RESUMEN
O artigo aborda a presença persistente da "ginástica sueca" como referente principal da educação física em contexto escolar em Portugal, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, e as recepções distintas de que foi alvo. Numa primeira parte, o texto centra-se na compreensão da centralidade adquirida pela "ginástica sueca", em múltiplos contextos geopolíticos, no contexto da consolidação do projeto da escola de massas. Numa segunda parte, o texto documenta e analisa algumas deslocações interpretativas ocorridas na recepção da "ginástica sueca" em Portugal, entre 1920 e 1940, bem como os realinhamentos educativos, sociais e políticos que acompanharam esses conflitos sobre a sua "correta" mobilização para o contexto escolar português.
The article discusses the persistent centrality of the "Swedish gymnastics" for the orientation of physical education in Portugal, along the first decades of the 20 th century, and the different receptions that was targeted. In the first part, the text focuses on the centrality acquired by the "Swedish gymnastics" in multiple geopolitical spaces, in the context of the consolidation of mass schooling. In the second part, the text documents and analyzes some interpretive movements that occurred in the reception of "Swedish gymnastics" in Portugal, in the period between 1920 and 1940, together with several educational, social and political realignments that accompanied these conflicts about their "correct" mobilization for the Portuguese school context.
El artículo aborda la persistente centralidad de la "gimnastica sueca" como referencial primero para la educación física en Portugal, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, y las diferentes recepciones de que ha sido objeto. En la primera parte, el texto se centra en la comprensión de aquella centralidad, en múltiples contextos geopolíticos, en el ámbito de la consolidación de la escolarización masiva. En la segunda parte, el texto evidencia y analiza algunos movimientos interpretativos que se produjeron en la recepción de la "gimnástica sueca" en Portugal, entre 1920 y 1940, así como los reajustes educativos, sociales y políticos que acompañaron a estos conflictos sobre su "adecuada" movilización para el contexto de la escuela portuguesa.
RESUMEN
Mushrooms are known all over the world both due to the remarkable gastronomic value of some species and for severe intoxications mediated by other species that are frequently difficult to distinguish from the edible ones, by the common user. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to discover molecules that can identify mushroom species. In the present work, two GC-MS methodologies were applied in the chemical characterization of 22 mushroom species (12 edible, 3 toxic and 7 potentially toxic) - a multi-target procedure to simultaneously determine amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and sterols by previous derivatization procedure with MSTFA, and a Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction method to determine volatiles. For both methods, two approaches to data analysis were used: (I) targeted analysis, to identify and quantify AA, FA sterols and volatiles; (II) untargeted analysis, including Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis, in order to identify metabolites/metabolite pattern with potential species identification and/or differentiation. Multi-target experiment allowed the identification and quantification of twenty one primary metabolites (9 AA, 11 FA and 1 sterol). Furthermore, through untargeted data analysis, it was possible to identify a 5-carbon sugar alcohol structure molecule, which was tentatively identified as xylitol or adonitol, with potential to be a species-marker of the edible Suillus bovinus mushrooms. Volatile profiling studies resulted in the identification of the main volatiles in mushrooms. Untargeted analysis allowed the identification of 6 molecules that can be species- or genus-specific: one secondary metabolite specific to the edible species Lycoperdon perlatum, an ester of hexanoic acid, tentatively identified as allyl or vinyl caproate; and five other secondary metabolites, whose identification was not achieved, which were only detected in Lactarius aurantiacus specimens (edibility/toxicity unknown).
