Infliximab como opción terapéutica en pioderma gangrenoso mamario bilateral postquirúrgico refractario / Infliximab use as a therapeutic option in bilateral breast refractory postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum

El pioderma gangrenoso es una rara enfermedad cutánea ulcerada no infecciosa, perteneciente a las dermatosis neutrofílicas. Su etiopatogenia no está bien definida hasta el momento, barajándose un mecanismo inmunológico. La localización mamaria de la afectación es inusual, apareciendo tras cirugía en la mayoría de casos en relación con el fenómeno de patergia, pero también puede ser de aparición espontánea. Presentamos un caso de paciente con carcinoma de mama izquierda sometida a mastectomía radical con reconstrucción que desarrolla un pioderma gangrenoso bilateral postquirúrgico. Se diagnosticó erróneamente como dehiscencia de herida quirúrgica, procediéndose a múltiples desbridamientos que exacerbaron el problema y retrasaron el diagnóstico más de un año. Tras múltiples tratamientos, se decide inicio de terapia con infliximab debido a la refractariedad del proceso, evolucionando satisfactoriamente. La presentación de este caso tiene como objetivo el reconocimiento y abordaje precoz de esta entidad para aprender a prevenir su morbilidad física y psicológica (AU)

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, non-infection, ulcerating skin disease, included into neutrophilic dermatosis. The pathogenesis of pyoderma gangrenosum has not been determined yet, but it might be related to the immunologic mechanism. The breast localization is unusual, appearing after surgery in most of cases due to the phatergy phenomenon but it can also appear unexpectedly. We report a case of bilateral postsurgical pyoderma gangrenosum of the breast in a patient with breast cancer subjected to mastectomy with reconstruction. The case is wrongly diagnosed as surgical wound dehiscence leading to several debridements that exacerbate the problem and delay the diagnosis by more than one year. After several treatments, it was decided to start with infliximab therapy due to the refractoriness of the process, evolving satisfactorily. The aim of investigating this case is to be able to detect the disease early, to prevent physical and psychological harm (AU)

[Evolution of the clinical, echographic and pathological characteristics of patients with indication of transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy between 1994 and 2003]. / Evolución de las características clínicas, ecográficas y patológicas de los pacientes con indicación de ecografía transrectal y biopsia de próstata entre 1994 y 2003.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the evolution in the clinical, echographic and pathological characteristics of patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy over a 10 year period (1994-2003). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients undergoing a first biopsy of the prostate between 1994-2003 were studied retrospectively. Since the biopsy criteria have changed several times over this period, results were analysed for four different periods: 1994-1997, 1998, 1999-2003 (the latter was further divided into two periods--1999-2001 and 2002-2003--to observe the temporal evolution with the same biopsy criteria). Patients were assigned to risk groups according to D'Amico. RESULTS: We observed that individuals referred for biopsy and those diagnosed with prostate cancer (PC) had a lower mean age (p=0.0001 and p=0.01), there were more patients with a PSA from 4.1-10 ng/ml (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001), more patients had no significant DRE findings (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001) or ultrasound findings (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001). The incidence of cancer diagnosis has decreased from 39.4% to 34.3% (p=0.03). There was an increased incidence of score 7, at the expense of a decline in scores 5-6 and 8-10 and disappearance of score 2-4 (p=0.0001). Patients assigned to the low risk group increased from 9% to 18.1%, those assigned to the intermediate risk group from 20.2% to 43.1% and there was a reduction in those assigned to the high risk group from 70.7% to 38.7% (p=0.0001). Analysis of the final two time periods revealed that the evolution of the series remained the same except for a decrease in age at biopsy and diagnosis of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, the risk factors of patients with an indication of biopsy have less weight than ten years ago. We currently diagnose patients with PC with more favourable prognostic factors. However, the price we pay for this earlier diagnosis is reflected in a less effective biopsy, a larger proportion of the population without PC having to experience the physical complications and psychological stress of a biopsy, a greater number of patients having to undergo a second biopsy and, therefore, a greater and more costly use of resources to diagnose PC.

Evolución de las características clínicas, ecográficas y patológicas de los pacientes con indicación de ecografía transrectal y biopsia de próstata entre 1994 Y 2003 / Evolution of the clinical, echographic and pathological characteristics of patients with indication of transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy between 1994 and 2003

Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar los cambios en el tiempo que se han producido en las características clínicas, ecográficas, bioquímicas y patológicas de los pacientes sometidos a ecografía transrectal y biopsia de próstata en un periodo 10 años(1994-2003). Material y método: Se ha analizado de forma retrospectiva los pacientes sometidos a una primera biopsia de próstata en el periodo 1994-2003. Durante el mismo se ha modificado en varias ocasiones los criterios de biopsia, por lo que el análisis de los resultados se realizará en 4 periodos de tiempo: 1994-1997, 1998, 1999- 2003 (este último se desdobla en dos - 1999-2001 y 2002- 2003 - para observar la evolución en el tiempo con los mismos criterios de biopsia). Los pacientes son asignados a grupos de riesgo según D´Amico. Resultados: Hemos observado tanto en los sujetos remitidos para biopsia como en los diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata (CP) una disminución de la edad media (p=0,0001 y p=0,01), un aumento de los pacientes con PSA entre 4,1-10 ng/ml (p=0,0001 y p=0,0001), un aumento de los sujetos sin alteraciones al tacto rectal (p=0,0001 y p=0,0001) ni ecográficas (p=0,0001 y p=0,0001). La incidencia de diagnósticos de cáncer ha disminuido del 39,4% al 34,3% (p=0,03). Se observa un aumento del score 7 con disminución del 5-6, 8-10 y desaparición del 2-4 (p=0,0001). Los pacientes asignados al grupo de bajo riesgo aumentan del 9% al 18,1%, del 20,2% al 43,1% los asignados al grupo de riesgo intermedio y disminuyen los asignados al grupo de riesgo alto del 70,7% al 38,7% (p=0,0001). Al analizar los dos últimos periodos de tiempo se mantiene la evolución de la serie excepto en la disminución de la edad de biopsia y de diagnostico de cáncer. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con indicación de biopsia tienen actualmente unos factores de riesgo con menor peso que hace una década. Actualmente diagnosticamos a los pacientes de CP con unos factores pronósticos más favorables. Pero el precio que tenemos que pagar por esta anticipación diagnóstica se traduce en: una menor efectividad de la biopsia, un aumento de la población sin CP sometida a las complicaciones físicas y el estrés psicológico que implica la realización de la biopsia, un aumento de pacientes sometidos a re-biopsia y por lo tanto, un incremento en la utilización de los recursos y de los costes necesarios para el diagnostico de CP

Objective: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the evolution in the clinical, echographic and pathological characteristics of patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy over a 10 year period (1994-2003). Material and methods: Patients undergoing a first biopsy of the prostate between 1994-2003 were studied retrospectively. Since the biopsy criteria have changed several times over this period, results were analysed for four different periods: 1994-1997, 1998, 1999-2003 (the latter was further divided into two periods - 1999-2001 and 2002-2003 – to observe the temporal evolution with the same biopsy criteria). Patients were assigned to risk groups according to D´Amico. Results: We observed that individuals referred for biopsy and those diagnosed with prostate cancer (PC) had a lower mean age (p=0.0001 and p=0.01), there were more patients with a PSA from 4.1-10 ng/ml (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001), more patients had no significant DRE findings (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001) or ultrasound findings (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001). The incidence of cancer diagnosis has decreased from 39.4% to 34.3% (p=0,03). There was an increased incidence of score 7, at the expense of a decline in scores 5-6 and 8-10 and disappearance of score 2-4 (p=0.0001). Patients assigned to the low risk group increased from 9% to 18.1%, those assigned to the intermediate risk group from 20.2% to 43.1% and there was a reduction in those assigned to the high risk group from 70.7% to 38.7% (p=0.0001). Analysis of the final two time periods revealed that the evolution of the series remained the same except for a decrease in age at biopsy and diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: Nowadays, the risk factors of patients with an indication of biopsy have less weight than ten years ago. We currently diagnose patients with PC with more favourable prognostic factors. However, the price we pay for this earlier diagnosis is reflected in a less effective biopsy, a larger proportion of the population without PC having to experience the physical complications and psychological stress of a biopsy, a greater number of patients having to undergo a second biopsy and, therefore, a greater and more costly use of resources to diagnose PC

Resolución de un caso de priapismo arterial secundario a fístula arteriocavernosa bilateral mediante embolización selectiva con material reabsorbible / Resolution one case arterial priapism secondary to bilateral arteriocavernous fistula with selective embolization using reabsorbible material

El priapismo se define como la persistencia de erección no resultante del deseo sexual. Las nuevas clasificaciones distinguen entre priapismo veno-oclusivo, de bajo flujo o isquémico y priapismo arterial, de alto flujo o no isquémico. El trauma perineal o peneano son los responsables de la mayoría de los casos de priapismo arterial, creándose una fístula arteriocavernosa. El diagnóstico viene dado por la clínica, confirmándose a través de gasometría por punción de cuerpos cavernosos y la ecografía doppler color. La arteriografía con embolización selectiva, constituye un método terapéutico seguro y efectivo. Presentamos el caso de un priapismo arterial secundario a fístula arteriocavernosa bilateral, resuelto mediante la embolización selectiva con material reabsorbible

Priapism is defined as persistent erection without sexual stimulus. The new classifications make a distinction between venooclusive low flow priapism, isquemic and arterial high flow priapism, non isquemic. The perineal or penis trauma are responsible the most of cases arterial priapism, formation of an arteriocavernous fistula. The diagnosis is clinical, blood gas analysis and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the corpora cavernosa confirmed the diagnosis. The arteriography with selective embolization constitutes a safe and effective therapeutic method. We report one case of arterial priapism secondary to bilateral arteriocavernous fistula resolved with selective embolization using reabsorbible material

[Giant bizarre scrotal leiomyoma]. / Leiomioma escrotal bizarro gigante: a propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVES: To review the diagnosis and therapeutic management of scrotal wall smooth muscle tumors by reporting an illustrative case. To emphasize that despite their histological characteristics on presentation, compatible with malignancy, these tumors have a benign behaviour, even when their size is much bigger than the ones found in the review bibliography. METHODS: 75-year-old male who presented a big, very slowly growing, painless, mobile, hard, not adhered to deep layers, non transilluminating scrotal tumor. RESULTS: Pathology reported a giant bizarre scrotal leiomyoma. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the atypical characteristics of this case, which despite its compliance with almost all classical criteria establishing the malignant character of tumor lesions has a benign behaviour. It complies with the criterion that, accordingly to reviewed bibliography, seems to be the most important to determine it: the absence of mitosis. We also insist on the importance of an adequate diagnostic approach which guarantees a proper surgical approach, for which we think ultrasound is essential.

[Nutcracker's syndrome: demostration with helicoidal TC with volumetric reconstruction "3D"]. / Síndrome "Nutcracker" o Cascanueces: demostración mediante TAC Helicoidal con reconstrucción "3D" (VR).

The nutcracker's syndrome or phenomenom is defined as the left renal vein compression between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. Diagnosis is uncommon, not only due to its low frequency but for the dificulty to be suspected in usual findings as lumbar pain or hematuria. We present the case of a patient to whom we were able to show mentioned pathology with the helicoidal TC with volumetric reconstruction "3D" (VR).

[Incidence and significance of "atypical acinar proliferation" in transrectal prostatic biopsies]. / Incidencia y significación de la "proliferación acinar atípica" en las biopsias transrectales de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of atypical acini in our series, the percentage of prostate cancer and other suspicious or preneoplastic lesions in the successive biopsies and to establish a follow up strategy in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 117 patients diagnosed with isolated atypical acini or associated with high grade PIN were obtained from our database, 75 (64%) of these were submitted to at least a second biopsy of the gland. The age, PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume, ultrasound nodule and previous pathological diagnosis were compared with the pathology results of the successive biopsies of the gland. RESULTS: Incidence of atypical acini was 4%. A total of 46.7% of patients undergoing a repeat biopsy presented prostate cancer. We did not find significant differences in the clinical variables studied between patients with or without a definite cancer diagnosis. Patients initially diagnosed with acinar atypia with associated high grade PIN presented a higher incidence of cancer in the repeat biopsy than patients with isolated acinar atypia (p=0.007). A total of 94.3% of all neoplasms diagnosed were detected in the 2nd and 3rd biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with atypical acini are at high risk of having prostate cancer not detected in the first biopsy. They should, therefore, undergo a second biopsy as soon as possible. There is only a very small probability of detecting cancer after the 3rd biopsy.

Síndrome “nutcracker” o cascanueces: demostración mediante TAC helicoidal con reconstrucción “3D” (VR) / Nutcracker’s syndrome: demostration with helicoidal tc with volumetric reconstruction “3D”

El síndrome o fenómeno de Nutcracker o Cascanueces se define como la compresión de la vena renal izquierda a su paso por la pinza u horquilla vascular formada por la aorta y la mesentérica superior. Su diagnóstico es poco frecuente, tanto por su baja frecuencia como por la dificultad de sospecharlo ante hallazgos tan frecuentes como el dolor lumbar o la hematuria. Presentamos el caso de una paciente en la cual pudimos demostrar dicha patología mediante el apoyo diagnóstico del TAC helicoidal con reconstrucción volumétrica o “3D” (VR)

The nutcracker’s syndrome or phenomenom is defined as the left renal vein compression between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. Diagnosis is uncommon, not only due to its low frequency but for the dificulty to be suspected in usual findings as lumbar pain or hematuria. We present the case of a patient to whom we were able to show mentioned pathology with the helicoidalTC with volumetric reconstruction “3D” (VR)

[Treatment with Doxazosin in 3347 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Impact on sexual function. The impros study]. / Tratamiento con Doxazosina en 3,347 pacientes con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior. Efecto sobre su función sexual. Estudio impros.

OBJECTIVES: An open, non-comparative, multicenter study was performed to ascertain the prevalence in Spain of erectile dysfunction (ED) associated to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), with moderate to severe urinary symptoms, and to confirm the improvement or disappearance of ED in response to treatment with 4 mg/day of Doxazosin. METHODS: Out of the 3901 patients recruited 3545 took the medication and 3347 completed all the protocol visits. BPH patients were considered to have some degree of erectile dysfunction when they reported a difficulty for obtaining and/or maintaining an erection in the four weeks prior to their inclusion in the study (questions 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function). All the patients were treated with Doxazosin at increasing doses: from 1 mg/day up to 4 mg/day thereafter until 6 months of medication were completed. RESULTS: The mean number of patients showing erectile dysfunction was 69.1%, ranging from 48.3% in the 40-49 years age group to 76.3% in the group aged from 60 to 69 years. In most Spanish regions, the prevalence of ED ranged from 76.9% in Cantabria to 67.2% in Aragon. The mean number of patients in whom erectile dysfunction disappeared after treatment, with a 95% confidence interval, was 4.5%, ranging from 17.5% in the 40-49 age group to 1.1% in the over 70s. CONCLUSIONS: ED is a symptom very often associated to BPH, even in relatively young men. Doxazosin appears to have a beneficial effect in ED improvement, particularly in the younger patients.

Incidencia y significación de la “proliferación acinar atípica” en las biopsias transrectales de próstata / Incidence and significance of “atypical acinar proliferation” in transrectal prostatic biopsies

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la incidencia de atipia acinar en nuestra serie, el porcentaje de cáncer de próstata y otras lesiones sospechosas o preneoplásicas en las biopsias sucesivas y establecer una estrategia de seguimiento en estos pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se han extraído de nuestra base de datos 117 pacientes con el diagnóstico de atipia acinar aislada o asociada a PIN de alto grado, 75 (64%) fueron sometidos al menos a una segunda biopsia de la glándula. La edad, PSA, tacto rectal, volumen prostático, nódulo ecográfico y diagnóstico patológico previo se compararon con el resultado patológico de las sucesivas biopsias de la glándula. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de atipia acinar fue del 4%. El 46,7% de los pacientes sometidos a rebiopsia presentaron cáncer de próstata. No encontramos diferencias significativas en las variables clínicas analizadas entre los pacientes con diagnóstico final de cáncer o no. Los pacientes con diagnóstico inicial de atipia acinar con PIN de alto grado asociado presentaron una mayor incidencia de cáncer en la rebiopsia que los pacientes con atipia acinar aislada (p=0,007). El 94,3% de las neoplasias diagnosticadas se detectaron en la 2ª y 3ª biopsia. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con atipia acinar tienen un riesgo elevado de tener un cáncer de próstata no detectado en la 1ª biopsia, por lo tanto deben de ser sometidos a rebiopsia en el menor plazo posible. La probabilidad de diagnosticar un cáncer después de una 3ª biopsia es muy pequeña

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of atypical acini in our series, the percentage of prostate cancer and other suspicious or preneoplastic lesions in the successive biopsies and to establish a follow up strategy in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 117 patients diagnosed with isolated atypical acini or associated with high grade PIN were obtained from our database, 75 (64%) of these were submitted to at least a second biopsy of the gland. The age, PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume, ultrasound nodule and previous pathological diagnosis were compared with the pathology results of the successive biopsies of the gland.RESULTS: Incidence of atypical acini was 4%. A total of 46.7% of patients under going a repeat biopsy presented prostate cancer. We did not find significant differences in the clinical variables studied between patients with or without a definite cancer diagnosis. Patients initially diagnosed with acinar atypia with associated high grade PIN presented a higher incidence of cancer in the repeat biopsy than patients with isolated acinar atypia (p=0.007). A total of 94.3% of all neoplasms diagnosed were detected in the 2nd and 3rd biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with atypical acini are at high risk of having prostate cancer not detected in the first biopsy. They should, therefore, undergo a second biopsy as soon as possible. There is only a very small probability of detecting cancer after the 3rd biopsy

Tratamiento con doxazosina en 3.347 pacientes con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior. Efecto sobre su función sexual. Estudio impros / Treatment with doxazosin in 3347 patients with lower urinary tract symtoms. Impac on sexual function. The impros study

OBJETIVO: Se realizó un estudio abierto, no comparativo y multicéntrico con el fin de conocer la prevalencia en España de la Disfunción Eréctil (D.E.), asociada a la Hipertrofia Benigna de Próstata (H.B.P.) con sintomatología miccional moderada o severa y constatarla mejoría o desaparición de dicha disfunción como respuesta al tratamiento con 4 mg/día de Doxazosina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: De un total de 3.901 pacientes reclutados, 331 se excluyeron para el análisis por distintas causas. Del resto, 3.545 tomaron la medicación, y 3.347 completaron todas las visitas del protocolo. Para su inclusión en el estudio todos debían ser mayores de 40 años, con un I-PSS> 7, PSA <4 y diagnosticados de h b p mediante tacto rectal ecografía transabdominal Se consideró que presentaban algún grado de disfunción eréctil cuando referían tener dificultad en obtener y/o mantener una erección en las cuatro semanas anteriores a la inclusión del paciente en el estudio (preguntas 3 y 4 del Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil).Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento con Doxazosina, con escalada de dosis, 1 mg/día dos semanas, 2 mg/día las dos siguientes y 4 mg/día después hasta completar 6 meses de medicación. RESULTADOS: La media de pacientes que presentaron disfunción eréctil fue del 69,1%, pasando del 48,3% en la década entre los 40 y 49 años al 76,3% en aquellos que se encontraban entre los 60 y 69 años. En la mayor parte de las regiones españolas la prevalencia de D.E. fluctuó entre el 76,9% de Cantabria y el 67,2% de Aragón. La media de los enfermos en los que desapareció la disfunción eréctil después del tratamiento, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, fue del 4,5%, variando del 17,5% en el grupo de edad entre 40 y 49 años y el 1,1% en los mayores de 70 años (AU)

CONCLUSIONES: La D.E. es un síntoma que se asocia con mucha frecuencia a la H.B.P., incluso en varones relativamente jóvenes. La Doxazosina parece tener un efecto beneficioso en la mejora de D.E, sobre todo en los pacientes menos añosos (AU)

OBJETIVES: An open, non-comparative, multicenter study was performed to ascertain the prevalence in Spain of erectile dysfunction(ED) associated to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), with moderate to severe urinary symptoms, and to confirm the improve mentor disappearance of ED in response to treatment with 4 mg/day of Doxazosin. METHODS: Out of the 3901 patients recruited 3545 took the medication and 3347 completed all the protocol visits. BPH patients were considered to have some degree of erectile dysfunction when they reported a difficulty for obtaining and/or maintaining an erection in the four weeks prior to their inclusion in the study (questions 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function). All the patients were treated with Doxazosin at increasing doses: from 1 mg/day up to 4 mg/day thereafter until 6 months of medication were completed. RESULTS: The mean number of patients showing erectile dysfunction was 69.1%, ranging from 48.3% in the 40-49 years age group to 76.3% in the group aged from 60 to 69 years. In most Spanish regions, the prevalence of ED ranged from 76.9% in Cantabria to 67.2% in Aragon. The mean number of patients in whom erectile dysfunction disappeared after treatment, with a 95% confidence interval, was 4.5%, ranging from 17.5% in the 40-49 age group to 1.1% in the over 70s. CONCLUSIONS: ED is a symptom very often associated to BPH, even in relatively young men. Doxazosin appears to have a beneficial effect in ED improvement, particularly in the younger patients (AU)

[Pediatric renal transplantation from young children donors (aged < or = 6 years). Complications and functional clinical course]. / Trasplante renal pediátrico con injertos de donantes infantiles de corta edad (< or = 6 años). Complicaciones y evolución funcional.

GOALS: To evaluate functional results and complications in a group of pediatric patients who received kidney transplants from donors aged 6 years or less. MATERIAL & METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive renal transplants were reviewed. Of 34 patients, 19 (55.8%) received kidneys from donors aged below 3 years (Group A) and 15 (44.2%) from donors aged 3-6 years (Group B). Long-term functional patient and graft survival results along with complications were compared in both groups. RESULTS: Seven patients in group A (36.7%) had vascular complications, in comparison to 3 in group B (20%, p<0.05). Kidneys preserved in Eurocollins (EC) solution had more vascular complications (35.3%) in comparison to University of Wisconsin (UW) solution kidneys (23.5%, p<0.05). Ten-year graft survival rate in group A was significantly lower in comparison to group B (35.5% vs 58.6%, p<0.05). In relation to preservation solution type used, 10-year graft survival rate was also significantly better in UW group (26.8% vs 63%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The exclusion of donors younger than 3 years and the utilization of optimal preservation solutions produces a decrease in figures of vascular complications and a significant improvement in graft survival rates.

Trasplante renal pediátrico con injertos de donantes infantiles de corta edad (= 6 años). Complicaciones y evolución funcional / Pediatric renal transplantation from young children donors (aged = 6 years). Complications and functional evolution

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el resultado funcional y la incidencia de complicaciones en una serie de trasplantes renales pediátricos utilizando injertos de donantes infantiles. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se revisa una serie de 34 trasplantes renales en receptores pediátricos realizados de forma consecutiva. De ellos, en 19 casos (55,8 por ciento) el riñón procedía de donantes de edad inferior a 3 años (Grupo A). En 15 pacientes (44,2 por ciento), los donantes tuvieron una edad = 3-6 años (Grupo B). Analizamos comparativamente el funcionalismo inmediato, complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas, supervivencia del injerto y del paciente a medio y largo plazo. RESULTADOS: Observamos disfunción inicial del injerto en 9 pacientes del grupo A (47,4 por ciento). En el grupo B la incidencia fue del 46,7 por ciento. En el grupo A, 7 pacientes sufrieron complicaciones vasculares (36,7 por ciento) frente a 3 en el grupo B (20 por ciento) (p<0,05). Se produjeron más complicaciones vasculares en los riñones preservados en solución EC (35,3 por ciento) frente a UW (23,5 por ciento) (p<0,05). En el grupo A la supervivencia actuarial de los injertos a 10 años fue significativamente menor frente al grupo B (35,5 por ciento-58,6 por ciento, p<0,05). En base al tipo utilizado de solución de preservación, EC ofreció valores de supervivencia actuarial del injerto a 1-5-10 años de 47 por ciento-26,8 por ciento-26,8 por ciento; UW incrementó estas cifras a 82,3 por ciento-63 por ciento-63 por ciento (p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La limitación de la edad mínima para aceptación de donantes en Programas de Trasplante Renal Pediátrico en 3 años y la utilización de soluciones de preservación óptimas, resulta en una disminución de las complicaciones vasculares y un aumento de la supervivencia del injerto a largo plazo (AU)

[Resolution of a case of arterial priapism secondary to bilateral arteriocavernous fistula with selective embolization using reabsorbible material]. / Resolución de un caso de priapismo arterial secundario a fístula arteriocavernosa bilateral mediante embolización selectiva con material reabsorbible.

Priapism is defined as persistent erection without sexual stimulus. The new classifications make a distinction between venooclusive low flow priapism, isquemic and arterial high flow priapism, non isquemic. The perineal or penis trauma are responsible the most of cases arterial priapism, formation of an arteriocavernous fistula. The diagnosis is clinical, blood gas analysis and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the corpora cavernosa confirmed the diagnosis. The arteriography with selective embolization constitutes a safe and effective therapeutic method. We report one case of arterial priapism secondary to bilateral arteriocavernous fistula resolved with selective embolization using reabsorbible material.

[Treatment of ureteral stenosis with vermiform appendix]. / Tratamiento de la estenosis ureteral con apéndice vermiforme.

Contribution of one case of iatrogenic ureteral stenosis, successfully managed in a single-kidney patient by substitution with a vermiform appendage. Description of the technique used and brief review of open surgery techniques used in repair of ureteral defects. After a two-year follow-up, the correct functioning of the appendicular graft with preserved renal morphological function is confirmed. Ureteral substitution with an appendage is a good indication for extensive ureteral defects with right mid-ureter location.

[Incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm in transrectal biopsy of the prostate]. / Incidencia de la neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado en las biopsias transrectales de la próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in the transrectal prostate biopsies of patients from the Urology department. METHODS: From 1995 to 1999, 2018 patients aged 46-92 years (mean 68 +/- 10) had a transrectal biopsy. Thirty-six percent had a suspicious DRE and the mean serum PSA was 31.7 +/- 152.9 ng/ml. The anatomopathological diagnoses were: a) cancer, b) benign pathology, c) high grade PIN and d) glandular atypia. Statistical analysis using the chi square and Mann-Whitney tests was performed to compare the following variables: age, DRE, PSA, PSAf/PSAt ratio and the finding of a suspicious node on ultrasound. RESULTS: The incidence of high grade PIN in this series was 8% and the incidence of prostate cancer was 38.6%, PIN grade 3 was diagnosed in 94 patients and PIN grade 2 in 67, and was associated with glandular atypia in 13 patients. Patients with prostate cancer were older and showed statistically significant higher PSA, percentage of suspicious DRE, sonographically suspicious nodes, and a lower PSAf/PSAt ratio than the other diagnoses (p < 0.001). Comparison of patients with high grade PIN and those with benign pathology showed no differences for age, DRE, PSA levels and PSAf/PSAt ratio. However, a significantly lower incidence of sonographically suspicious nodes was found (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of high grade PIN was 8%. High grade PIN does not cause sufficient changes in the clinical variables analyzed to suspect this lesion before it is confirmed by the pathological findings.

[Differences in survival of patients with bladder cancer depending on depth of muscle infiltration]. / Diferencias en la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga según la profundidad de la infiltración muscular.

OBJECTIVE: To study the survival of patients with bladder cancer and infiltration into the muscle who undergo radical cystectomy, documenting any survival difference based on the depth of muscle infiltration (pT2a vs. pT2b). MATERIAL AND METHOD: 109 patients with infiltration into the muscle (T2) in the TUR were treated with radical cystectomy between 1986 and 1996; 39 patients were excluded due to infra-staging and 2 died in the immediate postoperative: 68 patients were eligible for the study. Median follow-up was 51 months. At the time of analysis 44 were alive (2 with tumoral disease and one with a second non-urological tumour), 21 had died (4 for causes other than vesical tumour) and 3 patients were considered lost to follow-up at 3, 31 and 111 months. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the variables were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: The 3- and 5-year overall survival of our series was 76% and 62%, while cancer specific survival was 80% and 70% respectively. Cancer specific survival at 5 years by stages was: pT0-83%, pT1-80%, pT2a-66% and pT2b-60% (p = 0.52). The cystectomy specimen (pT0) showed no residual tumour in 15 (22%) patients, and 5-year cancer specific survival in this group was 83% vs. 66% in patients with residual cancer (p = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with pT2a and pT2b bladder cancer showed no differences in survival and we believe they should be all included in the same prognostic group (pT2). pT0 patients are a subgroup of patients with significant survival rates in which radical cystectomy should be considered as overtreatment, and a more conservative protocol should be preferred.

Tratamiento de la estenosis ureteral con apéndice vermiforme / Treatment of ureteral stenosis with a vermiform appendage

Aportamos un caso de estenosis ureteral yatrógena, tratado satisfactoriamente con sustitución por apéndice vermiforme, en un paciente monorreno. Describimos la técnica empleada y, hacemos una breve revisión de las técnicas quirúrgicas abiertas aplicadas a la reparación de los defectos ureterales. Después de dos años de seguimiento, se comprueba un correcto funcionamiento del injerto apendicular con una morfofunción renal conservada. La sustitución ureteral por apéndice tiene una buena indicación terapéutica en los casos de defectos ureterales extensos, localización en uréter medio derecho (AU)

Diferencias en la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga según la profundidad de la infiltración muscular / Differences in survival of patients with bladde cancer based on depth of infiltration into the muscle

OBJETIVO: Analizar la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga e infiltración de la capa muscular tratados mediante cistectomía radical comprobando la existencia o no de diferencias en la supervivencia según la profundidad de la infiltración muscular (pT2a frente a pT2b). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Entre 1986 y 1996, 109 pacientes con infiltración de la muscular (T2) en la RTU fueron tratados mediante cistectomía radical, 39 pacientes fueron excluidos por infraestadiaje y 2 por exitus en el postoperatorio inmediato, quedando 68 pacientes válidos para el estudio. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 51 meses y en el momento de la revisión 44 pacientes estaban vivos (2 con enfermedad tumoral y otro con un segundo tumor no urológico), 21 pacientes habían fallecido (4 por causas distintas al tumor vesical) y 3 pacientes se consideraron perdidos a los 3,31 y 11 meses de seguimiento. El análisis de la supervivencia se ha realizado mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier, comparando las variables analizadas mediante el test de long-rank. RESULTADOS: La supervivencia global de la serie fue a los 3 y 5 años del 76 por ciento y del 62 por ciento y la cáncer específica del 80 por ciento y del 70 por ciento respectivamente. La supervivencia cáncer específica a los 5 años por estadios patológicos fue: pT0-83 por ciento, pT180 por ciento, pT2a-66 por ciento y pT2b-60 por ciento (p=0,52). En 15 (22 por ciento) pacientes no se encontraron restos tumorales en la pieza de cistectomía (pT0), la supervivencia cáncer específica a los 5 años en este grupo fue del 83 por ciento frente al 66 por ciento en los pacientes con cáncer residual (p=0,24). CONCLUSIONES: No hemos encontrado diferencias en la supervivencia entre los pacientes con cáncer vesical pT2a y pT2b por lo que creemos que se deberían de clasificar dentro de un mismo grupo pronóstico (pT2). Los pacientes pT0 representan un subgrupo de pacientes con una supervivencia importante en los cuales la cistectomía radical se podría considerar como un sobretratamiento, pudiendo ser candidatos a protocolos de conservación vesical (AU)

[Radical cystectomy in the treatment of cancer of the bladder]. / La cistectomía radical en el tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively the efficacy of radical cystectomy alone in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: 125 patients who underwent radical cystectomy were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 62 months. At the time of the study, 65 patients were alive (3 with bladder tumor and 1 with a second primary) and 60 patients had died (50 from bladder cancer and 10 from other causes). Nine patients were lost to follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for the survival analysis and the log-rank test for the comparison of the variables. RESULTS: The overall survival at 5 years was 50% and the cancer-specific survival was 56%. By tumor stage, the cancer-specific survival at 3 and 5 years were respectively: 83% and 85% for pT1, 78% and 70% for pT2, 52% and 42% for pT3, 24% and 12% for pT4 and 14% for pN+ (p < 0.0001). No differences were found between stages pT2a (73% and 68%) and pT2b (71% and 53%) (p = 0.2). The survival was significantly higher in patients with no residual tumor in the cystectomy specimen (pT0) (93% and 83%) than in those with residual tumor (60% and 53%) (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy alone in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was found to be effective in patients with tumor stage pT2. It is less effective in patients with tumor in the advanced stages (pT3 or pT4) or lymph node invasion. Radical cystectomy is an overtreatment in patients with no residual tumor in the cystectomy specimen.