Difficulty in detecting low levels of polymyxin resistance in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: evaluation of Rapid Polymyxin NP test, Colispot Test and SuperPolymyxin medium.

Polymyxins are important therapeutic options for treating infections, mainly those caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Specific chemical characteristics of polymyxins make it difficult to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing, especially within the clinical laboratory. Here we aimed to evaluate the performance of three phenotypic methods: Rapid NP Polymyxin Test, ColiSpot test and the SuperPolymyxin medium. To accomplish this, 170 non-duplicate clinical K. pneumoniae isolates were analysed (123 colistin-resistant and 47 susceptible). The sensitivity and specificity obtained for Rapid Polymyxin NP Test, Colispot and SuperPolymyxin medium were, respectively, 90% and 94%, 74% and 100%, and 82% and 85%. Very major errors occurred more frequently in low-level colistin-resistant isolates (MICs 4 and 8 µg/mL). Rapid Polymyxin NP proved to be a method capable of identifying colistin-resistant strains in acceptable categorical agreement. However, major errors and very major errors of this method were considered unacceptable for colistin-resistance screening. Although the Colispot test is promising and easy to perform and interpret, the results did not reproduce well in the isolates tested. The colistin-containing selective medium (SuperPolymyxin) showed limitations, including quantification of mucoid colonies and poor stability. Nevertheless, Colispot and SuperPolymyxin medium methods did not present acceptable sensitivity, specificity and categorical agreement. It is essential to use analytical tools that faithfully reproduce bacterial resistance in vitro, especially in last-line drugs, such as polymyxins, when misinterpretation of a test can result in therapeutic ineffectiveness.

Enterobacter cloacae harbouring blaKPC-2 and qnrB-1 isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient: a case report.

We describe the first detection of a KPC-2- and QnrB-producing Enterobacter cloacae from a patient with cystic fibrosis. The blaKPC-2 and qnrB-1 genes were located in a 79.8-kb plasmid. The presence of blaKPC-2 and qnrB-1 genes was determined by PCR and sequencing. Mobilization of plasmid containing blaKPC2 gene was assayed by conjugation.

KPC-2 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli co-infection in a catheter-related infection.

We describe the first report of simultaneous blood infection with KPC-2 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in a Brazilian patient. We highlight the importance of implementing efficient infection control measures to limit the spread of these phenotypes in a hospital setting.