Transplante renal de donante vivo: un análisis crítico de estrategias quirúrgicas basado en 40 años de experiencia / Renal transplantation with living donors. A critical analysis of surgical procedures based on 40 years of experience

Introducción: La prioridad inexcusable de un programa de trasplante renal de donante vivo (TRDV) es la seguridad vital del donante, seguida de la preservación del órgano, obtenido en las mejores condiciones anatómicas y funcionales. La reducción de la morbilidad del donante, inmediata y alargo término, debe ser otro objetivo. Tanto en el TRDV como en el trasplante de cadáver el implante del órgano debe realizarse con las mayores garantías técnicas. Analizamos nuestra mortalidad, morbilidad, incidencias, técnica de la nefrectomía y otros datos relevantes observados en nuestro programa de TRDV iniciado en 1968, con la intención de comparar nuestros resultados con los publicados utilizando técnicas laparoscópicas de nefrectomía, y en consecuencia decidir si nuestro programa debe modificar, o no, sus estrategias quirúrgicas actuales. Material y métodos: Nuestro programa de trasplante renal se inició en 1964, con riñón de cadáver, y en 1968 con riñón del donante vivo. Desde junio de 1968 hasta junio del 2008 hemos realizado 243 TRDV; un reducido número de trasplantes por año. La técnica de nefrectomía empleada desde 1968-1972 fue el abordaje supracostal propuesto por Turner-Warrick y desde 1972 una mini incisión subcostal, anterior extraperitoneal. La lumbotomía convencional con resección de la última costilla nunca ha sido practicada. El riñón derecho fue utilizado en el 78% y el implante en la fosa ilíaca derecha en el 85% La cirugía del donante y el receptor se realizan simultáneamente en dos quirófanos adyacentes, por dos equipos distintos, siendo un solo cirujano responsable de ambos procedimientos; la nefrectomía y el implante. Las complicaciones peroperatorias y postoperatorias, potencialmente relacionadas con la nefrectomía, o de otra naturaleza, han sido evaluadas por los equipos urológicos y nefrológicos. Resultados: No se han detectado en nuestra serie ningún caso de muerte del donante, pérdida del órgano o complicaciones mayores tales como neumotórax, hemorragias necesitando transfusión, infecciones graves, reintervenciones. Complicaciones menores tales como paresia intestinal, fiebre, infección de la herida operatoria, fueron más frecuentes con el abordaje supracostal que con el mini incisional. Igualmente, este abordaje ha reducido el dolor postoperatorio, consumo de analgésicos y tiempo de recuperación. En el seguimiento a largo plazo la incidencia de hernias incisionales, o paresia de la pared abdominal, no han sido detectadas. La responsabilidad personal de un cirujano en ambos procedimientos soslaya reclamaciones sobre la calidad anatómica y funcional del órgano, facilita la elección de vasos para la anastomosis y reduce el tiempo operatorio y de ocupación de quirófano. Conclusiones: El análisis de nuestros resultados cuestiona la conveniencia de sustituir nuestra estrategia quirúrgica actual por los potenciales beneficios e inconvenientes de la nefrectomía laparoscópica, especialmente en un programa de TRDV de reducido número anual. Nuestra técnica de nefrectomía ha ofrecido, a lo largo de una experiencia de 40 años, máximas garantías vitales para el donante y de calidad anatómica y funcional para el órgano, con morbilidad postoperatoria similar a la conseguida con la incisión final laparoscópica (AU)

Introduction: Absolute priority in an LDKT programme are donnor safety and kidney optimal anatomical and functional preservation. Reduced donnor morbidities, both at short and long term, are important objectives. Excellent technical grafting is a must as are the strategies employed for facilitatig it. We revised the incidences of our whole LDKT programme (40 years 243 donors) to confirm if these exigences have been acomplished or a change to new surgical procedures is recommended. Material and methods: Between 1968-2008 243 nephrectomies and grafting has been performed, a reduced number per year (A cadaver programme has been running simultaneously since 1964). For the nephrectomies a Turner-Warrick apprach was inititialy used and since 1973 a miniincisional, anterior, extraperitoneal approach of approximately 10 cm in length. The right kidney was removed in 75% of the cases and the right iliacarea for the implant in 85% In adjacent opperating rooms, one team performs the nephrectomy while the other prepares and dissects free the graftingvessels. Most of the time the same senior surgeon performed both operatios: the nephrectomy and the implant. Peroperative and postoperative complications were evaluated by urologists and nephrologists in charge. Results: No donors dead, organs lost or major complications in the donors have been documented Minor complications such as intestinal paresia, wound infection, persistent incisional pain were common. Miniincisional abdominal approach reduced postoperative pain and hospital stay (4days). At long term no incisional hernia or abdominal paresia have been documented. Simultaneous work reduces ischemia time (30-45 s warm: 30-45 min cold) and opperatig room occupation (patient preparation plus anesthesia plus operation) estimated in 90-120 min for the nephrectomy and 120-160 for the grafting. The responsibility of the senior surgeon in both procedures facilitates vessel selection for the grafting. Conclusions: No reasons have been found to reconvert our current nephrectomy procedure to laparoscpic or modify current surgical strategy. Superior safety of open surgery for donors and organs is confirmed. Pain and recovery time are reduced in laparoscopic surgery but not as much when compared with miniincisional approach. Open surgery permits optimal anatomical and functional organ extration facilitatig the quality of the implant. As numbers matter in laparoscopic surgery open nephrectomy is recommended for reduced LDKT programmes (AU)

[Experimental models for research and training in renal transplant]. / Modelos experimentales para la investigación y el entrenamiento en trasplante renal.

An update on aspects and use of different experimental models applied in kidney transplant research is presented . This paper includes qualities, as long as similarities between most frequently used animal models and human clinical standards. Contributions of those models based on microsurgical or laparoscopic techniques are revised. The physiological consequences (hemodynamic, immunologic) of surgical technique (laparoscopy), applied in experimental models as long as non-heart beating organ donor models and organ preservation methods are also reviewed. Finally, an update of those models applied in research in prothocols of either immunosupression or xenotransplant is done.

Modelos experimentales para la investigación y el entrenamiento en trasplante renal / Experimental models for research and training in renal transplant

Introducción y objetivos: Se presenta una revisión sobre las diferentes características y el uso de los distintos modelos experimentales utilizados para el trasplante renal (TR). Esta revisión incluye las cualidades, así como sus semejanzas a los humanos, de las especies más frecuentemente utilizadas. Se revisan las aportaciones de los diferentes modelos al entrenamiento de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas como la laparoscopia o la microcirugía. Se repasan sus contribuciones al estudio y la investigación en campos como los efectos hemodinámicos o inmunológicos del neumoperitoneo, las técnicas de donante a corazón parado o las diferentes formas de preservación de los injertos. Por último, se realiza una revisión de los diferentes modelos utilizados para la investigación de los distintos protocolos de inmunosupresión así como el xenotrasplante

Introduction and objetives: An update on aspects and use of different experimental models applied in kidney transplant research is presented . This paper includes qualities, as long as similarities between most frequently used animal models and human clinical standards. Contributions of those models based on microsurgical or laparoscopic techniques are revised. The physiological consequences (hemodynamic, immunologic) of surgical technique (laparoscopy), applied in experimental models as long as non-heart beating organ donor models and organ preservation methods are also reviewed. Finally, an update of those models applied in research in prothocols of either immunosupression or xenotransplant is done

[Renal transplantation with living donors. A critical analysis of surgical procedures based on 40 years of experience]. / Transplante renal de donante vivo: un análisis crítico de estrategias quirúrgicas basado en 40 años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Absolute priority in an LDKT programme are donnor safety and kidney optimal anatomical and functional preservation. Reduced donnor morbidities, both at short and long term, are important objectives. Excellent technical grafting is a must as are the strategies employed for facilitatig it. We revised the incidences of our whole LDKT programme (40 years 243 donors) to confirm if these exigences have been acomplished or a change to new surgical procedures is recommended. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1968-2008 243 nephrectomies and grafting has been performed, a reduced number per year (A cadaver programme has been running simultaneously since 1964). For the nephrectomies a Turner-Warrick apprach was inititialy used and since 1973 a miniincisional, anterior, extraperitoneal approach of approximately 10 cm in length. The right kidney was removed in 75% of the cases and the right iliac area for the implant in 85% In adjacent opperating rooms, one team performs the nephrectomy while the other prepares and dissects free the grafting vessels. Most of the time the same senior surgeon performed both operatios: the nephrectomy and the implant. Peroperative and postoperative complications were evaluated by urologists and nephrologists in charge. RESULTS: No donors dead, organs lost or major complications in the donors have been documented. Minor complications such as intestinal paresia, wound infection, persistent incisional pain were common. Miniincisional abdominal approach reduced postoperative pain and hospital stay (4 days). At long term no incisional hernia or abdominal paresia have been documented. Simultaneous work reduces ischemia time (30-45 s warm: 30-45 min cold) and opperatig room occupation(patient preparation plus anesthesia plus operation) estimated in 90-120 min for the nephrectomy and 120-160 for the grafting. The responsibility of the senior surgeon in both procedures facilitates vessel selection for the grafting. CONCLUSIONS: No reasons have been found to reconvert our current nephrectomy procedure to laparoscopic or modify current surgical strategy. Superior safety of open surgery for donors and organs is confirmed. Pain and recovery time are reduced in laparoscopic surgery but not as much when compared with miniincisional approach. Open surgery permits optimal anatomical and functional organ extration facilitatig the quality of the implant. As numbers matter in laparoscopic surgery open nephrectomy is recommended for reduced LDKT programmes.

Adecuación de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a un Servicio de Urología / Adequacy of referral from primary care to a department of urology

Objetivo: Valorar indirectamente el grado de adhesión de los médicos de Atención Primaria (AP) a un protocolo de derivación consensuado con Atención Especializada (AE) sobre diez motivos de consulta urológica. Material y métodos: Se analizaron todas las derivaciones al servicio de urología llevadas a cabo durante un período de 19 meses por 135 médicos adscritos a 10 centros de AP (CAP). El urólogo juzgó como 'confome' o 'no conforme al protocolo' la derivación. Se compararon los porcentajes de adecuación de las derivaciones desde cada CAP. Se exploraron las diferencias en la adecuación de las derivaciones procedentes de cada CAP en función del problema de salud. La relación entre el número de derivaciones y el número de canalizaciones adecuadas se exploró mediante un modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: El análisis tuvo lugar sobre 2841 derivaciones. El 57,2% de esas derivaciones se ajustó al protocolo. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de derivaciones ‘conforme al protocolo’ en relación a los CAP. Se detectaron diferencias significativas entre CAP en las derivaciones por cólico nefrítico e incontinencia urinaria. Se detectó una relación entre el número de pacientes remitidos y el número de remisiones 'no conforme al protocolo' (r2=0,86). Conclusiones: La adecuación al protocolo fue escasa. Algunos problemas de salud deberían de ser revisados a nivel local; la mayoría de los motivos de derivación (de modo particular la microhematuria) deberían de revisarse en todos los CAP

Objetive: To indirectly address the adequacy of referrals from general practitioners (GP) to specialized care taking into account a previously agreed protocol on ten urological topics. Materials & methods: The study analyzed all referrals to the Urology department originated in 10 primary care centres (135 GPs involved) throughout a 19-month period. Adequacy of 2841 referrals was checked. The urologist judged the referral as compliant (adequate) or not compliant (inadequate) with the terms of the protocol. Compliance per primary care centres was compared. Also referral adequacy corrected per centre and clinical topic was compared. The relationship between 'absolute number of referrals' and 'adequate referrals' was tested using a linear regression model. Results: 57.2% of the referrals were inadequate. Overall, no significant differences were detected between primary care centres. Nevertheless significant differences between centres were evident in terms of referrals due to renal colic and female urinary incontinence. 70% (94/135) of the GPs complied with the protocol in, at least, 50% of the cases. A strong association between 'absolute number of referrals' and 'adequate referrals' was evident (r2=0.86). Conclusions: Overall compliance with the protocol was modest. While no significant differences between centres were detected in terms of adequacy of referrals certain conditions have to be locally revisited; most of the topics (particularly microhematuria) have to be revisited in every center

[Adequacy of referral from primary care to a Department of Urology]. / Adecuación de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a un Servicio de Urología.

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To indirectly address the adequacy of referrals from general practitioners (GP) to specialized care taking into account a previously agreed protocol on ten urological topics. MATERIALS & METHODS: The study analyzed all referrals to the Urology department originated in 10 primary care centres (135 GPs involved) throughout a 19-month period. Adequacy of 2841 referrals was checked. The urologist judged the referral as compliant (adequate) or not compliant (inadequate) with the terms of the protocol. Compliance per primary care centres was compared. Also referral adequacy corrected per centre and clinical topic was compared. The relationship between "absolute number of referrals" and "adequate referrals" was tested using a linear regression model. RESULTS: 57.2% of the referrals were inadequate. Overall, no significant differences were detected between primary care centres. Nevertheless significant differences between centres were evident in terms of referrals due to renal colic and female urinary incontinence. 70% (94/135) of the GPs complied with the protocol in, at least, 50% of the cases. A strong association between "absolute number of referrals" and "adequate referrals" was evident (r2=0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Overall compliance with the protocol was modest. While no significant differences between centres were detected in terms of adequacy of referrals certain conditions have to be locally revisited; most of the topics (particularly microhematuria) have to be revisited in every center.

[Adrenal pseudocyst. Report of a new case and review of the literature]. / Pseudoquiste adrenal. Aportación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura.

Adrenal pseudocyst is the commonest type of benign lesions of adrenal gland althought is a very rare entity. Most of them are found as "incidentalomas" during imaging studies. A case of a patient with a left non-functioning and asymptomatic adrenal pseudocyst is reported. The diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed and the literature is reviewed.

Pseudoquiste adrenal. Aportación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura / Adrenal pseudocyst. Report of a new case and review of the literature

Los pseudoquistes adrenales son las lesiones quísticas mas frecuentes de la glándula suprarrenal, si bien constituyen una rara entidad. Se detectan cada vez con mas frecuencia en estudios radiológicos como incidentalomas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con pseudoquiste adrenal izquierdo no funcionante y asintomático. Se realiza revisión de la literatura y se estudian las diferentes actitudes diagnósticas y terapéuticas

Adrenal pseudocyst is the commonest type of benign lesions of adrenal gland althought is a very rare entity. Most of them are found as “incidentalomas” during imaging studies. A case of a patient with a left non-functioning and asymptomatic adrenal pseudocyst is reported . The diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed and the literature is reviewed

[Resolution with vascular endoprosthesis after first angioplasty failure in the treatment of post-transplant stenosis of the renal artery]. / Resolución con endoprótesis vascular tras primera angioplastia fallida en el tratamiento de la estenosis de la arteria renal post-trasplante.

We report a case of renal artery stenosis after a living transplant kidney, treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and vascular endoprosthesis. PTA is the initial treatment of choice for most patients with high grade transplant renal artery stenosis. Surgical revascularization is indicated if PTA cannot be done or is unsuccessful.