RESUMEN
Resumen: Objetivo: Estudiar la magnitud, distribución y tendencias de la desnutrición y el peso excesivo en menores de cinco años entre 1988 y 2016. Material y métodos: Se calcularon prevalencias de bajo peso, emaciación, desnutrición crónica y sobrepeso, en el ámbito nacional, en cuatro regiones y localidades urbanas/rurales, en menores de cinco años obtenidas en encuestas nacionales probabilísticas en 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 y 2016. Resultados: Actualmente 3.9% de la muestra tiene bajo peso, 1.9% emaciación y 10% desnutrición crónica. Hubo un descenso en la desnutrición crónica de 1988 a 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), en localidades rurales (43.1 vs 12.6%) y urbanas (22.5 vs 9.1%) y en el sur (38.6 vs 13.4%), centro (29.2 vs 8.4%) y Ciudad de México (13.6 vs 4.7%). En el Norte el descenso fue menor (13.3 vs 11.4%). El sobrepeso disminuyó de 9.7% a 5.8%, entre 2012-2016. Conclusiones: La desnutrición crónica continúa a la baja en México, pero persisten prevalencias elevadas en grupos vulnerables. El sobrepeso presentó una disminución inesperada entre 2012-2016.
Abstract: Objective: To study the magnitude, distribution and trends of undernutrition and overweight in Mexican children under five years between 1988 and 2016. Materials and methods: Underweight, wasting, stunting and overweight prevalences were calculated, at national, regional and rural/urban locality levels in children under five years from the 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016 national probabilistic surveys. Results: Currently 3.9% suffer underweight, 1.9% wasting and 10% stunting. There was an decrease in stunting from 1988 to 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), in rural (43.1 vs 12.6%) and urban (22.5 vs 9.1%) localities and in South (38.6 vs 13.4%), Center (29.2 vs 8.4%) and Mexico City (13.6 vs 4.7%). In the North region the decrease was smaller (13.3 vs 11.4%). Overweight diminished from 9.7% to 5.8, mainly between 2012-2016. Conclusions: Stunting has continued its decline in Mexico, but high prevalences persist in some vulnerable groups. Overweight had an unexpected decline between 2012-2016.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Encuestas Nutricionales , Prevalencia , México/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the magnitude, distribution and trends of undernutrition and overweight in Mexican children un¬der five years between 1988 and 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Underweight, wasting, stunting and overweight prevalences were calculated, at national, regional and rural/ urban locality levels in children under five years from the 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016 national probabilistic surveys. RESULTS: Currently 3.9% suffer underweight, 1.9% wasting and 10% stunting. There was an decrease in stunting from 1988 to 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), in rural (43.1 vs 12.6%) and urban (22.5 vs 9.1%) localities and in South (38.6 vs 13.4%), Center (29.2 vs 8.4%) and Mexico City (13.6 vs 4.7%). In the North region the decrease was smaller (13.3 vs 11.4%). Overweight diminished from 9.7% to 5.8, mainly between 2012-2016. CONCLUSIONS: Stunting has continued its decline in Mexico, but high prevalences persist in some vulnerable groups. Overweight had an unexpected decline between 2012-2016.
OBJETIVO: Estudiar la magnitud, distribución y tendencias de la desnutrición y el peso excesivo en menores de cinco años entre 1988 y 2016. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se calcularon prevalencias de bajo peso, emaciación, desnutrición crónica y sobrepeso, en el ámbito nacional, en cuatro regiones y localidades urbanas/rurales, en menores de cinco años obtenidas en encuestas nacionales probabilísticas en 1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 y 2016. RESULTADOS: Actualmente 3.9% de la muestra tiene bajo peso, 1.9% emaciación y 10% desnutrición crónica. Hubo un descenso en la desnutrición crónica de 1988 a 2016 (26.9 vs 10.0%), en localidades rurales (43.1 vs 12.6%) y urbanas (22.5 vs 9.1%) y en el sur (38.6 vs 13.4%), centro (29.2 vs 8.4%) y Ciudad de México (13.6 vs 4.7%). En el Norte el descenso fue menor (13.3 vs 11.4%). El sobrepeso disminuyó de 9.7% a 5.8%, entre 2012-2016. CONCLUSIONES: La desnutrición crónica continúa a la baja en México, pero persisten prevalencias elevadas en grupos vulnerables. El sobrepeso presentó una disminución inesperada entre 2012-2016.
Asunto(s)
Desnutrición/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Encuestas Nutricionales , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Respiratory illnesses are a leading cause of morbidity and medical discharge in the military. This study aimed to investigate the effects of baseline aerobic fitness on haematological, salivary and mood variables, and simultaneously, in a novel approach, to identify factors precipitating illness and attrition rate in recruits during military training. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy male recruits from an Army Training Regiment undertaking 12â weeks of training were prospectively investigated. Their 2.4â km run time (RT) was used as a surrogate of baseline aerobic fitness. Saliva and venous blood samples were analysed for secretory IgA, full blood counts and cell cytokine production (interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8), respectively. Each recruit completed questionnaires on mood profile, and gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS). RESULTS: Significant salivary and haematological perturbations were observed and coincided with increased duration of URTS/week and mood disturbance over this military training period. From Start to End: leucocyte count decreased by 28% (p<0.001); neutrophil percentage (%) decreased by 13% (p<0.01); lymphocyte % increased by 17% (p<0.05); the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio decreased by 22% (p<0.01); eosinophil% increased by 71% (p<0.01). From Start to Mid to End: monocyte% increased by 68% at Mid (p<0.01) but only by 30% at End (p<0.01); IL-6 increased by 39% at Mid (p<0.01) and a further 61% by End. The 2.4â km RT was significantly associated with URTS duration (p<0.01). In addition, a 1-min increase in 2.4â km RT increased a recruit's risk 9.8-fold of developing URTS lasting, on average, 3.36â days/week. In recruits ranked with high-URTS duration their RT was 48â s slower (p<0.01) than those with low-URTS, and their attrition rate reached 45%. CONCLUSIONS: The least fit recruits may have found training more physically demanding as reflected in the higher URTS duration, which may have led to a high attrition rate from the Army. It is worth considering that baseline aerobic fitness might be an important factor in illness development and attrition rate in recruits during this type of military training.
