realizou com carteiros que utilizam a bicicleta como meio de locomoção para a entrega domiciliar, em São José/SC. A investigação constou de entrevista dirigida, utilizando-se o questionário sobre hábitos de atividade física(IPAQ), coleta de dados antropométricos e acompanhamento de um dia normal de entrega de correspondências,observando-se tempo despendido na seleção e entrega de correspondências (monitorando velocidade da pedalada).O estudo do gasto calórico nas atividades de trabalho foi estimado conforme tempo despendido na triagemdas cartas e a entrega (calculado através do peso do indivíduo e da velocidade média de entrega pedalando,correspondente a 4 METs). Os dados foram analisados através de escalas nominais e intervalares e foi criado um intervalo de confiança. A amostra foi composta de 23 indivíduos, média de idade de 31,3 anos (dp 6,3), peso73,4kg (pd 9,6), estatura 1,74m (dp 0,05), IMC 24,4(dp 2,9). Dados referentes ao estilo de vida evidenciam fatores positivos. A média do gasto calórico diário durante a triagem das cartas foi 590 kcal e durante a entrega 1818 kcal. Conclui-se que a atividade laboral desses carteiros constitui um fator positivo se a considerarmos como componente de aptidão física relacionada à saúde