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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Species of the Jatropha genus (Euphorbiaceae) are used indiscriminately in traditional medicine to treat accidents involving venomous animals. Jatropha mutabilis Baill., popularly known as "pinhão-de-seda," is found in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. It is widely used as a vermifuge, depurative, laxative, and antivenom. AIM OF THE STUDY: Obtaining the phytochemical profile of the latex of Jatropha mutabilis (JmLa) and evaluate its acute oral toxicity and inhibitory effects against the venom of the scorpion Tityus stigmurus (TstiV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The latex of J. mutabilis (JmLa) was obtained through in situ incisions in the stem and characterized using HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS. Acute oral toxicity was investigated in mice. The protein profile of T. stigmurus venom was obtained by electrophoresis. The ability of latex to interact with venom components (TstiV) was assessed using SDS-PAGE, UV-Vis scanning spectrum, and the neutralization of fibrinogenolytic and hyaluronidase activities. Additionally, the latex was evaluated in vivo for its ability to inhibit local edematogenic and nociceptive effects induced by the venom. RESULTS: The phytochemical profile of the latex revealed the presence of 75 compounds, including cyclic peptides, glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, coumarins, and terpenoids, among others. No signs of acute toxicity were observed at a dose of 2000 mg/kg (p.o.). The latex interacted with the protein profile of TstiV, inhibiting the venom's fibrinogenolytic and hyaluronidase activities by 100%. Additionally, the latex was able to mitigate local envenomation effects, reducing nociception by up to 56.5% and edema by up to 50% compared to the negative control group. CONCLUSIONS: The latex of Jatropha mutabilis exhibits a diverse phytochemical composition, containing numerous classes of metabolites. It does not present acute toxic effects in mice and has the ability to inhibit the enzymatic effects of Tityus stigmurus venom in vitro. Additionally, it reduces nociception and edema in vivo. These findings corroborate popular reports regarding the antivenom activity of this plant and indicate that the latex has potential for treating scorpionism.
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We introduce a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry with data-independent acquisition (LC-MS/DIA)-based strategy, specifically tailored to achieve comprehensive and reliable glycosylated flavonoid profiling. This approach facilitates in-depth and simultaneous exploration of all detected precursors and fragments during data processing, employing the widely-used open-source MZmine 3 software. It was applied to a dataset of six Ocotea plant species. This framework suggested 49 flavonoids potentially newly described for these plant species, alongside 45 known features within the genus. Flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, both exhibiting O-glycosylation patterns, were particularly prevalent. Gas-phase fragmentation reactions further supported these findings. For the first time, the apigenin flavone backbone was also annotated in most of the examined Ocotea species. Apigenin derivatives were found mainly in the C-glycoside form, with O. porosa displaying the highest flavone : flavonol ratio. The approach also allowed an unprecedented detection of kaempferol and quercetin in O. porosa species, and it has underscored the untapped potential of LC-MS/DIA data for broad and reliable flavonoid profiling. Our study annotated more than 50 flavonoid backbones in each species, surpassing the current literature.
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The Lauraceae is a botanical family known for its anti-inflammatory potential. However, several species have not yet been studied. Thus, this work aimed to screen the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant family and to build statistical prediction models. The methodology was based on the statistical analysis of high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry data and the ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts. The ex vivo results demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity for several of these plants for the first time. The sample data were applied to build anti-inflammatory activity prediction models, including the partial least square acquired, artificial neural network, and stochastic gradient descent, which showed adequate fitting and predictive performance. Key anti-inflammatory markers, such as aporphine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were annotated with confidence level 2. Additionally, the validated prediction models proved to be useful for predicting active extracts using metabolomics data and studying their most bioactive metabolites.
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Alcaloides , Lauraceae , Alcaloides/farmacología , Alcaloides/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Metabolómica , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta PresiónRESUMEN
Richardia brasiliensis, known as poaia branca, is a medicinal species widely distributed throughout Brazil and used in folk medicine. However, studies on its toxicity are practically non-existent, and little is known about its biological activity. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical compounds, assess its in vitro and in vivo toxicities, and determine its antiproliferative activity. UHPLC-ESI-HRFTMS performed the phytochemical characterization, and the antiproliferative activity was analyzed in different tumor cell lines. In vitro toxicity was evaluated in PBMC cells, and in vivo acute and repeated dose toxicity was evaluated according to OECD guidelines. It was identified alkaloids and terpenes as significant compounds. Regarding its antiproliferative activity, the human melanoma strain decreased its viability by about 95%. In vitro toxicity showed that the extracts maintained the viability of PBMCs; however, higher concentrations were able to increase the production of dsDNA quantity. In vivo tests showed no mortality nor signs of toxicity; the alterations found in hematological and biochemical parameters are within the standards for the species. The results indicate that R. brasiliensis has a good effect against the tumor cell line; still, more studies on its toxicity at higher concentrations are needed.
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Alcaloides , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Fitoquímicos/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidadRESUMEN
Natural products are often used by the population to treat and/or prevent several disorders. Tucumã is an Amazonian fruit widely consumed by local population and no in vivo toxicity studies regarding its safety are available in the literature to date. Therefore, the phytochemical characterization, acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicities of crude extract of tucumã's pulp (CETP) in Wistar rats were evaluated. For the CETP preparation, tucumã pulp was crushed and placed into sealed amber glass jars containing absolute ethanol solution for extraction. CETP phytochemical analyses evidenced the presence of carotenoids, flavonoids, unsaturated and satured fatty acids, and triterpenes. In the acute toxicity, female rats from the test group were treated with CETP at single dose of 2000 mg/kg. For the repeated dose toxicity, CETP was administered to male and female rats at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, for 28 days. Body weight was recorded during the experiment and blood, liver and kidney were collected for further analysis. No mortality or toxicity signs were observed during the studies. CETP was classified as safe (category 5, OECD guide), in acute toxicity. In repeated dose study was observed alterations in some biochemical parameters, as well as in oxidative damage and enzymatic activity. Histopathological findings showed renal damage in male rats at higher dose. The data obtained suggest that CETP did not induced toxicity after exposure to a single or repeated doses in female rats. However, in males may be considered safe when given repeatedly in low doses.
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Arecaceae , Animales , Arecaceae/química , Carotenoides , Femenino , Frutas/química , Masculino , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Pruebas de Toxicidad AgudaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer has been used in traditional medicine in the south of Brazil for the treatment of inflammatory-related conditions, such as rheumatism. However, there is not any scientific evidence for popular use. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To investigate the O. odorifera anti-inflammatory potential and identification of the main active compounds through metabolomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to in vivo evaluate the inhibition of the main inflammatory pathways, the leaf decoction, leaf extract, its fractions and the essential oils from leaves and branches were submitted to the ear oedema and the neutrophils recruitment assays. The samples were chemically investigated by UHPLC-HRMS or GC-MS. The multivariate statistical analysis (PLS-DA) was used to determine the substances correlated with the anti-inflammatory properties. RESULTS: The in vivo studies indicated a promissory anti-inflammatory effect on both oedema and neutrophil recruitment for some samples including the decoction; hydroethanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroform fractions; and the essential oils. According to the PLS-DA, the S-(+)-reticuline was evidenced as one of the three compounds of the plant most correlated with both anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, S-(+)-reticuline was isolated and the anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed. Moreover, for the first time, the dual inhibition of oedema and neutrophil recruitment was uncovered and reported. Another compound positively correlated with the anti-inflammatory activity is likely to be a new compound since zero hit on the comprehensive mass database were encountered. The compounds found in the essential oils also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, and thus indeed the plant has different classes of active substances. CONCLUSIONS: The decoction of O. odorifera and different fractions from its ethanolic extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through dual inhibition of oedema and neutrophil recruitment. Thus, corroborating the popular medicinal use of the decoction of leaves from O. odorifera as an anti-inflammatory medicine. Besides, reticuline, one of the main active compounds, was isolated and proved to display the dual mechanism of action, indicating the O. odorifera as a promising source of active compounds for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Etnofarmacología/métodos , Ocotea , Aceites Volátiles/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/etnología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Edema/patología , Ratones , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the crude extract (CE), derived fraction, and isolated compounds from Calea pinnatifida leaves in a mouse model of pulmonary neutrophilia. METHODS: The CE and derived fractions, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, were obtained from C. pinnatifida leaves. The compounds 3,5- and 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acids were isolated from the EtOAc fraction using chromatography and were identified using infrared spectroscopic data and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR). Leukocytes count, protein concentration of the exudate, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA), and nitrate/nitrite (NO x ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1ß), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels were determined in the pleural fluid leakage after 4 h of pleurisy induction. We also analyzed the effects of isolated compounds on the phosphorylation of both p65 and p38 in the lung tissue. RESULTS: The CE, its fractions, and isolated compounds inhibited leukocyte activation, protein concentration of the exudate, and MPO, ADA, NO x , TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-17A levels. 3,5- and 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acids also inhibited phosphorylation of both p65 and p38 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that C. pinnatifida presents important anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting activated leukocytes and protein concentration of the exudate. These effects were related to the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators. The dicaffeoylquinic acids may be partially responsible for these anti-inflammatory properties through the inhibition of nuclear transcription factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
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Asteraceae/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Leucocíticos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Adenosina Desaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Carragenina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Trastornos Leucocíticos/inducido químicamente , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/inducido químicamente , Ratones , Nitratos/química , Nitritos/química , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Pleuresia/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/química , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Copaiba oleoresin, extracted from Copaifera L., is used as a wound healing, analgesic, antimicrobial and, mainly, anti-inflammatory agent. Thus, in this study we investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a topical formulation containing Copaiba oleoresin (3%) in a UVB radiation-induced skin burn model (0.75 J/cm2) in mice and performed a cream-formulation stability study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical composition of Copaiba oleoresin was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-MS). The topical antinociceptive (evaluated through mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) and the anti-inflammatory (dermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration) effects of treatments were assessed. The cream-formulation stability study was performed after two months, and organoleptic characteristics, pH, spreadability and rheological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: Copaiba oleoresin cream was able to prevent UVB radiation-induced mechanical allodynia on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th day after UVB radiation exposure with a maximum inhibition (Imax) of 64.6 ± 7% observed on the 2nd day; it also reduced the thermal hyperalgesia on the 1st and 2nd days post UVB radiation, with a Imax of 100% observed on the 2nd day. Moreover, topical treatment with Copaiba oleoresin cream inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration, but did not reduce the dermal thickness. Such effects can be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of biological components, such as ß-caryophyllene and other sesquiterpenes identified by GC-MS. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the topical formulation containing Copaiba oleoresin presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice subjected to a UVB radiation and that the cream-formulation was stable for two months. Thus, use of Copaiba oleoresin is a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammatory pain associated with sunburn.
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Analgésicos/farmacología , Quemaduras/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , Administración Cutánea , Analgésicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Quemaduras/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Masculino , Ratones , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/patología , Crema para la Piel , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Brazilian Green Propolis (BGP) is an important bee product, which displays important biological activities, making it valuable in the international market. The major prenylated phenolic compound in BPG is (E)-artepillin C, along with its precursor (E)-p-coumaric acid, both contributing to the biological effects of BGP. Taking that into account, it was evaluated the effect of light, temperature and air oxygen in their content to establish the best storage and transport conditions for crude BGP and the pure compounds. For that, (E)-artepillin C and (E)-p-coumaric acid were initially submitted to degradation for five days under sunlight and high temperature (50⯰C), furnishing three major (E)-Artepillin C isomers and one from (E)-p-coumaric acid. Then, it was developed and validated a Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for quantifying these compounds in crude BGP and in its extracts. In the stability studies, it was used a Full Factorial and Central Composite Design to establish the desirable storage conditions. (E)-Artepillin C, both pure and in BGP should be kept protected from light and storage below -2.5⯰C. (E)-p-Coumaric acid can be stored at room temperature. Therefore, the best storage and transport conditions to keep the content of both compounds in BGP are protection from light at low temperatures.
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Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Oxígeno/química , Fenilpropionatos/química , Própolis/química , Brasil , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Luz , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources is a key step in drug discovery and development, however, this procedure is usually expensive and difficult due to the complexity and the limited amounts of the metabolites in the extracts. Thus, rational or targeting isolations are becoming more popular to reduce the bottlenecks in bioactive natural products research. In this study, we used a LC-MS-based metabolomic approach and biochemometric statistical tools (PCA and OPLS-DA) to identify potential anti-cholinesterase alkaloids predictors in Zanthoxylum genus (Rutaceae). For this purpose, 41 alkaloid extracts from nine Colombian Zanthoxylum species were screened by UHPLC-UV-HRMS and inhibitory activity against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Based on the screening results, a multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) and selection of anti-cholinesterase candidates were performed using the S-plot from the OPLS-DA model. The supervised analysis (OPLS-DA) paring the anti-cholinesterase screening and LC-HRMS data showed at least 11 ChE inhibition markers which could have contributed in the differentiation of active and inactive extracts. The predictors were tentatively identified by comparing chromatographic retention times (Rt) and accurate mass and MS2 fragmentation patterns. In general, the inhibition markers correspond to four types of isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrahydroprotoberberines, protoberberines, dihydrobenzophenanthridines and benzophenanthridines. The most active extracts from Z. schreberi and Z. monophylum showed the highest presence of berberine and chelerythrine, previously reported as cholinesterase inhibitors. Thus, to validate the results of the OPLS-DA model, three alkaloids from the bark of Z. schreberi (identified as berberine, chelerythrine and columbamine) were bio-directed isolated, and all of them showed strong inhibition against both enzymes. These findings support our statistical models and contribute to the rational search of anticholinesterase alkaloids. Therefore, LC-MS-based metabolomic approach combined with chemometric statistical analysis are shown as useful tools for the isolation of targeted bioactive natural products, contributing to improve the research and development stages of lead compounds.
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Alcaloides/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Zanthoxylum/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrophorus , Caballos , Estructura Molecular , Corteza de la Planta/química , Corteza de la Planta/metabolismo , Especificidad de la Especie , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Zanthoxylum/químicaRESUMEN
Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) leaves have been popularly used for the treatment of insomnia and inflammation, but no toxicological study has been performed for this plant preparation. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical composition of peanut leaf hydroalcoholic extract (PLHE) and describe its potential toxic effects and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The qualitative chemical analysis of PLHE by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS allowed the identification of eight metabolites types (totaling 29 compounds). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that PLHE had strong antioxidant effects; it also exhibited nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging capacity. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to PLHE showed no reduced cell viability or increased free double-stranded DNA, NO, or reactive species production. PLHE reversed the cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory (release of interleukin-1ß), and pro-oxidant effects of H2O2 on human PBMCs. Acute PLHE toxicity analysis was performed in vivo using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 423 guidelines. PLHE single injection (2000â¯mg/kg, intragastric) did not cause mortality or morbidity or induce changes in hematological or biochemical parameters after 14 days of administration. Thus, PLHE could be a source of bioactive compounds and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties without elicitin cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in human PBMCs or acute toxicity in rats.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arachis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antioxidantes/química , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Pruebas de Toxicidad AgudaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ionic channels such as the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are essential for the detection and transmission of painful stimuli. In this sense, new TRPA1 antagonists have been searched as analgesics. PURPOSE: Preclinical studies support the antinociceptive activity of Tabernaemontana catharinensis ethyl acetate fraction (Eta), which has constituents previously identified as TRPA1 antagonists (gallic acid). It was verified for the first time the involvement of the TRPA1 on Eta's antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice pain models. STUDY DESIGN: It was evaluated the Eta's effect (0.01-100â¯mg/kg, oral route) on nociceptive (spontaneous nociception, mechanical and cold allodynia) and inflammatory (paw edema) parameters in pain models involved with TRPA1 activation. METHODS: Firstly, it was investigated the ability of Eta to act on TRPA1 or TRPV1 channels (Ca2+influx and binding assays in mice spinal cords). Next, it was evaluated the Eta's antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects after intraplantar injection of TRPA1 agonists (hydrogen peroxide, cinnamaldehyde or allyl isothiocyanate) in male Swiss mice (30-35â¯g). Moreover, the Eta's antinociceptive effects were evaluated on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain (CIP), postoperative pain and on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN). Oxidative parameters were evaluated in mice paw utilized for CFA induced-CIP model. RESULTS: Eta inhibited the TRPA1 agonist-induced Ca2+ influx [Imaxâ¯=â¯72.4⯱â¯1.5%; IC50â¯=â¯0.023(0.004-0.125)µg/ml], but not TRPV1 agonist-induced, nor was able to displace [3H]-resiniferatoxin (TRPV1 agonist) binding. Eta (0.1-100â¯mg/kg) inhibited the spontaneous nociception [ID50â¯=â¯0.043(0.002-0.723)mg/kg], mechanical [ID50â¯=â¯7.417(1.426-38.570)mg/kg] and cold allodynia, and edema development caused by TRPA1 agonists. Moreover, Eta (100â¯mg/kg) prevented and reversed the CFA-induced CIP (Imaxâ¯=â¯55.8⯱â¯13.7%, Imaxâ¯=â¯80.4⯱â¯5.1%, respectively) and postoperative pain (Imaxâ¯=â¯88.0⯱â¯11.6%, Imaxâ¯=â¯51.3⯱â¯14.9%, respectively), been also effective in reversing the acute (Imaxâ¯=â¯94.4⯱â¯12.4%) and chronic (Imaxâ¯=â¯86.8⯱â¯8.6%) PIPN. These effects seem to occur by TRPA1 channels pathway, and independently of TRPV1 or oxidative mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that Eta-induced antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects occur by TRPA1 inhibition making possible the use of this preparation as a potential therapeutic agent to treat pathological pains.
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Acetatos/farmacología , Analgésicos/farmacología , Hiperalgesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Canal Catiónico TRPA1/fisiología , Tabernaemontana/química , Analgesia , Animales , Dolor Crónico/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Adyuvante de Freund , Masculino , Ratones , Nocicepción/efectos de los fármacos , Manejo del Dolor , Dimensión del DolorRESUMEN
Diosmetin is an Omethylated flavone found naturally in citrus fruit, and it was identified in Amphilophium crucigerum (L.), a plant popularly used as an analgesic. This compound had different pharmacological effects and presented a chemical structure like the flavonoid eriodyctiol that exhibited antinociceptive effects by TRPV1 antagonism. However, the possible antinociceptive effect of this compound was not well documented. Thus, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of diosmetin and its mechanism of action. The diosmetin effect on different pain models and its possible adverse effects were assessed on adult Swiss male mice (25-30â¯g). Mice spinal cord samples were used on calcium influx and binding assays using TRPV1 agonists. First, it was observed that the diosmetin reduced calcium influx mediated by capsaicin in synaptosomes and displace the specific binding to [3H]-resiniferatoxin in membrane fractions from the spinal cord of mice. Diosmetin (0.15 to 1.5â¯mg/kg, intragastric, i.g.) presented antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effect in the capsaicin intraplantar test and induced antinociception in a noxious heat test (48⯰C). Also, treatment with diosmetin reduced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity observed in a model of inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Acute diosmetin administration in mice did not induce locomotor or body temperature changes, or cause liver enzyme abnormalities or alter renal function. Moreover, there were no observed changes in gastrointestinal transit or induction of ulcerogenic activity after diosmetin administration. In conclusion, our results support the antinociceptive properties of diosmetin which seems to occur via TRPV1 antagonist in mice.
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Analgésicos/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/antagonistas & inhibidores , Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos/toxicidad , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Capsaicina/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Flavonoides/toxicidad , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Neuralgia/fisiopatología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Sinaptosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Sinaptosomas/metabolismo , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tabernaemontana catharinensis, popularly known as snake skin, has been empirically used as an anti-inflammatory to treat cutaneous skin disorders. However, no study proves its effectiveness as a topical anti-inflammatory. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated the topical anti-inflammatory effect of T.catharinensis leaves crude extract (TcE) in irritant contact dermatitis models in mice and its preliminary toxicity profile. METHODS: The topical anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by ear thickness measurement, inflammatory cell infiltration (MPO activity measurement and histological procedure) and cytokines levels. TcE qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS and the TcE effect (therapeutic dose; 10⯵g/ear) on preliminary toxicological parameters was also evaluated (on the 14°â¯day of experiment). RESULTS: TcE (10⯵g/ear) prevented the development of ear edema induced by cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin, arachidonic acid, phenol, and croton oil with maximum inhibition of 100% to cinnamaldehyde, arachidonic acid, phenol, and croton oil and 75⯱â¯6% to capsaicin. Besides, the TcE (10⯵g/ear) also prevented the increase of MPO activity by 96⯱â¯2%, 48⯱â¯7%, 100%, 87⯱â¯8%, and 93⯱â¯4%, respectively, to the same irritant agents. The positive controls also prevented both ear edema and the increased of MPO activity by 100% and 42⯱â¯8% (HC-030031), 54⯱â¯6% and 80⯱â¯4% (SB-366791), 100% and 54⯱â¯5% (indomethacin), 100% and 80⯱â¯4% (dexamethasone in skin inflammation model induced by phenol) and 100% and 97⯱â¯3% (dexamethasone in inflammation model induced by croton oil), respectively. TcE also prevented the inflammatory cells infiltration and the increase of MIP-2, IL-1ß and TNF-α levels irritant agents-induced. TcE topical anti-inflammatory effect may be attributed to the combined effect of indole alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds found in the extract and identified by dereplication method. The TcE' therapeutic dose proved to be safe in preliminary toxicological tests. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TcE could be an interesting strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Tabernaemontana , Animales , Citocinas/inmunología , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/inmunología , Irritantes , Masculino , Ratones , Fitoterapia , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tabernaemontana catharinensis, popularly known as snakeskin, is used in traditional medicine to treat skin inflammatory disorders. To confirm the topical anti-inflammatory effect of T. catharinensis leaves, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of crude extract (TcE) and its different fractions on irritant contact dermatitis model in mice and verified its anti-inflammatory action mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of TcE and its dichloromethane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions was performed by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. The gel accelerated stability was performed to ensure the effectiveness formulation. We investigated the TcE' inhibitory effect, its fractions and a gel formulation containing TcE in irritant contact dermatitis models induced by unique (1000 µg/ear) and multiple (400 µg/ear) croton oil application, evaluated by the ear edema formation, inflammatory cell infiltration (MPO activity measurement and histological procedure) and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. The action glucocorticoid-like of TcE was investigated using a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 50 mg/kg, s.c.). RESULTS: The treatments (10 µg/ear) reduced the ear edema and MPO activity by 100% and 94 ± 3% (TcE) 85 ± 4% and 88 ± 3% (dichloromethane fraction), 83 ± 6% and 73 ± 11% (n-butanol fraction) and 86 ± 6% and 93 ± 4% (ethyl acetate fraction) and 100% (dexamethasone solution), respectively to the acute ICD model. The TcE and dexamethasone gel (15 mg/ear) also reduced by 66 ± 6% and 70 ± 5% the ear edema and by 58 ± 14% and 84 ± 4% the MPO activity, respectively. To the chronic ICD model, the TcE and dexamethasone (10 µg/ear) also reduced the ear edema (66 ± 6% and 70 ± 5%) and the MPO activity (58 ± 14% and 84 ± 4%); on the 9th day of the experiment. TcE and dexamethasone also reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (MIP-2, IL-1ß and TNF-α) levels in acute ICD model induced by croton oil. Besides, mifepristone prevented the topical anti-edematogenic effect of TcE' and dexamethasone' solutions by 97 ± 9% to TcE and 75 ± 15% to dexamethasone. The accelerated stability study of T.catharinensis gels showed no relevant changes at low temperatures. The dereplication of the TcE and fractions revealed the presence of indole alkaloids, triterpenes, and flavonoids by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. These classes of compounds are known in the literature for present potential anti-inflammatory action, supporting the results obtained. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the topical popular use ofT.catharinensis leaves in the treatment of skin inflammation and demonstrate the TcE' potential for the development of a promising topical anti-inflammatory agent to treat inflammatory disorders.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis por Contacto/tratamiento farmacológico , Irritantes/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Tabernaemontana , Animales , Dermatitis por Contacto/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Edema/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Discaria americana (Rhamnaceae) root bark infusion have been used in traditional medicine as antipyretic, tonic, ameliorative of stomach and skin diseases and diabetes. This study was designed to investigate whether the methanolic extract of the root bark of Discaria americana (MEDa) exhibits antinociceptive effects in mice. Furthermore, it was investigated the involvement of the opioidergic system in MEDa mechanism of action as well the interactions with TRP/ASIC channels in its effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antinociceptive effect of intra-gastric gavage (i.g.) of MEDa (0.3-300â¯mg/kg) was evaluated in mice subjected to acute chemical (acetic-acid, formalin, glutamate, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, and acidified saline) or thermal (hot plate) tests of pain. The involvement of opioid system was evaluated in the formalin test. A nonspecific effect of MEDa was observed by measuring locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in open field test. RESULTS: MEDa significantly reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid and inhibited the nociception in the two phases of formalin. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with naloxone. The nociception induced by hot plate and intraplantar injection of glutamate, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde and acidified saline were significantly inhibited by MEDa. Only the dose of 300â¯mg/kg altered the locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that the methanolic extract of the root bark of Discaria americana presents antinociceptive effect in chemical and thermal stimuli and its analgesic properties can be due activation of the opioidergic system. These results support the use of Discaria americana in traditional medicine and demonstrate that this plant presents a therapeutic potential for the development of phytomedicines with antinociceptive profile.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Rhamnaceae , Bloqueadores del Canal Iónico Sensible al Ácido/farmacología , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Naloxona/farmacología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Corteza de la Planta , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas , Canales de Potencial de Receptor Transitorio/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The propolis is extensively used in folk medicine in natura or to prepare pharmaceutical formulations since ancient time to improve health or prevent diseases, among them gastrointestinal disorders. Aiming to contribute in the scientific validation about the popular use of Brazilian Green propolis (BGP) against gastritis and gastric ulcer, this work evaluated the antiulcer potential of isolated compounds from BGP, three prenylated p-coumaric acid derivatives and two flavonoids, respectively named: 3,5 diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (artepillin C) (1), 3-prenyl-4-dihydroxycinnamoiloxy cinnamic acid (baccharin) (2), 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (drupanin) (3), aromadendrin-4'-O-methyl-ether (4) and kaempferide (5). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Their gastroprotective effects were evaluated against ethanol/HCl- and indomethacin-induced ulcer in mice. Further, histological, histochemical, oxidative and inflammatory parameters were analyzed at ulcerated tissue. Acid antisecretory activities also were also assessed. RESULTS: Compound 2 did not reduce the ethanol/HCl- induced ulcer at 30â¯mg/kg (p.o), whereas the minimum oral gastroprotective doses of 1, 3, 4 and 5 were 0.3, 0.3, 3 and 3â¯mg/kg, respectively. Besides, these compounds prevented ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer by intraperitoneal route, as well as indomethacin-induced ulcer by oral route. The gastroprotection was accompanied by normalization of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduction in myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, the compounds 4 and 5 increased the gastric mucin content and 1 reduced TNF amount. Furthermore, 1, 3, 4 and 5 decreased volume, pH, total acidity and pepsin activity of the gastric juice from rats. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our findings showed a diversified mode of action elicited by 1, 3, 4 and 5 on the gastroprotection and contribute to explain the anti-ulcer activity reported for BGP.
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Antiulcerosos/uso terapéutico , Própolis/química , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Cinamatos/uso terapéutico , Etanol , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Ácido Clorhídrico , Indometacina , Quempferoles/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Ratones , Fenilpropionatos/uso terapéutico , Própolis/uso terapéutico , Úlcera Gástrica/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
Encouraged by the anti-inflammatory activity of hinokinin inâ vivo, which is also observed for the analogues dinitrohinokinin and diidrocubebin, herein we used inâ vitro and in silico methods to assess their selectivity profiles and predict their binding modes with Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and 2). The inâ vitro assays demonstrated dinitrohinokinin is about 13 times more selective for COX-2 than for COX-1, a similar profile observed for the drugs celecoxib (selective index ≈9) and meloxicam (selective index ≈11). Predictions of the binding modes suggested dinitrohinokinin interacts with COX-2 very similarly to rofecoxib, exploring residues at the hydrophilic pocket of the enzyme that accessible to ligands only in this isoform. This lignan also interacts with COX-1 in a similar mode to meloxicam, blocking the access of the substrate to the catalytic cleft. Therefore, dinitrohinokinin is a promising lead for the design of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Asunto(s)
4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , Benzodioxoles/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/farmacología , Lignanos/farmacología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , 4-Butirolactona/química , 4-Butirolactona/farmacología , Benzodioxoles/química , Sitios de Unión , Ciclooxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/química , Humanos , Lactonas/química , Lactonas/farmacología , Lignanos/química , Meloxicam/farmacología , Unión Proteica , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Especificidad por Sustrato , Sulfonas/química , Sulfonas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Verbena litoralis Kunth is a native species of South America, popularly known as gervãozinho-do-campo or erva-de-pai-caetano. It is used in gastrointestinal disorders, as detoxifying the organism, antifebrile properties and amidaglitis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of V. litoralis and to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity in male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The single dose (2000â¯mg/kg) of the extract was administered orally to male and female rats. In the subacute study the extract was given at doses of 100, 200 and 400â¯mg/kg during 28 days orally. Biochemical, hematological and histological analyzes were performed, oxidative stress markers were tested and chemical constituents were identified through UHPLC-ESI-HRMS RESULTS: Six classes of metabolites were identified: iridoids glycosides, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids-derived, phenylethanoid-derived, cinnamic acid-derived and triterpenes. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the OECD guide. Our results demonstrated that subacute administration of the crude extract of V. litoralis at 400â¯mg/kg resulted in an increase in AST in males, whereas ALT enzyme showed a small increase in males that received 200â¯mg/kg and 400â¯mg/kg of the extract. CONCLUSIONS: The extract of the aerial parts of Verbena litoralis did not present significant toxicity when administered a single dose. However, when different doses were administered for 28 days, were observed changes in hematological, biochemical and histological parameters in rats.