Complicaciones neurológicas por coronavirus y COVID-19 / Neurological complications of coronavirus and COVID-19

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudios clínicos y experimentales han demostrado que la familia de los coronavirus tiene un cierto tropismo por el sistema nervioso central. Siete tipos de coronavirus pueden contagiar al ser humano. DESARROLLO. Los coronavirus no siempre permanecen confinados en el tracto respiratorio, y en determinadas condiciones pueden invadir el sistema nervioso central y causar patologías neurológicas. La capacidad potencial de neuroinvasión está bien documentada en la mayor parte de los coronavirus humanos (OC-43, 229E, MERS y SARS) y en algunos coronavirus animales (coronavirus de la encefalomielitis hemaglutinante porcina). Se han descrito síntomas neurológicos en pacientes afectos por COVID-19, como cefalea, mareo, mialgias y anosmia, así como casos de encefalopatía, encefalitis, encefalopatía necrotizante hemorrágica, ictus, crisis epilépticas, rabdomiólisis y síndrome de Guillain-Barré, asociados a la infección por el SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONES: Futuros estudios epidemiológicos y registros de casos deben elucidar la incidencia real de estas complicaciones neurológicas, sus mecanismos patogénicos y sus opciones terapéuticas

INTRODUCTION: Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the coronavirus family has a certain tropism for the central nervous system. Seven types of coronavirus can infect humans. DEVELOPMENT: Coronaviruses are not always confined to the respiratory tract, and under certain conditions they can invade the central nervous system and cause neurological pathologies. The potential for neuroinvasion is well documented in most human coronaviruses (OC-43, 229E, MERS and SARS) and in some animal coronaviruses (porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis coronavirus). Neurological symptoms have been reported in patients affected by COVID-19, such as headache, dizziness, myalgia and anosmia, as well as cases of encephalopathy, encephalitis, necrotising haemorrhagic encephalopathy, stroke, epileptic seizures, rhabdomyolysis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Future epidemiological studies and case records should elucidate the real incidence of these neurological complications, their pathogenic mechanisms and their therapeutic options

Complicaciones neurológicas asociadas a la infección por el virus del dengue / Neurological complications associated with dengue virus infection

Introducción. El dengue es una infección arboviral causada por el virus del dengue. Se revisan las complicaciones neurológicas asociadas a dicha infección. Desarrollo. El carácter neurotropo del virus del dengue se ha confirmado en estudios epidemiológicos, series de casos y estudios histopatológicos. El rango de complicaciones neurológicas es del 5,6-14,6%, y son más frecuentes en los serotipos 1 y 3. La encefalopatía es el síndrome neurológico más común (0,5-6%); su prevalencia es mayor en los niños y los adolescentes. La detección del antígeno viral en el tejido cerebral y la presencia de pleocitosis o ARN en el líquido cefalorraquídeo son evidencia del carácter neurotropo del virus del dengue, que se manifiesta en forma de encefalitis. Los síndromes neurológicos durante la fase de convalecencia (encefalomielitis aguda diseminada, cerebelitis, opsoclonía-mioclonía, mononeuritis, polirradiculoneuritis y plexitis) parecen ser inmunomediados. La mielitis puede suceder durante la infección aguda por el virus del dengue y por un mecanismo inmunomediado en la fase de convalecencia. Mialgias, miositis, rabdomiólisis y parálisis hipopotasémica son ejemplos de disfunción muscular asociada al virus del dengue. La incidencia de ictus es del 0,26%, y puede ser isquémico o hemorrágico. Las complicaciones oftalmológicas incluyen maculopatía, hemorragia retiniana, neuropatía óptica y vitritis. Conclusiones. El espectro de complicaciones neurológicas por el virus del dengue es amplio. No existen datos fiables sobre su incidencia real porque la mayor parte de los estudios publicados son series o casos aislados

Introduction. Dengue is an arboviral infection caused by the dengue virus. The neurological complications associated with this infection are reviewed. Development. The neurotropic nature of dengue virus has been confirmed in epidemiological studies, case series and histopathological studies. The range of neurological complications is 5.6-14.6%, and they are more frequent in serotypes 1 and 3. Encephalopathy is the most common neurological syndrome (0.5-6%) and its prevalence is higher in children and adolescents. The detection of the viral antigen in brain tissue and the presence of pleocytosis or RNA in cerebrospinal fluid are evidence of the neurotropic nature of dengue virus, which manifests itself in the form of encephalitis. Neurological syndromes during convalescence (disseminated acute cerebellitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, mononeuritis, polyradiculoneuritis and plexitis) appear to be immunomediated. Myelitis can occur during acute dengue virus infection and through an immunomediated mechanism in the convalescence phase. Myalgias, myositis, rhabdomyolysis and hypokalemic paralysis are examples of muscular dysfunction associated with the dengue virus. The incidence of stroke is 0.26%, and may be ischaemic or haemorrhagic. Ophthalmological complications include maculopathy, retinal haemorrhage, optic neuropathy and vitritis. Conclusions. The spectrum of neurological complications from dengue virus is broad. There are no reliable data on its real incidence because most of the studies published to date are isolated series or cases

Epidemiología y complicaciones neurológicas de la infección por el virus del Zika: un nuevo virus neurotropo emergente. Réplica / Epidemiology and neurological complications of infection by the Zika virus: a new emerging neurotropic virus. Reply

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Epidemiología y complicaciones neurológicas de la infección por el virus del Zika: un nuevo virus neurotropo emergente / Epidemiology and neurological complications of infection by the Zika virus: a new emerging neurotropic virus

Introducción. El actual brote epidémico por virus Zika se inició en 2015 y en la actualidad afecta a 31 países y territorios en América. Se revisan los aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos asociados con la infección por virus Zika. Desarrollo. Desde 2007, 55 países de América, Asia, África y Oceanía han detectado transmisión local del virus. La actual epidemia ha afectado a casi 1,5 millones de personas en Brasil. El 80% de los casos son asintomáticos. La enfermedad por virus Zika cursa con fi ebre, exantema maculopapular, artralgias y conjuntivitis no purulenta. Los síntomas suelen ser autolimitados y duran una semana. Se ha descrito un aumento de la incidencia de los casos de microcefalia, lesiones retinianas y síndrome de Guillain-Barré asociados con el virus Zika. El síndrome de Guillain-Barré asociado al Zika en la Polinesia es una variante axonal motora pura. El ARN del virus Zika se ha identifi cado en muestras de tejido cerebral, placenta y líquido amniótico de niños con microcefalia y en pérdidas fetales de mujeres infectadas por Zika durante el embarazo. Se recomienda realizar la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa mediante transcriptasa inversa para detectar ARN vírico y pruebas serológicas (IgM ELISA y anticuerpos neutralizantes) para confi rmar una infección por Zika. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye la infección por virus dengue y chikungunya. Conclusiones. Existe un conocimiento limitado sobre los mecanismos patogénicos implicados y las consecuencias a largo plazo de la infección por virus Zika en adultos y recién nacidos (AU)

Introduction. The current epidemic outbreak due to Zika virus began in 2015 and since then it has been reported in 31 countries and territories in America. The epidemiological and clinical aspects related to infection by Zika virus are reviewed. Development. Since 2007, 55 countries in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania have detected local transmission of the virus. This epidemic has aff ected almost 1.5 million people in Brazil. 80% of the cases are asymptomatic. The symptoms of Zika virus disease include fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia and non-purulent conjunctivitis. The symptoms are usually selflimiting and last one week. An increase in the incidence of cases of microcephaly, retinal lesions and Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with the Zika virus has been reported. Zika-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome in Polynesia is a pure motor axonal variant. The RNA of the Zika virus has been identifi ed in samples of brain tissue, placenta and amniotic liquid of children with microcephaly and in the still-born infants of women infected by Zika during pregnancy. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test is recommended to detect viral RNA, and serological tests (IgM ELISA and neutralising antibodies) should be conducted to confi rm infection by Zika. The diff erential diagnosis includes infection by the dengue and chikungunya viruses. Conclusions. Knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in infection due to Zika virus and its long-term consequences in adults and newborn infants is still limited ((AU)

Epidemiology and neurological complications of infection by the Zika virus: a new emerging neurotropic virus.

INTRODUCTION: The current epidemic outbreak due to Zika virus began in 2015 and since then it has been reported in 31 countries and territories in America. The epidemiological and clinical aspects related to infection by Zika virus are reviewed. DEVELOPMENT: Since 2007, 55 countries in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania have detected local transmission of the virus. This epidemic has affected almost 1.5 million people in Brazil. 80% of the cases are asymptomatic. The symptoms of Zika virus disease include fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia and non-purulent conjunctivitis. The symptoms are usually self-limiting and last one week. An increase in the incidence of cases of microcephaly, retinal lesions and Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with the Zika virus has been reported. Zika-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome in Polynesia is a pure motor axonal variant. The RNA of the Zika virus has been identified in samples of brain tissue, placenta and amniotic liquid of children with microcephaly and in the still-born infants of women infected by Zika during pregnancy. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test is recommended to detect viral RNA, and serological tests (IgM ELISA and neutralising antibodies) should be conducted to confirm infection by Zika. The differential diagnosis includes infection by the dengue and chikungunya viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in infection due to Zika virus and its long-term consequences in adults and newborn infants is still limited.

TITLE: Epidemiologia y complicaciones neurologicas de la infeccion por el virus del Zika: un nuevo virus neurotropo emergente.Introduccion. El actual brote epidemico por virus Zika se inicio en 2015 y en la actualidad afecta a 31 paises y territorios en America. Se revisan los aspectos epidemiologicos y clinicos asociados con la infeccion por virus Zika. Desarrollo. Desde 2007, 55 paises de America, Asia, Africa y Oceania han detectado transmision local del virus. La actual epidemia ha afectado a casi 1,5 millones de personas en Brasil. El 80% de los casos son asintomaticos. La enfermedad por virus Zika cursa con fiebre, exantema maculopapular, artralgias y conjuntivitis no purulenta. Los sintomas suelen ser autolimitados y duran una semana. Se ha descrito un aumento de la incidencia de los casos de microcefalia, lesiones retinianas y sindrome de Guillain-Barre asociados con el virus Zika. El sindrome de Guillain-Barre asociado al Zika en la Polinesia es una variante axonal motora pura. El ARN del virus Zika se ha identificado en muestras de tejido cerebral, placenta y liquido amniotico de niños con microcefalia y en perdidas fetales de mujeres infectadas por Zika durante el embarazo. Se recomienda realizar la prueba de reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa mediante transcriptasa inversa para detectar ARN virico y pruebas serologicas (IgM ELISA y anticuerpos neutralizantes) para confirmar una infeccion por Zika. El diagnostico diferencial incluye la infeccion por virus dengue y chikungunya. Conclusiones. Existe un conocimiento limitado sobre los mecanismos patogenicos implicados y las consecuencias a largo plazo de la infeccion por virus Zika en adultos y recien nacidos.

Subtipos de deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de Parkinson y factores predictores de conversión a demencia / Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and factors predicting its becoming dementia

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo puede aparecer en las etapas más iniciales de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Determinar la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) como etapa de transición o sus diferentes perfiles resulta complicado por la ausencia de criterios diagnósticos consensuados. Objetivo. Revisar el concepto de DCL en la EP, sus criterios diagnósticos y los factores predictores de conversión a demencia. Pacientes y métodos. Revisión sistemática de los artículos publicados en Medline (PubMed) utilizando la combinación de las palabras clave ‘deterioro cognitivo leve’ y ‘enfermedad de Parkinson’. Resultados. Los criterios diagnósticos del DCL en la EP publicados por la Sociedad de Trastornos del Movimiento, a pesar de no estar validados, constituyen una importante herramienta para el diagnóstico de estos pacientes. Su aplicación se ve influida por las siguientes limitaciones: la heterogeneidad de los déficits cognitivos descritos en la EP, su evolución variable, que dificulta el hallazgo de factores predictores de conversión a demencia, la selección de las pruebas neuropsicológicas más apropiadas y la determinación de los puntos de corte más idóneos, y las características del paciente, etapa de la enfermedad y tipo de tratamiento antiparkinsoniano. Conclusiones. Marcadores neuropsicológicos, de neuroimagen, biomarcadores o la limitación en algunas actividades instrumentales son muy prometedores para la detección de pacientes con DCL en la EP y riesgo elevado de conversión a demencia (AU)

Introduction. Cognitive impairment may appear at the earliest stages in Parkinson’s disease (PD). To assess the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its different subtypes, as transitional stage, is complicated by the lack of consensus diagnostic criteria. Aim. To review MCI in PD (MCI-PD), diagnostic criteria and predictive factors of conversion to dementia. Patients and methods. Systematic review of articles published in Medline (PubMed) using the combination of keywords ‘mild cognitive impairment’ and ‘Parkinson’s disease’. Results. MCI-PD diagnostic criteria published by the Movement Disorders Society are an interesting tool for the diagnosis, in spite they are not validated. Its implementation has the following limitations: 1) the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits described in PD; 2) a variable evolution of cognitive symptoms in PD which difficult the identification of dementia predictors; 3) selection of the more appropriate neuropsychological tests and cut-off points; 4) patient characteristics, disease stage and type of antiparkinsonian treatment. Conclusions. Neuropsychological subtypes, neuroimaging, biomarkers or limitation in some instrumental activities seem to be very sensitive for detecting patients with MCI-PD and increased risk of conversion to dementia (AU)

[Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and factors predicting its becoming dementia]. / Subtipos de deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de Parkinson y factores predictores de conversion a demencia.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment may appear at the earliest stages in Parkinson's disease (PD). To assess the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its different subtypes, as transitional stage, is complicated by the lack of consensus diagnostic criteria. AIM: To review MCI in PD (MCI-PD), diagnostic criteria and predictive factors of conversion to dementia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Systematic review of articles published in Medline (PubMed) using the combination of keywords 'mild cognitive impairment' and 'Parkinson's disease'. RESULTS: MCI-PD diagnostic criteria published by the Movement Disorders Society are an interesting tool for the diagnosis, in spite they are not validated. Its implementation has the following limitations: 1) the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits described in PD; 2) a variable evolution of cognitive symptoms in PD which difficult the identification of dementia predictors; 3) selection of the more appropriate neuropsychological tests and cut-off points; 4) patient characteristics, disease stage and type of antiparkinsonian treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychological subtypes, neuroimaging, biomarkers or limitation in some instrumental activities seem to be very sensitive for detecting patients with MCI-PD and increased risk of conversion to dementia.

TITLE: Subtipos de deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de Parkinson y factores predictores de conversion a demencia.Introduccion. El deterioro cognitivo puede aparecer en las etapas mas iniciales de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Determinar la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) como etapa de transicion o sus diferentes perfiles resulta complicado por la ausencia de criterios diagnosticos consensuados. Objetivo. Revisar el concepto de DCL en la EP, sus criterios diagnosticos y los factores predictores de conversion a demencia. Pacientes y metodos. Revision sistematica de los articulos publicados en Medline (PubMed) utilizando la combinacion de las palabras clave 'deterioro cognitivo leve' y 'enfermedad de Parkinson'. Resultados. Los criterios diagnosticos del DCL en la EP publicados por la Sociedad de Trastornos del Movimiento, a pesar de no estar validados, constituyen una importante herramienta para el diagnostico de estos pacientes. Su aplicacion se ve influida por las siguientes limitaciones: la heterogeneidad de los deficits cognitivos descritos en la EP, su evolucion variable, que dificulta el hallazgo de factores predictores de conversion a demencia, la seleccion de las pruebas neuropsicologicas mas apropiadas y la determinacion de los puntos de corte mas idoneos, y las caracteristicas del paciente, etapa de la enfermedad y tipo de tratamiento antiparkinsoniano. Conclusiones. Marcadores neuropsicologicos, de neuroimagen, biomarcadores o la limitacion en algunas actividades instrumentales son muy prometedores para la deteccion de pacientes con DCL en la EP y riesgo elevado de conversion a demencia.

[Illness due the Ebola virus: epidemiology and clinical manifestations within the context of an international public health emergency]. / Enfermedad por el virus del Ébola: epidemiología y manifestaciones clínicas en un contexto de emergencia de salud pública internacional.

INTRODUCTION: The epidemic caused by the Ebola virus in western Africa affects Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Mali and Senegal, and is the most serious to occur since the existence of this filovirus, which causes haemorrhagic fever, was first reported. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations associated with the disease due to the Ebola virus. DEVELOPMENT: Until February 23, 2015 there have been 23,729 cases of Ebola, with a mortality rate of 40.1%. In the current epidemic, there are three ways the virus can be transmitted to human beings: contact with fluids and secretions from subjects already diagnosed with the disease, contact with dead bodies during burial ceremonies, and infection of relatives and healthcare personnel from as-yet undiagnosed patients. Ebola is the cause of a serious disease in humans. Following a period of incubation that can vary in length (2-21 days), a syndrome involving fever, headache, aching muscles, sore joints, vomiting and diarrhoea begins. The advanced phase is accompanied by haemorrhages, multiple organ failure, hypotension and shock. The incidence of neurological manifestations is unknown, but brain haemorrhages and post-infectious syndromes have been reported in other viral haemorrhagic fevers. Support care is vital. No proven effective treatment exists, although several patients have been treated with a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp). CONCLUSIONS: Early identification and diagnosis of suspected cases, isolation of sick patients and protective measures among healthcare staff are fundamental in the control of this epidemic.

TITLE: Enfermedad por el virus del Ebola: epidemiologia y manifestaciones clinicas en un contexto de emergencia de salud publica internacional.Introduccion. La epidemia causada por el virus del Ebola en Africa occidental afecta a Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leona, Nigeria, Mali y Senegal, y es la mas grave desde que se tiene noticia de este filovirus causante de fiebre hemorragica. En este articulo se revisan las caracteristicas epidemiologicas y las manifestaciones clinicas asociadas a la enfermedad por el virus del Ebola. Desarrollo. Hasta el 23 de febrero de 2015 se habian contabilizado 23.729 casos de ebola, con un 40,1% de mortalidad. En la actual epidemia, el virus se transmite al ser humano por tres vias: contacto con fluidos y secreciones de sujetos enfermos ya diagnosticados, contacto con cadaveres durante las ceremonias de enterramiento, y contagio a familiares y personal sanitario por enfermos sin diagnosticar. El Ebola causa una enfermedad grave en humanos. Tras un periodo de incubacion variable (2-21 dias), se inicia un sindrome febril, cefalea, mialgias, artralgias, vomitos y diarrea. La fase avanzada cursa con hemorragias, fracaso de multiples organos, hipotension y choque. Se desconoce la incidencia de manifestaciones neurologicas, aunque se han descrito hemorragias cerebrales y sindromes postinfecciosos en otras fiebres he­morragicas virales. Los cuidados de soporte son vitales. No existe un tratamiento efectivo demostrado, aunque varios pacientes han sido tratados con un coctel de anticuerpos monoclonales (ZMapp). Conclusiones. La identificacion y diagnostico precoz de casos sospechosos, el aislamiento de sujetos enfermos y las medidas de proteccion en el personal sanitario son fundamentales para contener esta epidemia.

Enfermedad por el virus del Ébola: epidemiología y manifestaciones clínicas en un contexto de emergencia de salud pública internacional / Illness due the Ebola virus: epidemiology and clinical manifestations within the context of an international public health emergency

Introducción. La epidemia causada por el virus del Ébola en África occidental afecta a Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leona, Nigeria, Mali y Senegal, y es la más grave desde que se tiene noticia de este filovirus causante de fiebre hemorrágica. En este artículo se revisan las características epidemiológicas y las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a la enfermedad por el virus del Ébola. Desarrollo. Hasta el 23 de febrero de 2015 se habían contabilizado 23.729 casos de ébola, con un 40,1% de mortalidad. En la actual epidemia, el virus se transmite al ser humano por tres vías: contacto con fluidos y secreciones de sujetos enfermos ya diagnosticados, contacto con cadáveres durante las ceremonias de enterramiento, y contagio a familiares y personal sanitario por enfermos sin diagnosticar. El Ébola causa una enfermedad grave en humanos. Tras un período de incubación variable (2-21 días), se inicia un síndrome febril, cefalea, mialgias, artralgias, vómitos y diarrea. La fase avanzada cursa con hemorragias, fracaso de múltiples órganos, hipotensión y choque. Se desconoce la incidencia de manifestaciones neurológicas, aunque se han descrito hemorragias cerebrales y síndromes postinfecciosos en otras fiebres hemorrágicas virales. Los cuidados de soporte son vitales. No existe un tratamiento efectivo demostrado, aunque varios pacientes han sido tratados con un cóctel de anticuerpos monoclonales (ZMapp). Conclusiones. La identificación y diagnóstico precoz de casos sospechosos, el aislamiento de sujetos enfermos y las medidas de protección en el personal sanitario son fundamentales para contener esta epidemia (AU)

Introduction. The epidemic caused by the Ebola virus in western Africa affects Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Mali and Senegal, and is the most serious to occur since the existence of this filovirus, which causes haemorrhagic fever, wasfirst reported. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations associated with the disease due to the Ebola virus. Development. Until February 23, 2015 there have been 23,729 cases of Ebola, with a mortality rate of 40.1%. In the current epidemic, there are three ways the virus can be transmitted to human beings: contact with fluids and secretions from subjects already diagnosed with the disease, contact with dead bodies during burial ceremonies, and infection of relatives and healthcare personnel from as-yet undiagnosed patients. Ebola is the cause of a serious disease in humans. Following a period of incubation that can vary in length (2-21 days), a syndrome involving fever, headache, aching muscles, sore joints, vomiting and diarrhoea begins. The advanced phase is accompanied by haemorrhages, multiple organ failure, hypotension and shock. The incidence of neurological manifestations is unknown, but brain haemorrhages and post-infectious syndromes have been reported in other viral haemorrhagic fevers. Support care is vital. No proven effective treatment exists, although several patients have been treated with a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp). Conclusions. Early identification and diagnosis of suspected cases, isolation of sick patients and protective measures among healthcare staff are fundamental in the control of this epidemic (AU)

Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicéntrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca / Personality traits in patients with migraine: a multi-centre study using the Salamanca screening questionnaire

Introducción. La comorbilidad psiquiátrica en migraña es frecuente, y se ha estudiado más la relacionada con trastornos afectivos y ansiedad que los rasgos de personalidad. Objetivo. Estudiar la presencia de rasgos de personalidad en personas con migraña y su relación con la presencia de migraña crónica o abuso de medicación. Pacientes y métodos. Se evalúan pacientes atendidos consecutivamente en cinco centros. Se exploran, mediante las 22 preguntas del cuestionario de cribado Salamanca, 11 rasgos de personalidad agrupados en tres grupos. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a las características demográficas e impacto de la migraña. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 164 pacientes (134 mujeres, 30 varones), con una edad media de 36,6 ± 12,5 años (rango: 18-78 años). En la mayoría de los pacientes, el impacto de la migraña fue elevado. Los rasgos de personalidad que aparecieron más frecuentemente fueron: ansioso (53,7%), anancástico (44,5%), histriónico (40,9%) y dependiente (32,9%). El riesgo de migraña crónica fue superior en pacientes con el rasgo anancástico (riesgo relativo = 2,06; intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,07-3,94; p = 0,027). Conclusiones. Hay rasgos de personalidad detectables con el cuestionario Salamanca muy frecuentes en pacientes migrañosos. En nuestra serie, el rasgo anancástico se relaciona con la presencia de migraña crónica (AU)

Introduction. Psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in cases of migraine and research has focused more on that related to affective disorders and anxiety than to personality traits. Aims. To study the presence of personality traits in persons with migraine and how they are related with the presence of chronic migraine or medication abuse. Patients and methods. Patients attended consecutively in five centres were evaluated. The 22 questions in the Salamanca screening questionnaire were used to explore 11 personality traits classified in three groups. Data were obtained concerning demographic characteristics and the impact of migraine. Results. The sample used in the study included 164 patients (134 females and 30 males), with a mean age of 36.6 ± 12.5 years (range: 18-78 years). In most patients, the impact of migraine was high. The personality traits that appeared most frequently ere: anxious (53.7%), anankastic (44.5%), histrionic (40.9%) and dependent (32.9%). The risk of chronic migraine was higher in patients with the anankastic trait (relative risk = 2.06; confidence interval at 95% = 1.07-3.94; p = 0.027). Conclusions. Some of the personality traits that can be detected with the Salamanca questionnaire are very common in patients with migraine. In our series, the anankastic trait is related with the presence of chronic migraine (AU)

[Personality traits in patients with migraine: a multi-centre study using the Salamanca screening questionnaire]. / Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicentrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca.

INTRODUCTION: Psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in cases of migraine and research has focused more on that related to affective disorders and anxiety than to personality traits. AIMS: To study the presence of personality traits in persons with migraine and how they are related with the presence of chronic migraine or medication abuse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients attended consecutively in five centres were evaluated. The 22 questions in the Salamanca screening questionnaire were used to explore 11 personality traits classified in three groups. Data were obtained concerning demographic characteristics and the impact of migraine. RESULTS: The sample used in the study included 164 patients (134 females and 30 males), with a mean age of 36.6 ± 12.5 years (range: 18-78 years). In most patients, the impact of migraine was high. The personality traits that appeared most frequently were: anxious (53.7%), anankastic (44.5%), histrionic (40.9%) and dependent (32.9%). The risk of chronic migraine was higher in patients with the anankastic trait (relative risk = 2.06; confidence interval at 95% = 1.07-3.94; p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the personality traits that can be detected with the Salamanca questionnaire are very common in patients with migraine. In our series, the anankastic trait is related with the presence of chronic migraine.

TITLE: Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicentrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca.Introduccion. La comorbilidad psiquiatrica en migraña es frecuente, y se ha estudiado mas la relacionada con trastornos afectivos y ansiedad que los rasgos de personalidad. Objetivo. Estudiar la presencia de rasgos de personalidad en personas con migraña y su relacion con la presencia de migraña cronica o abuso de medicacion. Pacientes y metodos. Se evaluan pacientes atendidos consecutivamente en cinco centros. Se exploran, mediante las 22 preguntas del cuestionario de cribado Salamanca, 11 rasgos de personalidad agrupados en tres grupos. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a las caracteristicas demograficas e impacto de la migraña. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 164 pacientes (134 mujeres, 30 varones), con una edad media de 36,6 ± 12,5 años (rango: 18-78 años). En la mayoria de los pacientes, el impacto de la migraña fue elevado. Los rasgos de personalidad que aparecieron mas frecuentemente fueron: ansioso (53,7%), anancastico (44,5%), histrionico (40,9%) y dependiente (32,9%). El riesgo de migraña cronica fue superior en pacientes con el rasgo anancastico (riesgo relativo = 2,06; intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,07-3,94; p = 0,027). Conclusiones. Hay rasgos de personalidad detectables con el cuestionario Salamanca muy frecuentes en pacientes migrañosos. En nuestra serie, el rasgo anancastico se relaciona con la presencia de migraña cronica.

El culto a los cráneos. Cabezas trofeo y tzantzas en la América precolombina / Skull cult. Trophy heads and tzantzas in pre-Columbian America

Introducción. El culto a los cráneos es una tradición cultural que se remonta, al menos, al Neolítico. Sus principales manifestaciones son las cabezas trofeo, las máscaras cráneo, los cráneos moldeados y la reducción de cabezas. Se revisa desde una perspectiva neuroantropológica el culto a los cráneos en la América precolombina y en el presente etnográfico. Desarrollo. La tradición de moldear y pintar los cráneos de los antepasados se remonta al Neolítico indoeuropeo (cultura natufiense y Gobekli Tepe). En Mesoamérica, la decapitación post mortem era el primer paso de un tratamiento mortuorio que daba lugar a una cabeza trofeo, un cráneo del tzompantli o una máscara cráneo. La tecnología lítica empleada en las culturas mesoamericanas hacía necesario que la desarticulación se realizase en varias etapas. El tzompantli es un término que se refiere tanto a una construcción donde se colocaban las cabezas de las víctimas como a los cráneos mismos. Las máscaras cráneo son cráneos modificados artificialmente para separar y decorar su porción facial, y se han encontrado en el templo Mayor de Tenochtitlán. La existencia de cabezas trofeo se ha documentado iconográficamente en cerámicas y textiles de las culturas paracas, nazca y huari de Perú. Los indios mundurucú de Brasil y los shuar o jíbaros de la Amazonia ecuatoriana han mantenido esta costumbre. Los shuar, además, reducen las cabezas (tzantzas) en un proceso ritual. Cronistas españoles como Fray Toribio de Benavente ‘Motolinía’ y Gaspar de Carvajal relataron estas prácticas. Conclusión. En la América precolombina se desarrolló profusamente la tradición de la decapitación para obtener cabezas trofeo de guerreros (AU)

Introduction. The skull cult is a cultural tradition that dates back to at least Neolithic times. Its main manifestations are trophy heads, skull masks, moulded skulls and shrunken heads. The article reviews the skull cult in both pre-Columbian America and the ethnographic present from a neuro-anthropological perspective. Development. The tradition of shaping and painting the skulls of ancestors goes back to the Indo-European Neolithic period (Natufian culture and Göbekli Tepe). In Mesoamerica, post-mortem decapitation was the first step of a mortuary treatment that resulted in a trophy head, a skull for the tzompantli or a skull mask. The lithic technology utilised by the Mesoamerican cultures meant that disarticulation had to be performed in several stages. Tzompantli is a term that refers both to a construction where the heads of victims were kept and to the actual skulls themselves. Skull masks are skulls that have been artificially modified in order to separate and decorate the facial part; they have been found in the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. The existence of trophy heads is well documented by means of iconographic representations on ceramic ware and textiles belonging to the Paraca, Nazca and Huari cultures of Peru. The Mundurucu Indians of Brazil and the Shuar or Jivaroan peoples of Amazonian Ecuador have maintained this custom down to the present day. The Shuar also shrink heads (tzantzas) in a ritual process. Spanish chroniclers such as Fray Toribio de Benavente ‘Motolinía’ and Gaspar de Carvajal spoke of these practices. Conclusions. In pre-Columbian America, the tradition of decapitating warriors in order to obtain trophy heads was a widespread and highly developed practice (AU)

[Chronic migraine: definition, epidemiology, risk factors and treatment]. / Migraña crónica: definición, epidemiología, factores de riesgo y tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic migraine is the most frequent complication of migraine. It is defined by the presence of headache on 15 or more days a month, of which at least eight must meet the criteria of migraine without aura for a minimum of three months. In addition they must not be due to medication abuse or attributable to any other cause. DEVELOPMENT: The prevalence of chronic migraine ranges between 1-3% of the population and its incidence has been estimated to be 2.5% per year. It produces from four to six times more disability, decreased productivity and disruption of quality of life than episodic migraine. The development of chronic migraine has been associated with both non-modifiable risk factors (being female, low socio-economic status and level of schooling) and modifiable risk factors (anxiety, depression, sleep apnoea/snoring, obesity, consumption of painkillers and caffeine). Patients with chronic migraine suffer from chronic pain, anxiety or depression two to three times more often than those with episodic migraine. Management requires identification and control of the risk factors that predispose patients to develop the condition, detoxification therapy in the event of abuse of analgesics, specific treatment for migraine attacks and preventive treatment. The effectiveness of the preventive drugs topiramate and Onabotulinumtoxin A in this complication of migraine has been proved in large-scale placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic migraine is a common condition that requires global management aimed at reducing the frequency of the attacks, lowering the associated disability and improving the patients' quality of life.

Migraña crónica: definición, epidemiología, factores de riesgo y tratamiento / Chronic migraine: definition, epidemiology, risk factors and treatment

Introducción. La migraña crónica es la complicación más frecuente de la migraña. Se define por la presencia de cefalea 15 o más días al mes, de los que al menos ocho deben cumplir criterios de migraña sin aura durante al menos tres meses, en ausencia de abuso de medicación y no atribuibles a otra causa. Desarrollo. Su prevalencia oscila entre el 1-3% de la población, y su incidencia se ha estimado en un 2,5% anual. Producede cuatro a seis veces más discapacidad, disminución de la productividad y alteración de la calidad de vida que la migrañaepisódica. El desarrollo de migraña crónica se ha asociado con varios factores de riesgo no modificables (sexo femenino, estatus socioeconómico y nivel educativo bajos) y modificables (ansiedad, depresión, apnea del sueño/ronquido, obesidad,consumo de analgésicos y cafeína). Los pacientes con migraña crónica sufren dolor crónico, ansiedad o depresión con una frecuencia 2-3 veces superior a la migraña episódica. Su abordaje requiere la identificación y el manejo de los factores de riesgo que predisponen a su desarrollo, deshabituación de analgésicos cuando hay abuso, tratamiento específico de lascrisis de migraña y tratamiento preventivo. Entre los fármacos preventivos, el topiramato y la Onabotulinumtoxin A handemostrado, en grandes ensayos clínicos controlados frente a placebo, su eficacia en esta complicación de la migraña. Conclusiones. La migraña crónica es una entidad frecuente que requiere un manejo global cuyos objetivos son reducir la frecuencia de las crisis, la discapacidad asociada y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes (AU)

Introduction. Chronic migraine is the most frequent complication of migraine. It is defined by the presence of headache on 15 or more days a month, of which at least eight must meet the criteria of migraine without aura for a minimum ofthree months. In addition they must not be due to medication abuse or attributable to any other cause.Development. The prevalence of chronic migraine ranges between 1-3% of the population and its incidence has been estimated to be 2.5% per year. It produces from four to six times more disability, decreased productivity and disruption of quality of life than episodic migraine. The development of chronic migraine has been associated with both non-modifiablerisk factors (being female, low socio-economic status and level of schooling) and modifiable risk factors (anxiety, depression, sleep apnoea/snoring, obesity, consumption of painkillers and caffeine). Patients with chronic migraine suffer from chronicpain, anxiety or depression two to three times more often than those with episodic migraine. Management requires identification and control of the risk factors that predispose patients to develop the condition, detoxification therapy in the event of abuse of analgesics, specific treatment for migraine attacks and preventive treatment. The effectiveness of the preventive drugs topiramate and Onabotulinumtoxin A in this complication of migraine has been proved in large-scaleplacebo-controlled clinical trials.Conclusions. Chronic migraine is a common condition that requires global management aimed at reducing the frequencyof the attacks, lowering the associated disability and improving the patients’ quality of life (AU)

Disability and use of healthcare resources in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: To assess disability and healthcare resource use in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 144 Brazilian PD patients consecutively admitted at a Neurological outpatient clinic. Clinical evaluation was done using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn & Yahr staging (H&Y). The Schwab and England (SE) activity of daily living (ADL) scale was used to assess the level of dependence in the ADL. Information about the utilization of health resources was obtained interviewing the patient by means of a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 66% of patients (mean age 62 years; males, 53%) had a Hoehn & Yahr stage < or = 2. Mean UPDRS score was 46.2, and median SE scale score was 80. Disabled PD patients significantly received more visits by a general practitioner (p < 0.001). Patients with comorbid conditions significantly used more domiciliary nurse care and physiotherapist assistance (p < 0.01). The most frequent reason for hospitalization was the treatment of clinical complications and drug dose adjustment. Pharmacological treatment costs were associated with the severity of the disease (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Utilization of healthcare resources was influenced by functional status and comorbid conditions.

The function of proprioceptors in bone organization: a possible explanation for neurogenic heterotopic ossification in patients with neurological damage.

Neurogenic heterotopic ossification is characterized by the formation of extra osseous bone in soft tissue surrounding peripheral joints in neurological patients. It occurs in 25% of spinal cord injury patients, and in 20% of these the pathologic process is severe enough to cause limitations in joint motion. Vascular and metabolic changes resulting from autonomic nervous system impairment may play a role in the etiology of heterotopic ossification. Repetitive vigorous passive manipulation of the joint to preserve range of motion, in the presence of reduced defense mechanisms, may also traumatize soft tissue, thereby initiating the pathological process. Nerve terminals within ligaments and capsules that allow for proprioception have a determinant role in triggering on and off muscle contraction, permitting acceleration and deceleration during gait. The Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals has treated over 20,000 patients with spinal cord and brain injury in the past 20 years. Based on the observation of heterotopic ossification development in some of these patients, and its tendency to relapse, this present article speculates whether, after an interruption in the neural pathways: (1) altered proprioception can forge a different relationship between tissues; and (2) chaotic new bone formation can occur. We postulate that heterotopic ossification in patients with injury to the central nervous system (CNS) may be related to a dysfunction of proprioception. With interruption of the neural tract of a given limb, ligaments lose control and coordination of their proprioceptive function and begin to react to direct stimulus in an independent, isolated and haphazard way. Free of CNS control and directly stimulated by such independent signals, mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells located in soft tissues begin to occasion tissue maturation and differentiation into bone: heterotopic bone.

[Deletions of the mitochondrial DNA associated to chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with ragged-red fibers in 2 Brazilian patients]. / Deleciones en el ADN mitocondrial asociadas a oftalmoplejía crónica extrínseca progresiva con fibras rojas rasgadas en 2 pacientes brasileños.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to report the neurological manifestations and molecular-genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and raged red fibers (RRFs). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Two patients, a male and a female (32 and 28 year-old, respectively), were studied due to progressive palpebral ptosis associated with RRFs in muscle biopsy. Both patients were subjected to neurological, histochemical and enzymatic analysis of muscular biopsy, analysis of cerebro-spinal fluid, and molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA. RESULTS: Symptoms started at ages 24 and 17 years. Initial symptoms were palpebral ptosis, progressive limitation of vertical and horizontal gaze, fatigue and exercise intolerance, and weakness of proximal muscles. Brain MRIs were normal in both patients. Both patients had deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA with similar size (5,425 and 5,112 base pairs) and location. CONCLUSIONS: CPEO with RRFs is usually associated with huge deletions in mitochondrial DNA. Fatigue and proximal muscle weakness can be found during the follow-up.

Deleciones en el ADN mitocondrial asociadas a oftalmoplejía crónica extrínseca progresiva con fibras rojas rasgadas en 2 pacientes brasileños / Deletions of the mitochondrial DNA associated to chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with ragged-red fibers in 2 Brazilian patients

Fundamento y objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones neurológicas y el análisis genético molecular del ADN mitocondrial asociadas a la oftalmoplejía crónica extrínseca progresiva (CPEO) con fibras rojas rasgadas. Pacientes y método: Se ha estudiado a 2 pacientes, un varón y una mujer, de 32 y 28 años de edad, respectivamente, que ingresaron en el hospital por presentar una ptosis palpebral progresiva asociada a fibras rojas rasgadas en la biopsia muscular. Resultados: La edad de inicio de los síntomas fue de 24 años en el varón y de 17 en la mujer. La clínica inicial fue ptosis palpebral, que se siguió de una limitación progresiva de la mirada vertical y horizontal, fatiga e intolerancia al ejercicio, y debilidad de músculos proximales. La resonancia de encéfalo fue normal. Los 2 pacientes presentan deleciones en el ADN mitocondrial de músculo con un tamaño (5.425 y 5.112 pares de bases) y una localización semejantes. Conclusiones: La CPEO con fibras rojas rasgadas y citocromo C oxidasa negativas se asocia a deleciones grandes del ADN mitocondrial y evoluciona en el tiempo con debilidad muscular proximal y fatiga

Background and objective: Our purpose was to report the neurological manifestations and molecular-genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and raged red fibers (RRFs). Patients and method: Two patients, a male and a female (32 and 28 year-old, respectively), were studied due to progressive palpebral ptosis associated with RRFs in muscle biopsy. Both patients were subjected to neurological, histochemical and enzymatic analysis of muscular biopsy, analysis of cerebro-spinal fluid, and molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Results: Symptoms started at ages 24 and 17 years. Initial symptoms were palpebral ptosis, progressive limitation of vertical and horizontal gaze, fatigue and exercise intolerance, and weakness of proximal muscles. Brain MRIs were normal in both patients. Both patients had deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA with similar size (5,425 and 5,112 base pairs) and location. Conclusions: CPEO with RRFs is usually associated with huge deletions in mitochondrial DNA. Fatigue and proximal muscle weakness can be found during the follow-up

Unusual early-onset Huntingtons disease.

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and behavioral disorders leading to functional disability. In contrast to patients with adult onset, in which chorea is the major motor abnormality, children often present with spasticity, rigidity, and significant intellectual decline associated with a more rapidly progressive course. An unusual early-onset Huntington's disease case of an 11-year-old boy with severe hypokinetic/rigid syndrome appearing at the age of 2.5 years is presented. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction study of the expanded IT-15 allele with a compatible size of 102 cytosine-adenosine-guanosine repeats L-Dopa mildly ameliorated rigidity, bradykinesia, and dystonia. We conclude that Huntington's disease should be included in the differential diagnoses of regressive syndromes of early childhood.