Macular involvement in congenital aniridia.

This review updates the knowledge about the morphological assessment of the foveal hypoplasia in congenital aniridia and resumes the reported genotype-phenotype correlations known to date. Congenital aniridia is a pan ocular disease. Although iris absence is considered the hallmark of this entity, foveal hypoplasia is present in 94.7%-84% of patients. A foveal morphology assessed by optical coherence tomography in which external retina structures can be identified, with presence of the lengthening of photoreceptors outer segment and a greater external retinal thickness, is associated with a better visual outcome, regardless a foveal pit is identified or not. This analysis can be performed once the external retina has completed its differentiation, by 6 years old. PAX6 mutations that introduce premature termination codon, C terminal extension or PAX6 involving deletions have been related to lesser foveal differentiation. Better foveal differentiation has been associated to non-coding PAX6 mutations.

Macular involvement in congenital aniridia. / Alteraciones maculares en aniridia congénita.

This review updates the knowledge about the morphological assessment of the foveal hypoplasia in Congenital Aniridia and resumes the reported genotype-phenotype correlations known to date. Congenital Aniridia is a pan ocular disease. Although iris absence is considered the hallmark of this entity, foveal hypoplasia is present in 94.7-84% of patients. A foveal morphology assessed by optical coherence tomography in which external retina structures can be identified, with presence of the lengthening of photoreceptors outer segment and a greater external retinal thickness, is associated with a better visual outcome, regardless a foveal pit is identified or not. This analysis can be performed once the external retina has completed its differentiation, by 6 years old. PAX6 mutations that introduce premature termination codon, C terminal extension or PAX6 involving deletions have been related to lesser foveal differentiation. Better foveal differentiation has been associated to non-coding PAX6 mutations.

Faco-esclerectomía profunda no perforante como tratamiento de la hipertensión ocular secundaria al implante intravítreo de dexametasona / Phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy in ocular hypertension secondary to dexamethasone intravitreal implant

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características y la evolución de los pacientes que requirieron cirugía filtrante de glaucoma (esclerectomía profunda no perforante) para controlar la hipertensión ocular (HTO) secundaria al implante intravítreo de 0,7 mg de dexametasona (Ozurdex(R)). MÉTODOS: Serie de casos observacional retrospectiva de pacientes tratados mediante Ozurdex(R) en un hospital terciario universitario entre mayo 2011 y abril 2016. RESULTADOS: El 1,10% (4/363) de los pacientes tratados con Ozurdex(R) requirieron faco-esclerectomía profunda no perforante (FEPNP) para controlar la HTO secundaria refractaria a tratamiento médico hipotensor. Los 4 casos comenzaron el tratamiento tópico hipotensor o aumentaron su tratamiento hipotensor previo desde el primer implante intravítreo de Ozurdex(R). Todos los casos habían recibido 3 o más inyecciones de Ozurdex(R) antes de que se requiriera la realización de la FEPNP para el control de la PIO. Tras el tratamiento quirúrgico, en todos los casos se alcanzó una PIO óptima sin necesidad de tratamiento tópico adicional. Dos pacientes requirieron retratamiento con nuevas inyecciones de Ozurdex(R) después de la FEPNP, manteniéndose la PIO dentro de los límites normales sin necesidad de tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES: Esta es la primera serie de casos que aporta información acerca de los favorables resultados de la FEPNP como tratamiento de la HTO secundaria a implante intravítreo de Ozurdex(R). Los 4 casos presentan una PIO controlada sin tratamiento tras la cirugía. El retratamiento con Ozurdex(R) en aquellos pacientes que se han sometido a FEPNP es posible, manteniéndose un buen control de la PIO

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics and progression of patients treated with a 0.7 mg dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex(R)) and required glaucoma filtering surgery (phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy) to control ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS: A retrospective observational study including patients treated with Ozurdex(R) in a tertiary-care university hospital from May 2011 to April 2016. RESULTS: In five years of follow-up, 1.10% (4/363) of patients treated with 0.7 mg dexamethasone intravitreal implant required phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (PNPDS) to control OHT refractory to topical treatment. All four patients started or increased previous antihypertensive topical treatment since the first dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Three or more dexamethasone intravitreal implants were injected in the four cases before intraocular pressure (IOP) became uncontrolled and PNPDS was performed. All four patients have a successfully controlled IOP without treatment after PNPDS. Two patients required additional treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implants after PNPDS, maintaining IOP under control without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the successful results of PNPDS in OHT secondary to dexamethasone intravitreal implant. All four patients have achieved controlled IOP without treatment. Re-treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implant in those patients who underwent PNPDS is also possible, and IOP remains controlled

Phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy in ocular hypertension secondary to dexamethasone intravitreal implant. / Faco-esclerectomía profunda no perforante como tratamiento de la hipertensión ocular secundaria al implante intravítreo de dexametasona.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics and progression of patients treated with a 0.7mg dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®) and required glaucoma filtering surgery (phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy) to control ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS: A retrospective observational study including patients treated with Ozurdex® in a tertiary-care university hospital from May 2011 to April 2016. RESULTS: In five years of follow-up, 1.10% (4/363) of patients treated with 0.7mg dexamethasone intravitreal implant required phaco-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (PNPDS) to control OHT refractory to topical treatment. All four patients started or increased previous antihypertensive topical treatment since the first dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Three or more dexamethasone intravitreal implants were injected in the four cases before intraocular pressure (IOP) became uncontrolled and PNPDS was performed. All four patients have a successfully controlled IOP without treatment after PNPDS. Two patients required additional treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implants after PNPDS, maintaining IOP under control without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the successful results of PNPDS in OHT secondary to dexamethasone intravitreal implant. All four patients have achieved controlled IOP without treatment. Re-treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implant in those patients who underwent PNPDS is also possible, and IOP remains controlled.

Hematoma pre-descemético tras EPNP, tratado mediante membranotomía de la Descemet y hallazgos de OCT de segmento anterior: presentación de 2 casos clínicos / Descemet membranotomy to treat pre-descemet haematoma after deep sclerectomy and anterior segment-OCT related findings: A presentation of two clinical cases

CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 81 años y varón de 63, que desarrollan un hematoma pre-descemético (HPD) tras una esclerectomía profunda no perforante (EPNP), la primera durante la cirugía y el segundo durante el postoperatorio precoz. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica que permite tanto la evacuación del hematoma como la preservación de la integridad de la membrana trabéculo-descemética. Se presentan los hallazgos de OCT de segmento anterior tras la cirugía. Discusión: Describimos los primeros casos del HPD tras EPNP, manejados exitosamente con una membranotomía ab interno de Descemet. Se debe estar alerta ante esta rara complicación, potencialmente amenazadora para la visión

CASE PRESENTATION: An 81 year-old woman and a 63 year-old man developed a pre-Descemet haematoma after deep sclerectomy (DS), the former during the surgery itself and the latter during the early post-operative period. The surgical technique is decribed that led to the evacuation of the haematoma and the preservation of the integrity of trabeculo-Descemet membrane. The anterior-segment OCT findings after surgery are also presented. Conclusions: These are the first reported cases of pre-Descemet haematoma after DS that have been successfully repaired by an ab interno Descemet membranotomy. Surgeons should be aware of this rare, but potentially sight-threatening, complication

Descemet membranotomy to treat pre-descemet haematoma after deep sclerectomy and anterior segment-OCT related findings: A presentation of two clinical cases. / Hematoma pre-descemético tras EPNP, tratado mediante membranotomía de la Descemet y hallazgos de OCT de segmento anterior: presentación de 2 casos clínicos.

CASE PRESENTATION: An 81 year-old woman and a 63 year-old man developed a pre-Descemet haematoma after deep sclerectomy (DS), the former during the surgery itself and the latter during the early post-operative period. The surgical technique is decribed that led to the evacuation of the haematoma and the preservation of the integrity of trabeculo-Descemet membrane. The anterior-segment OCT findings after surgery are also presented. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first reported cases of pre-Descemet haematoma after DS that have been successfully repaired by an ab interno Descemet membranotomy. Surgeons should be aware of this rare, but potentially sight-threatening, complication.

Guía terapéutica del glaucoma crónico por cierre angular primario / Guidelines for treatment of chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma

OBJETIVO: Realización de una guía de práctica clínica actualizada sobre el tratamiento médico, láser y quirúrgico del glaucoma por cierre angular primario (GCAP) en el adulto. MÉTODOS: Tras la formulación de preguntas clave utilizando el esquema PICO (Paciente/Problema, Intervención, Comparación, Outcome/Resultado), se realiza una revisión de la literatura publicada hasta el momento, incluyendo guías de práctica clínica internacionales, utilizándose las herramientas AMSTAR y «Risk of Bias» para la evaluación de la calidad de la información. El nivel de evidencia y la elaboración del grado de recomendación se establecieron siguiendo el sistema Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). RESULTADOS: Siguiendo la metodología expuesta, se presentan recomendaciones de tratamiento médico, láser y quirúrgico en el GCAP del adulto y los niveles de evidencia. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el nivel de evidencia científica para muchas de las preguntas planteadas no es muy alto, se presenta una revisión actualizada de las recomendaciones terapéuticas en el GCAP del adulto. Entre las limitaciones para la aplicación de estas recomendaciones se encuentra que la mayoría de los estudios han sido realizados en población de origen asiático, y que la eficacia se mide casi exclusivamente en términos de reducción de tensión ocular y no en parámetros de función visual, calidad de vida o coste-efectividad

OBJECTIVE: To present a clinical practice guideline update on the medical, laser, and surgical treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in adults. METHODS: Following the formulation of key questions using the PICO scheme (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), a systematic review was performed on the literature published to date, including international clinical practice guidelines. The AMSTAR and Risk of Bias tools were used for evaluating the quality of the information. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation was established following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) system. RESULTS: Following the above methodology, recommendations of medical, laser and surgical treatment in adult PACG and levels of evidence are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the level of scientific evidence for many of the questions raised is not very high, a review is presented on updated treatment recommendations for adult PACG. Among the limitations for the implementation of these recommendations is that most studies have been conducted in Asian populations, and that the effectiveness is measured almost exclusively in terms of reducing intraocular pressure, and does not include visual function, quality of life or cost-effectiveness parameters

Guidelines for treatment of chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To present a clinical practice guideline update on the medical, laser, and surgical treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in adults. METHODS: Following the formulation of key questions using the PICO scheme (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), a systematic review was performed on the literature published to date, including international clinical practice guidelines. The AMSTAR and Risk of Bias tools were used for evaluating the quality of the information. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation was established following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) system. RESULTS: Following the above methodology, recommendations of medical, laser and surgical treatment in adult PACG and levels of evidence are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the level of scientific evidence for many of the questions raised is not very high, a review is presented on updated treatment recommendations for adult PACG. Among the limitations for the implementation of these recommendations is that most studies have been conducted in Asian populations, and that the effectiveness is measured almost exclusively in terms of reducing intraocular pressure, and does not include visual function, quality of life or cost-effectiveness parameters.

A comparison of intrascleral bleb height by anterior segment OCT using three different implants in deep sclerectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare intrascleral blebs characteristics after deep sclerectomy (DS) with three intrascleral implants using the Visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study including 60 eyes of 51 patients that underwent DS with Sk-Gel, Esnoper, and Aquaflow implant. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, slit-lamp examination, and Visante scans were performed the same day in all the patients. Visante scans were done through the intrascleral bleb at 45°, 90°, and 135° and the bleb height was measured. RESULTS: Sk-Gel was used in 19 eyes (31.66%), Esnoper in 22 eyes (36.66%), and Aquaflow in 19 eyes (31.66%). The median time lapsed from the surgery was 15.50 months 25th and 75th percentiles (p(25) 8.25; p(75) 20). The median IOP was 13 mm Hg (p(25) 10; p(75) 15), with no significant differences among implants (P = 0.232). Overall, the correlation between the scleral bleb height and the IOP was statistically significant at 45° (r=-0.359; P = 0.004), 90° (r = -0.410; P = 0.001), and 135° (r = -0.417; P = 0.001). However, Sk-Gel did not show any statistically significant correlation between the scleral height and IOP whereas the other two groups (Esnoper and Aquaflow) showed a significant correlation. There were no differences in the bleb height among implants. CONCLUSION: There was a moderate inverse correlation between the scleral bleb height and the IOP measurement after DS with Esnoper and Aquaflow implants. There were no differences in bleb height among the three implants.

Visual field index rate and event-based glaucoma progression analysis: comparison in a glaucoma population.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to compare event-based glaucoma progression analysis (GPA) I with new GPA II software and pattern deviation-based trend analyses (visual field index [VFI]) to detect progression in a glaucoma population. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that included 90 eyes of 90 patients with a minimum of five reliable visual field tests and a follow-up period of at least 2 years. RESULTS: Event-based GPA II detected progression in 16.7% of eyes in which trend analysis VFI failed. GPA detected progression 6.8 months earlier than VFI. GPA I and II showed excellent agreement (k = 0.94). Agreement between VFI and mean deviation (MD) linear analysis and with GPA criteria was k = 0.52 and k = 0.48, respectively. Mean rates of progression of MD and VFI were -0.41 dB and -1.30% annually, respectively (rho = 0.824; p<0.0001). Using VFI, mean follow-up time was 6.12 and 4.89 years (p = 0.004) and the mean number of visual field tests was 7.33 and 6.01 (p = 0.023) in eyes with and without progression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Event-based software GPA I and II had excellent agreement. Event analysis showed earlier and greater sensitivity for detecting progression than VFI analysis and both had only moderate agreement. Trend analysis VFI is likely to detect progression in patients with a greater number of visual field tests and a longer follow-up time. The VFI analysis seems to be more accurate than MD analysis for determining rate of progression.