HRV-guided training vs traditional HIIT training in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial.

High-intensity interval training is the gold standard for cardiac rehabilitation although current revascularization therapy focuses on the recovery of autonomic nervous system balance through heart rate variability (HRV). The main objective was to analyze the effect of HRV-guided training versus high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate variability, quality of life, and training volume at high intensity, as well as exercise adherence, safety, and feasibility in ischemic patients. This is an 8-week cluster randomized controlled trial with an HRV-based training group (HRV-G) and a traditional HIIT group (HIIT-G). Maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured during the Bruce protocol treadmill test. HRV was measured with the HRV4Training application, and quality of life with the MacNew QLMI. The repeated measures ANCOVA was used with the age and the baseline scores as covariables. Forty-six patients (mean age 55 ± 11.03 years) were randomized and assigned either to HRV-G (n = 23) or HIIT-G (n = 23). Both groups improved maximal oxygen consumption and METS (P > .05). However, the resting systolic blood pressure was lower in HRV-G (4.3 ± 1.2 mmHg, P = .05). In HRV-G, the resting diastolic, maximal diastolic, and systolic blood pressure decreased (5.4 ± 5.96 mmHg, P = .007; 11.4 ± 12.46 mmHg, P = .005; and 5 ± 5.98 mmHg, P = .013, respectively) whereas the recovery heart rate increased significantly (-21.5 ± 23.16 beats/min, P = .003). The LnrMSSDcv ([LnrMSSDSD/LnrMSSDMEAN] × 100) was lower in HRV-G (1.23 ± 0.91 mmHg, P = .03) while the training volume at high intensity was higher in HIIT-G (31.4 ± 29.2 min, P = .024). HRV-guided training presents a better cardioprotective effect than HIIT-G at a lower high-intensity training volume.

Response to physical activity of females with multiple sclerosis throughout the menstrual cycle: a protocol for a randomised crossover trial (EMMA Project).

The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and females is a crucial aspect in the development of the disease, with the ovarian hormonal cycle being a sensitive stage, especially in females with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The objectives of the study are to identify moderating variables that modify satisfaction with physical activity practice throughout the menstrual cycle (MC) in females in or out of their MC, during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength training sessions and to compare the acute effects of different types of physical activity sessions in females with and without MS. This protocol is the methodology used in the EMMA Study, a randomised, single-blind crossover trial study conducted in females with MS who were matched 1:1, based on age, lifestyle factors and country of residence, with females without MS, to analyse the effect of physical activity practice on satisfaction, functionality, fatigue and inflammatory profile through their MC. Participants will visit the facilities approximately 10 times (4 preliminary familiarisation visits and 6 visits to carry out a physical activity session in each phase of the MC) for 3-4 months. A total sample of 30 females (15 females without MS and 15 with MS) is necessary for the study. The evaluation will comprise clinical, nutritional and psychological interviews, including different variables. It is hypothesised during the luteal phase, females with MS are expected to exhibit different acute responses to HIIT and strength training sessions as compared with females without the disease. Before starting the study, all participants will read and sign an informed consent form. Trial registration number: This research protocol is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov to ensure transparency and accessibility of study information (NCT06105463). The university's ethics committee number for this study is UALBIO2022/048.

Detrimental Effects of Disempowering Climates on Teaching Intention in (Physical Education) Initial Teacher Education.

Previous research has looked at the positive consequences generated by teacher-generated climates on the motivational experiences of pre-service teachers. However, there is scant research focusing on the adverse motivational consequences that affect the perceptions of future teachers during the training process. The objective of this study was to explore the dark side of Duda's multidimensional conceptualization, its influence on academic engagement, and the intention of pre-service teachers to be educators. A total of 1,410 university students in initial teacher training (including physical education pre-service teachers) (59.6% women; 40.3% men; 0.1% other; Mage = 23.85; SD = 5.13) participated. The following scales were used: disempowering motivational climate, frustration of basic psychological needs, academic motivation, academic engagement, and the intention to choose teaching. The results of the structural equation model with latent variables show the positive prediction of the disempowering climate on the dark side and its negative influence on the intention to be a teacher. Controlled motivation preceded by academic engagement significantly mediates the relationship between a disempowering climate and the intention to be a teacher, increasing the total effect on the latter variable. Therefore, this research highlights for both teachers and researchers the impact of a disempowering motivational style, as well as its influence on the dark side as a negative promoter in trainee teachers regarding their intention to become teachers.

Teaching style and academic engagement in pre-service teachers during the COVID-19 lockdown: Mediation of motivational climate.

COVID-19 and the resulting confinement has had a great impact on the educational environment. Although research in initial teacher education has focused on studying the factors that lead to increased academic engagement, there is no evidence that examines the role of teacher interpersonal style and motivational classroom in a virtual learning context. The aim of this research was to analyze the mediating role of motivational climate between teacher interpersonal style (i.e., autonomy support and controlling style) and academic engagement climate in pre-service teachers in a resilient context. The research design was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and non-randomized. A total of 1,410 university students (pre-service teachers) participated (M age = 23.85; SD = 5.13) (59.6% female; 40.3% male; 0.1% other). The scales of interpersonal teaching style, classroom motivational climate, academic commitment, and resilience were used, and a structural equation analysis with latent variables was carried out controlling resilience and gender. The results of the structural equation model show the importance of student perception of teacher autonomy support on academic engagement of the pre-service teachers, as well as the mediation of the mastery climate between autonomy support and academic engagement. For this reason, in order to increase academic engagement in pre-service teachers, it is recommended the use of motivating styles and instructional strategies focused on supporting the decision-making process, initiative, and significant learning.

HRV-Guided Training for Elders after Stroke: A Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

There are many consequences associated with having a stroke, all of which are important factors affecting long-term rehabilitation outcomes; these become important health issues for those of advanced age and require dedicated health strategies. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective training protocol used in cardiac rehabilitation programs; however, owing to the inter-individual variability in physiological responses to training associated with cardiovascular diseases, the exercise regimen given to each patient should be closely controlled and individualized to ensure the safety and efficiency of the exercise program. Heart rate variability (HRV) is currently being used for this purpose, as it is closely linked to parasympathetic nervous system activation, with high HRV scores associated with good cardiovascular adaptation. The objective of this protocol is to determine the effect of HIIT compared to HRV-guided training in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate variability, functional parameters, body composition, quality of life, inflammatory markers, and cognitive function in patients who have had a stroke, as well as to assess the feasibility of patients undertaking an 8-week cardiac rehabilitation program, evaluating its safety and their adherence. The proposed protocol involved cluster-randomized controlled design in which the post-stroke patients are assigned either to an HRV-based training group (HRV-G) or a HIIT-based training group (HIIT-G). HIIT-G will train according to a predefined training program, whereas HRV-G will train depending on the patients' daily HRV. The outcomes considered are peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), endothelial and work parameters, heart rate variability, functional parameters, relative weight and body fat distribution, quality of life, inflammatory markers and cognitive function, as well as exercise adherence, feasibility, and safety. It is expected that this HRV-guided training protocol will improve functional performance in patients following a stroke and be safer, more feasible, and generate improved adherence relative to HIIT, providing an improved strategy for to optimize cardiac rehabilitation interventions.

Gender Mediation in Adolescents' Back Pain and Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study.

There is a lack of studies that analyze the interaction between risk variables as predictors of back pain (BP) in adolescents. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between BP and several risk variables, and to analyze the effect of the mediation of gender in this association. This cross-sectional study included n = 617 adolescents (mean age: 14.10 ± 1.18 years old) who completed the BP Adolescent Survey and who performed the bench trunk curl (BTC) and Sorensen (SOR) tests. Males showed a significantly lower prevalence (OR: 0.67) and frequency (contingency coefficient: 1.73) of BP than females, less participation in leisure-time sedentary behaviors (LRSBs) per day of more than 2 h (Cramer's V: 0.110), a higher sufficient Physical Activity (PA) (Cramer's V: 0.323) and a higher score in the BTC test (Contingency coefficient: 0.346). A high BTC score indicated significantly lower risk of BP than mid (OR: 1.74; p = 0.025) or low (OR: 1.62; p = 0.022) BTC. The mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect with a significant value for the Sobel test (z = 7.45 ± 0.111). When the BTC test value was included in the equations, the connection between gender and BP was no longer significant. There was a difference in the prevalence between gender in BP and LRSB and PA. BP was associated with the SOR test. The association between BP and gender was mediated by SOR results.

Effects of Circuit Resistance Training on Body Composition, Strength, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of circuit resistance training (CRT) on cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and body composition in middle-aged and older women. Sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The CRT interventions led to a significant decrease in weight, body mass index, and fat mass along with an increase in muscle mass. Significant differences were found in the fat mass and a trend to develop muscle mass when compared with the control group. CRT led to a significant increase in VO2max, walking endurance, and time to exhaustion; likewise, significant differences were observed when compared with the control group. CRT had a moderate and large favorable effect on arm, trunk, and lower limb strength. Furthermore, the increases in strength observed in the CRT were significantly greater than the changes observed in the control group. In middle-aged and older women, CRT improved cardiorespiratory fitness and strength and optimized body composition.

Heart rate variability-guided training in professional runners: Effects on performance and vagal modulation.

PURPOSE: To analyze the training structure following a heart rate variability (HRV) -guided training or traditional training protocol, determining their effects on the cardiovascular performance of professional endurance runners, and describing the vagal modulation interaction. METHODS: This was an 8-week cluster-randomized controlled trial. Twelve professional endurance runners were randomly assigned to an HRV-guided training group (HRV-G; n = 6) or a traditional training group (TRAD-G; n = 6). The training methodology followed by the HRV-G was determined by their daily HRV scores. Training intensities were recorded daily. HRV4Training was used to register the rMSSD every morning and during a 60-second period. Cardiovascular outcomes were obtained through an incremental treadmill test. The primary outcome was the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). RESULTS: Total training volume was significantly higher in TRAD-G, but moderate intensity training was significantly higher in HRV-G (X ± SDDif=1.98 ± 0.1%; P = 0.006; d = 1.22) and low intensity training in TRAD-G (X ± SDDif=2.03 ± 0.74%; P = 0.004; d = 1.36). The maximal velocity increased significantly in HRV-G (P = 0.027, d = 0.66), while the respiratory exchange ratio increased in TRAD-G (P = 0.017, d = 1). There was a small effect on the LnRMSSD increment (P = 0.365, d = 0.4) in HRV-G. There were statistical inter-group differences in the ∆maximal heart rate when ∆LnrMSSD was considered as a covariable (F = 7.58; P = 0.025; d = 0.487). There were significant and indirect correlations of LnRMSSDTEST with VO2max (r =-0.656, P = 0.02), ∆LnrMSSD with ∆VO2max (r = -0.606, P = 0.037), and ∆LnrMSSDCV with ∆VENT (r = -0.790, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: higher HRV scores suggest better cardiovascular adaptations due to higher training intensities, favoring HRV as a measure to optimize individualized training in professional runners.

HRV-Based Training for Improving VO2max in Endurance Athletes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

This review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding interventions based on heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training for VO2max improvements in endurance athletes and address the issues that impact this performance enhancement. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, the Web of Science Core Collection, Global Health, Current Contents Connect, and the SciELO citation index were searched. Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials; studies with trained athletes enrolled in any regular endurance training; studies that recruited men, women, and both sexes combined; studies on endurance training controlled by HRV; studies that measured performance with VO2max. A random-effects meta-analysis calculating the effect size (ES) was used. Moderator analyses (according to the athlete's level and gender) and metaregression (according to the number of participants in each group) were undertaken to examine differences in ES. HRV-guided training and control training enhanced the athletes' VO2max (p < 0.0001), but the ES for the HRV-guided training group was significantly higher (p < 0.0001; ESHRVG-CG = 0.187). The amateur level and female subgroup reported better and significant results (p < 0.0001) for VO2max. HRV-guided training had a small (ES = 0.402) but positive effect on endurance athlete performance (VO2max), conditioned by the athlete's level and sex.

HRV-Guided Training for Professional Endurance Athletes: A Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Physiological training responses depend on sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) balance. This activity can be measured using heart rate variability (HRV). Such a measurement method can favor individualized training planning to improve athletes' performance. Recently, HRV-guided training has been implemented both on professional and amateur sportsmen and sportswomen with varied results. There is a dearth of studies involving professional endurance athletes following a defined HRV-guided training protocol. The objectives of the proposed protocol are: (i) to determine changes in the performance of high-level athletes after following an HRV-guided or a traditional training period and (ii) to determine differences in the athletes' performance after following both training protocols. This will be a 12-week cluster-randomized controlled protocol in which professional athletes will be assigned to an HRV-based training group (HRV-G) or a traditional-based training group (TRAD-G). TRAD-G will train according to a predefined training program. HRV-G training will depend on the athletes' daily HRV. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) attained in an incremental treadmill test will be considered as the primary outcome. It is expected that this HRV-guided training protocol will improve functional performance in the high-level athletes, achieving better results than a traditional training method, and thus providing a good strategy for coaches of high-level athletes.

High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has similar or better effects than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in increasing peak oxygen consumption (VO2max), however, it has not been studied when HIIT is applied in a circuit (HIICT). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a HIICT versus MICT on VO2max estimated (VO2max-ES), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of middle-aged and older women. A quasi-experimental randomized controlled trial was used. Fifty-four women (67.8 ± 6.2 years) were randomized to either HIICT (n = 18), MICT (n = 18) or non-exercise control group (CG; n = 18) for 18 weeks. Participants in HIICT and MICT trained two days/week (one hour/session). Forty-one participants were assessed (HIICT; n = 17, MICT; n = 12, CG; n = 12). Five adverse events were reported. Cardiorespiratory fitness, HR and BP were measured. The tests were performed before and after the exercise intervention programs. VO2max-ES showed significant training x group interaction, in which HIICT and MICT were statistically superior to CG. Moreover, HIICT and MICT were statistically better than CG in the diastolic blood pressure after exercise (DBPex) interaction. For the systolic blood pressure after exercise (SBPex), HIICT was statistically better than CG. In conclusion, both HIICT and MICT generated adaptations in VO2max-ES and DBPex. Furthermore, only HIICT generated positive effects on the SBPex. Therefore, both training methods can be considered for use in exercise programs involving middle-aged and older women.

Estrés cardiaco asociado a la realización de una formación acrobática paracaidista / Cardiac stress associated to the realization of an acrobatic skydiver formation

INTRODUCCIÓN: El paracaidismo acrobático es una actividad de alto riesgo. Este riesgo y la dificultad de las maniobras son factores estresantes que modifican la respuesta cardiaca. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el trazado electrocardiográfico y la evolución de la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) durante esta actividad paracaidista creando una figura de alta dificultad. MÉTODO: Colocamos un monitor electrocardiográfico Nuubo a dos paracaidistas experimentados de la Patrulla Acrobática Paracaidista del Ejército del Aire (PAPEA) durante la ejecución de una formación acrobática en la que cuatro paracaidistas se unen durante el vuelo creando una figura denominada "diamante". Analizamos el electrocardiograma (ECG) durante todo el ejercicio y recogimos la FC en las siguientes fases: 1.- Subiendo al avión; 2.- Despegando; 3.- Antes de saltar; 4.- Preparando la figura; 5.- En formación y 6.- Tomando tierra. Se repitió cinco veces, obteniéndose la media de cada saltador. Previamente se realizó un ECG en reposo y una prueba de esfuerzo máxima (PE) en tapiz rodante. RESULTADOS: Ambos saltadores consiguen la mayor FC mientras vuelan preparando la formación (165 y 143 lat/min), supone el 87% y 77% de la FC máxima alcanzada en la PE. No se recogen FC inferiores a 95 pulsaciones en ninguna fase ni salto. Cada saltador tiene un tipo de respuesta, según le afecte el momento del despegue. En uno la FC aumenta paulatinamente hasta ella llega al pico máximo cuando están en formación y en el otro aparece otro pico, que se repite en los cinco saltos, coincidiendo con el despegue. En el ECG sólo se han observado episodios continuados de taquicardias sinusales. CONCLUSIONES: Concluimos que el estrés cardiaco producido por la realización de este tipo de ejercicios se manifiesta por aumentos importantes de la frecuencia cardiaca, en torno al 80% de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima, sin otras alteraciones electrocardiográficas

INTRODUCTION: Acrobatic skydiving is considered a high risk activity. This risk and the difficulty of the maneuvers are stressors that modify the cardiac activity. Our aim is to analyze the electrocardiographic tracing and the evolution of the heart rate during this paratrooper activity, creating a figure of high difficulty. METHOD: We put a Nuubo electrocardiographic monitor on two experienced paratroopers members of the Acrobatic Patrooper Patrol of the Air Force (PAPEA) during the execution of an acrobatic exercise, called "diamond", in which four parachutists are attached during the flight. We analyzed the electrocardiogram (ECG) during the whole activity and we got the heart rate (HR) in the following phases: 1.- Up to the aircraft; 2.-Taking off; 3.- Before jumping; 4.- Preparing the figure; 5.- Formation flight and 6.- Landing. They jumped five times, obtaining the average of each jumper. Previously we made them an ECG at rest and maximal treadmill stress test (ST ).RESULTS: Both jumpers get the largest HR while they fly preparing the formation (165 and 143 beats/min), it is 87% and 77% of the max HR reached in ST. Beats under 95 b/min are not registered in any stage or jump. Each jumper has a different response, depending on the effect that the take-off has on him. In one of them, HR increases gradually until it reaches the maximum peak when they are in formation, and on the other jumper it appears another peak, that is repeated in the five jumps, coinciding with the taking off. There is no other ECG alterations. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that cardiac stress caused by carrying out this type of exercises is manifested by significant increases in heart rate, around 80% of the maximum heart rate, without other electrocardiographic abnormalities

Pilates versus resistance training on trunk strength and balance adaptations in older women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The neuromuscular decline impact in the functional independence of older women is determining the necessity of implementing new strategies focused on core strength training and postural stability maintenance to promote healthy aging. OBJECTIVES: To define whether Pilates or resistance training is better at improving (a) core isometric and isokinetic muscular strength, and (b) static and dynamic balance, in older women. METHODS: This was a cluster randomized controlled trial. Physically independent older women (60-80 years) from day centers were randomly allocated to Pilates, Muscular and Control Groups (PG, MG and CG) using a block randomization method. Only the research staff performing the assessment and statistical analysis were blinded. Exercise groups trained twice a week (1 h per session) for 18 weeks in a moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Core strength (primary outcome): trunk and hip isometric and hip isokinetic muscular strength (Biodex System III Pro Isokinetic Dynamometer), alongside one leg static balance (portable force platform Kistler 9286AA) and dynamic balance (timed up and go (TUG)) were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 60 participants were randomized (PG, n = 20; MG, n = 20; CG, n = 20) and 49 completed the trial (PG, n = 16; MG, n = 19; CG, n = 14). Regarding hip isometric extension strength, PG was statistically better than CG (P = 0.004). There were no differences between groups regarding isokinetic strength or balance. Intra-group comparisons showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in the dynamic balance and trunk and hip isometric extension strength for PG and MG, whereas every hip isokinetic measurement was improved in MG. Exercise programs did not produce any adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: The Pilates training program was more effective for improving isometric hip and trunk extension strength, while the Muscular training program generated greater benefits on trunk and hip isokinetic strength. Moreover, both training programs showed moderate effects for the TUG. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02506491).

High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The literature suggests that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) to improve functional ability. However, there is no evidence on including HIIT in a circuit programme (HIICT). Our objective was to determine what type of training (HIICT or MICT) induces greater adaptations in the functional ability and body mass index of middle-aged and older women. The study used a quasi-experimental randomized controlled trial with 54 participants (age = 67.8 ± 6.2 years). Participants were randomly allocated to HIICT (n = 18), MICT (n = 18) or a non-exercise control group (CG; n = 18). The participants in the HIICT or MICT groups trained twice a week (1 h/session) for 18 weeks. Forty-one subjects were analysed (HIICT; n = 17, MICT; n = 12, CG; n = 12). Five subjects presented adverse events during the study. Strength, gait, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance and body mass index were measured. A significant training x group interaction was found in the arm curl test, where HIICT was statistically better than MICT and CG. Likewise, HIICT was statistically better than the CG in the BMI interaction. In lower limb strength, gait/dynamic balance and cardiorespiratory fitness, both HIICT and MICT were statistically better than the CG. In conclusion, HIICT generated better adaptations in upper limb strength than MICT. Likewise, HIICT generated better adaptations in body mass index than CG. Finally, both HIICT and MICT had a similar influence on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and gait/dynamic balance.

Functional improvements after a pilates program in adolescents with a history of back pain: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: and purpose. Trunk endurance and extensibility are the main physical condition factors related to back pain. The goal was to analyse the effectiveness of a 6-week Pilates programme on trunk endurance and extensibility in adolescents with a history of back pain, determining the influence of sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two students with a history of back pain were randomly assigned to the Pilates group (PG; n = 26) or the control group (CG; n = 26). Trunk flexion (BTC test) and extension (SOR test), and hamstring extensibility (TT test) were measured. RESULTS: PG improved significantly BTC, SOR, and TT test. Statistical differences (p = 0.005) were found between the PG and the CG for the SOR test. CONCLUSION: The Pilates programme enhanced trunk endurance and extensibility in adolescents with a history of back pain. Trunk flexor endurance was better in the PG. Results were not influenced by sex.

Dosis de ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad en la rehabilitación cardiaca de la insuficiencia cardiaca y la enfermedad arterial coronaria: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / High-intensity interval training dosage for heart failure and coronary artery disease cardiac rehabilitation. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción y objetivos: Se ha propuesto el ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad (EIAI) en programas de rehabilitación cardiaca para mejorar el VO2máx. Sin embargo, no se conoce cuál es el mejor protocolo EIAI. El objetivo es encontrar la mejor dosis de EIAI para optimizar el VO2máx de pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) e insuficiencia cardiaca (IC). Método: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en 6 bases de datos (MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete y SportDiscus). Se incluyeron los estudios que usaban el protocolo EIAI y midieron el VO2máx de pacientes con EAC e IC. Se utilizó la escala PEDro y las herramientas de la Colaboración Cochrane. Resultados: El análisis mostró mejoras significativas en el VO2máx tras el EIAI en ambas enfermedades (p = 0,000001), con mayor incremento en los pacientes con IC (p = 0,03). Sin embargo, en estos no hubo mejora si la intensidad de recuperación era ≤ 40% del VO2máx (p = 0,19) o la frecuencia de entrenamiento era ≤ 2 días/semana (p = 0,07). Hubo diferencias significativas según la duración entre los pacientes con EAC, que mostraron resultados superiores cuando era < 12 semanas (p = 0,05). Los pacientes con IC no mostraron mejoras significativas en el VO2máx cuando la duración era < 12 semanas (p = 0,1). Conclusiones: El EIAI es un método efectivo para mejorar el VO2máx de los pacientes con IC o EAC, con mayor diferencia significativa en los pacientes con IC. Los intervalos de recuperación de los pacientes con IC deben ser activos y estar en un 40-60% del VO2máx. La frecuencia de entrenamiento debería ser ≥ 2 días/semana en la EAC y ≥ 3 días/semana en la IC

Introduction and objectives: High-interval intensity training (HIT) has been suggested to improve peak VO2 in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, the optimal HIT protocol is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the most effective doses of HIT to optimize peak VO2 in coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: A search was conducted in 6 databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and SportDiscus). Studies using a HIT protocol in CAD or HF patients and measuring peak VO2 were included. The PEDro Scale and Cochrane Collaboration tools were used. Results: Analyses reported significant improvements in peak VO2 after HIT in both diseases (P = .000001), with a higher increase in HF patients (P = .03). Nevertheless, in HF patients, there were no improvements when the intensity recovery was ≤ 40% of peak VO2 (P = .19) and the frequency of training was ≤ 2 d/wk (P = .07). There were significant differences regarding duration in CAD patients, with greater improvements in peak VO2 when the duration was < 12 weeks (P = .05). In HF, programs lasting < 12 weeks did not significantly improve peak VO2 (P = .1). Conclusions: The HIT is an effective method for improving peak VO2 in HF and CAD, with a significantly greater increase in HF patients. The recovery intervals should be active and be between 40% and 60% of peak VO2 in HF patients. Training frequency should be ≥ 2 d/wk for CAD patients and ≥ 3 d/wk for HF patients

High-intensity Interval Training Dosage for Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease Cardiac Rehabilitation. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: High-interval intensity training (HIT) has been suggested to improve peak VO2 in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, the optimal HIT protocol is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the most effective doses of HIT to optimize peak VO2 in coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS: A search was conducted in 6 databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and SportDiscus). Studies using a HIT protocol in CAD or HF patients and measuring peak VO2 were included. The PEDro Scale and Cochrane Collaboration tools were used. RESULTS: Analyses reported significant improvements in peak VO2 after HIT in both diseases (P = .000001), with a higher increase in HF patients (P = .03). Nevertheless, in HF patients, there were no improvements when the intensity recovery was ≤ 40% of peak VO2 (P = .19) and the frequency of training was ≤ 2 d/wk (P = .07). There were significant differences regarding duration in CAD patients, with greater improvements in peak VO2 when the duration was < 12 weeks (P = .05). In HF, programs lasting < 12 weeks did not significantly improve peak VO2 (P = .1). CONCLUSIONS: The HIT is an effective method for improving peak VO2 in HF and CAD, with a significantly greater increase in HF patients. The recovery intervals should be active and be between 40% and 60% of peak VO2 in HF patients. Training frequency should be ≥ 2 d/wk for CAD patients and ≥ 3 d/wk for HF patients.

Pilates vs. muscular training in older women. Effects in functional factors and the cognitive interaction: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The goal was to analyze the effect of two different training programs on functional autonomy, balance, and body composition in aged women and to determine the influence of their cognitive function. METHODS: Older women aged between 60 to 80 years old were invited to participate in the study. A block randomisation method was used to allocate participants to the Pilates group (PEP), the Muscular group (MEP) and the control group (CG) with equal sample sizes (n = 20). PEP or MEP were required to train twice a week (1 hour/session) in a moderate to vigorous intensity for 18 weeks. Functional autonomy was assessed with the GDLAM protocol. The cognitive function, withthe Mini-Mental State (MMS). Static balance, with a force platform (Kistler 9286AA). Body composition, with a dual-energy X-ray bone densitometry. Research staff performing the assessment and statistical analysis was blinded. RESULTS: Eighty participants were randomized, 16 women did not meet the inclusion criteria and 4 refused to participate. 60 participants were analysed. Either Pilates or Muscular group improved significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in every GDLAM test. Pilates had a better general functional condition index (IG) than the Muscular group (P = 0.042). There was a significant interaction (P ≤ 0.05) between the cognitive function and two items of the GDLAM test. The amplitude of displacement of the center of pressure in the antero-posterior plane decreased significantly in the Muscular group (P = 0.04). The total lean body increased in the Pilates (P =< .001) and the Muscular groups (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pilates should be recommended for improving the general functional condition of older women, while the Muscular exercise is effective for enhancing the static balance. Both exercise programs are effective for increasing the total lean body. The cognitive function interacts with some functional autonomy parameters Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02506491; available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02506491).

Daily physical activity impact in old women bone density and grip strength.

INTRODUCTION: Being physically active is related to a better physical functioning in older people, but daily physical activity impact in specific outcomes such as osteoporosis or sarcopenia is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of daily physical activity (DPA) in the bone mineral density and grip strength of old women. The secondary objective is to distinguish between weekday and weekend day scores. METHODS: Forty-two women between 65 and 79 years participated. DPA was monitored with the accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X (Pensacola, FL, USA) placed on the dominant hand wrist. Bone mineral density was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (AccuDEXA, SHICK, USA) in the central finger of the dominant hand; and grip strength, with a Takei dynamometer (TKK 5001). RESULTS: There were statistical differences between moderate and vigorous DPA in age, T-score, physical activity counts/min and min/day, and grip strength. Weekend minutes correlated significantly with all the variables. Age was a confounding factor. CONCLUSIONS: Higher DPA intensities accomplished by our old women sample preserve T-score (bone standard deviations respect to young, healthy people) and grip strength in a normal range. These results are strongly influenced by weekend scores. Age should be controlled by shorter ranks.

Daily physical activity impact in old women bone density and grip strength / Impacto de la actividad física diaria en la densidad ósea y la prensión manual de mujeres mayores

Introduction: Being physically active is related to a better physical functioning in older people, but daily physical activity impact in specific outcomes such as osteoporosis or sarcopenia is still not clear. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of daily physical activity (DPA) in the bone mineral density and grip strength of old women. The secondary objective is to distinguish between weekday and weekend day scores. Methods: Forty-two women between 65 and 79 years participated. DPA was monitored with the accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X (Pensacola, FL, USA) placed on the dominant hand wrist. Bone mineral density was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (AccuDEXA, SHICK, USA) in the central finger of the dominant hand; and grip strength, with a Takei dynamometer (TKK 5001). Results: There were statistical differences between moderate and vigorous DPA in age, T-score, physical activity counts/min and min/day, and grip strength. Weekend minutes correlated significantly with all the variables. Age was a confounding factor. Conclusions: Higher DPA intensities accomplished by our old women sample preserve T-score (bone standard deviations respect to young, healthy people) and grip strength in a normal range. These results are strongly influenced by weekend scores. Age should be controlled by shorter ranks (AU)

Introducción: mantenerse físicamente activo se relaciona con la funcionalidad en las personas mayores, pero el impacto de la actividad física diaria en alteraciones como la osteoporosis o la sarcopenia no está claro. Objetivo: el principal objetivo es determinar el impacto de la actividad física diaria (AFD) en la densidad ósea y la fuerza de prensión manual de mujeres mayores. El objetivo secundario es distinguir entre los datos de los días de diario y los fines de semana. Métodos: participaron 42 mujeres de entre 65 y 79 años. La AFD se monitorizó con el acelerómetro ActiGraph GT3X (Pensacola, FL, USA) situado en la muñeca de la mano dominante. La densidad de masa ósea se midió mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X (AccuDEXA, SHICK, USA) en el dedo central de la mano dominante; y la fuerza de prensión manual, con el dinamómetro Takei (TKK 5001). Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos AFD de intensidad moderada y vigorosa en la edad, el T-score, los counts/min y los min/día de AFD, y la fuerza de prensión manual. Los minutos de AFD realizados los fines de semana correlacionaron significativamente con todas las variables. La edad es un factor de confusión. Conclusiones: una mayor intensidad de AFD alcanzada por nuestra muestra de mujeres mayores preserva los valores de T-score (desviaciones estándar óseas respecto a personas jóvenes y sanas) y fuerza manual en un rango normal. Estos resultados están fuertemente influenciados por los valores alcanzados los fines de semana. La edad debería ser controlada (AU)