RESUMEN
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global threat, compromising the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs as bacteria adapt and survive exposure to many classes of these drugs. This phenomenon is primarily fueled by the widespread overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs, exerting selective pressure on bacteria and promoting the emergence of multi-resistant strains. AMR poses a top-priority challenge to public health due to its widespread epidemiological and economic implications, exacerbated not only by the diminishing effectiveness of currently available antimicrobial agents but also by the limited development of genuinely effective new molecules. In addressing this issue, our research aimed to examine the scientific literature narrating the Italian situation in the common European context of combating AMR. We sought to delineate the current state of AMR and explore future prospects through an analysis of strategies to counter antibacterial drug resistance. Adopting the "One Health" model, our objective was to comprehensively engage diverse sectors, integrate various disciplines, and propose programs, policies, and regulations. This narrative review, based on PubMed research related to antibiotic resistance, emphasizes the urgent need for a coordinated and proactive approach at both national and European levels to mitigate the impact of AMR and pave the way for effective strategies to counter this global health challenge.
RESUMEN
Our aim was to evaluate osteomyelitis and other major lower limb safety outcomes (i.e., peripheral artery disease or PAD, ulcers, atraumatic fractures, amputations, symmetric polyneuropathy, and infections) in patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-is). We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SGLT2-is at approved doses for T2DM with a placebo or standard of care. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched through August 2022. Separate intention-to-treat analyses were implemented for each molecule to calculate Mantel-Haenszel risk ratios (RRMH) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through a random-effects model. We processed data from 42 RCTs for a total of 29,491 and 23,052 patients, respectively assigned to SGLT2-i and comparator groups. SGLT2-is showed a pooled neutral effect on osteomyelitis, PAD, fractures, and symmetric polyneuropathy, whereas slightly deleterious sway on ulcers (RRMH 1.39 [1.01-1.91]), amputations (RRMH 1.27 [1.04-1.55]), and infections (RRMH 1.20 [1.02-1.40]). In conclusion, SGLT2-is appear to not significantly interfere with the onset of osteomyelitis, PAD, lower limb fractures, or symmetric polyneuropathy, even though the number of these events proved consistently higher in the investigational groups; otherwise, local ulcers, amputations, and overall infections may be favoured by their employment. This study is registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF).
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The IASP ICD-11 chronic primary pain (CPP) definition includes 19 different painful conditions. In recent years, interest in the potential role of cannabinoids in the management of CPP has increased, since they demonstrated a possible efficacy in treating pain, especially in secondary pain conditions. However, limited evidence is available for patients with CPP. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cannabinoid administration in CPP. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched form the beginning up to 31 October 2021 to retrieve published articles of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational, retrospective or prospective, studies, investigating cannabinoids in CPP. The study screening process was completed during November 2021. The primary outcome was pain reduction by means of the visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes were quality of life by means of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ) or other available scales, appetite, anxiety, depression, and sleep by means of any available scales. Safety was assessed with the reporting of serious adverse events (SAE) and discontinuation due to adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed. The weighted generic inverse variance method and Mantel-Haenszel method were used to estimate the mean difference (MD) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. For outcome measures reported with different scales (pain, anxiety, depression), we used the standardized MD (SMD) as the effect measure and then converted it into units of the VAS scale for pain, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for anxiety, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression. Summary of findings was produced using GRADEproGDT. RESULTS: From 3007 identified records, we included eight articles reporting the results of eight different RCTs (four parallel and four crossover studies; seven compared to placebo and one to amitriptyline), with a total population of 240 patients. VAS pain reduction was non-significant for cannabinoids against placebo (MD = - 0.64; 95% CI - 1.30 to 0.02) or amitriptyline (MD = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.58 to 0.19). More than 4 weeks cannabinoid treatment significantly reduced pain compared to placebo in parallel studies with more than 4 weeks of treatment duration (MD = - 1.28; 95% CI - 2.33 to - 0.22). Differences for the FIQ (MD = - 21.69; 95% CI - 46.20 to 2.82), BAI (MD = - 2.32; 95% CI - 7.99 to 3.08), and BDI (MD = 2.32; 95% CI - 1.71 to 6.35) were non-significant, likewise for discontinuation due to adverse events (OR = 2.15; 95% CI 0.44-10.65), when comparing cannabinoids to placebo. The quality of the evidence was generally low mainly as a result of imprecision and risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Cannabinoid treatment in patients with CPP had limited benefit on pain relief; however, it might improve pain with long-term administration.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Safinamide is a novel anti-parkinsonian drug with possible anti-dyskinetic properties. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disease. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of safinamide administration compared to placebo in PD patients on multiple outcomes. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS, and trial databases were searched up to 23 December 2020 for randomized controlled studies (RCTs) comparing safinamide to placebo, alone or as add-on therapy in PD. Data were extracted from literature and regulatory agencies. Primary outcomes were ON-time without troublesome dyskinesia, OFF-time, and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) section III (UPDRS-III). Secondary outcomes included any dyskinesia rating scale (DRS), ON-time with troublesome dyskinesia, UPDRS-II, and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). In order to estimate mean difference (MD) and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI), generic inverse variance and Mantel-Haenszel methods were used for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Analyses were performed grouping by PD with (PDwMF) or without (PDwoMF) motor fluctuations, safinamide dose, and concomitant dopaminergic treatment. Summary of findings with GRADE were performed. RESULTS: Six studies with a total of 2792 participants were identified. In PDwMF patients, safinamide 100 mg as add-on to levodopa (L-dopa) significantly increased ON-time without troublesome dyskinesia (MD = 0.95 h; 95% CI from 0.41 to 1.49), reduced OFF-time (MD = - 1.06 h; 95% CI from - 1.60 to - 0.51), and improved UPDRS-III (MD = - 2.77; 95% CI from - 4.27 to - 1.28) with moderate quality of evidence. Similar results were observed for the 50 mg dose. However, the quality of evidence was moderate only for ON-time without troublesome dyskinesia, whereas for OFF-time and UPDRS-III was low. In PDwoMF patients taking a single dopamine agonist, safinamide 100 mg resulted in little to no clinically significant improvement in UPDRS-III (MD = - 1.84; 95% CI from - 3.19 to - 0.49), with moderate quality of evidence. Conversely, in PDwoMF patients, the 200 mg and 50 mg doses showed nonsignificant improvement in UPDRS-III, with very low and moderate quality of evidence, respectively. In PDwMF patients taking safinamide 100 mg or 50 mg, nonsignificant differences were observed for ON-time with troublesome dyskinesia and DRS, with high and low quality of evidence, respectively. In the same patients, UPDRS-II was significantly improved at the 100 mg and 50 mg dose, with high and moderate quality of evidence. In PDwoMF, UPDRS-II showed a little yet significant difference only at 100 mg, with low quality of evidence. PDQ-39 resulted significantly improved only with the 100 mg dose in PDwMF, with low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION: Overall, safinamide is effective in PDwMF patients taking L-dopa both at 100 and 50 mg daily. Evidence for efficacy in early PD is limited. Further trials are needed to better evaluate the anti-dyskinetic properties of safinamide.