Aborto infeccioso por Neospora spp. em equino ˗ relato de caso / [Neospora spp infectious abortion in the horse ˗ case report]

O abortamento na espécie equina é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas e, entre as possíveis causas, está a neosporose, uma enfermidade que nem sempre é investigada como provável diagnóstico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de aborto equino aos 129 dias de gestação, resultante da infecção por Neospora spp.. Amostras sanguíneas da égua e do feto abortado foram enviadas para um laboratório especializado. À necrópsia, constatou-se edema gelatinoso e hemorrágico em subcutâneo, fígado ictérico e friável com autólise de alguns órgãos, como baço, rins e glândulas adrenais. Fragmentos dos órgãos coletados na necrópsia foram submetidos à histopatologia e à pesquisa de agentes infecciosos, em que se identificou hepatite e epicardite não purulentas e onfalite purulenta, bem como exame positivo para Neospora spp. pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) convencional e Nested. O soro sanguíneo obtido da égua foi submetido à pesquisa de Neospora spp. pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta, de herpesvírus por soroneutralização em cultura de células e de Leptospira sp. por PCR, todas com resultados negativos. Dessa forma, é importante considerar a neosporose como diagnóstico diferencial em casos de abortamento e natimortalidade, uma vez que a presença de cães nas propriedades é extremamente comum, representando uma importante fonte de infecção.(AU)

Abortion in the equine species is responsible for major economic losses, and among the possible causes is neosporosis, a disease that is not always investigated as a probable diagnosis. Thus, the objective of this study was to report an abortion at 129 days of gestation resulting from Neospora spp. Blood samples from the mare and the aborted fetus were sent to a specialized laboratory. Under necropsy, gelatinous and hemorrhagic edema was detected in subcutaneous tissue, friable and jaundiced liver with autolysis in spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands. Fragments of the organs collected at necropsy were submitted to histopathology and infectious agent tests, which identified non-purulent hepatitis and epicarditis and purulent omphalitis. Also, a positive result for Neospora spp. by the conventional and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Blood serum obtained from the mare was subjected to analyses to Neospora spp. by indirect immunofluorescence technique, herpesvirus by serum neutralization in cell culture and Leptospira sp. by PCR, all with negative results. Thus, it is important to consider neosporosis as a differential diagnosis in cases of abortion and stillbirth, since the presence of dogs in the properties is extremely common and represent an important source of infection.(AU)

HPV load and anal cytological abnormalities.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between estimated human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load and abnormal cytology on anal samples. METHODS: Anal cytological samples of 42 HIV-positive patients were analysed by conventional cytology and Hybrid Capture II. RESULTS: On cytology, 30.95% (13 of 42) anal samples were positive for cytological abnormalities, 47.61% (20 of 42) were negative and 21.42% (nine of 42) were unsatisfactory. High-risk HPV infection was more frequent in anal samples with cytological abnormalities than in negative samples (P = 0.0002, Fisher's exact test), it was detected in all samples with cytological abnormalities and in 35% (seven of 20) of the negative samples. On samples with cytological abnormalities, the median of the relative light unit/cutoff (RLU/CO) value (viral load estimate) was 10.39 (1.02-572.6) and in negative samples it was 0.51 (0.26-51.70). The median of the RLU/CO value was higher in samples with cytological abnormalities when compared with the median in negative samples (P = 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U-test) and only samples with cytological abnormalities showed RLU/CO values > 100. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated high-risk HPV viral load is significantly higher in samples with cytological abnormalities than in negative anal samples and may be useful as an adjunct to anal cytology for triage of patients to high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy.

Nanobiotechnological approaches to delivery of DNA vaccine against fungal infection.

Vaccines play an essential role in keeping humans healthy. Innovative approaches to their use include the utilization of plasmid DNA encoding sequences to express foreign antigens. DNAhsp65 from Mycobacterium leprae is suitable for this purpose due to its ability to elicit a powerful immune response. Controlled release systems represent a promising approach to delivering vaccines. In this work, we used liposomes or PLGA systems to deliver DNAhsp65 to treat the pulmonary fungal infection Paracoccidioidomycosis. Both formulations modulated a protective immune response and reduced the pulmonary fungal burden even in the groups receiving less than four times the amount of the DNAhps65 entrapped within the nanoparticles. Although both systems had the same effective therapeutic results, the advantage of the liposome formulation was that it was administered intranasally, which may be more easily accepted by patients. These systems are a great alternative to be considered as adjuvant vaccine therapy for systemic mycosis.

Foxp3 expression in lesions of the different clinical forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis.

As the diversity in clinical presentation of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is determined mainly by the immune response of host, our aim was to evaluate the in situ expression of Foxp3 [marker of regulatory T (Treg) cell] in lesions of the different clinical forms of ATL. Foxp3(+) cells were observed in 39.5% (32/81) of the samples and the number of positive cells was low in all the clinical forms. Even presenting a significantly lower number of CD4(+) T cells, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) showed a higher expression of Foxp3 when compared with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). In LCL and MCL, the number of Foxp3(+) cells correlated positively with the number of apoptotic cells (active caspase-3(+) cells). A positive correlation was also observed between the expression of active caspase-3 and FasL in these clinical forms. Our data suggest that increased number of Treg cells may be associated to the hyporesponsiveness observed in DCL and also indicate that the apoptosis may be a possible mechanism of action of Foxp3(+) Treg cell in LCL and MCL. However, further studies are required to better understand the mechanism of action of Treg cell.