The Health Benefits of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To ensure effective administration of probiotics in clinical practice, it is crucial to comprehend the specific strains and their association with human health. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the scientific evidence on the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum probiotic consumption on human health. Out of 11,831 records, 135 studies were assessed qualitatively, and 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. This systematic review demonstrated that probiotic supplementation with L. plantarum, either alone or in combination, can significantly improve outcomes for patients with specific medical conditions. Meta-analysis revealed notable benefits in periodontal health, evidenced by reduced pocket depth and bleeding on probing (p < 0.001); in gastroenterological health, marked by significant reductions in abdominal pain (p < 0.001); and in infectious disease, through a reduction in C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.001). Cardiovascular benefits included lowered total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the L. plantarum intervention group (p < 0.05). Our study's clinical significance highlights the importance of considering probiotic strain and their application to specific diseases when planning future studies and clinical interventions, emphasizing the need for further research in this area.

Prophages carrying Zot toxins on different Vibrio genomes: A comprehensive assessment using multilayer networks.

Vibrios, a group of bacteria that are among the most abundant in marine environments, include several species such as Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can be pathogenic to humans. Some species of Vibrio contain prophages within their genomes. These prophages can carry genes that code for toxins, such as the zonula occludens toxin (Zot), which contribute to bacterial virulence. Understanding the association between different Vibrio species, prophages and Zot genes can provide insights into their ecological interactions. In this study, we evaluated 4619 Vibrio genomes from 127 species to detect the presence of prophages carrying the Zot toxin. We found 2030 potential prophages with zot-like genes in 43 Vibrio species, showing a non-random association within a primarily modular interaction network. Some prophages, such as CTX or Vf33, were associated with specific species. In contrast, prophages phiVCY and VfO3K6 were found in 28 and 20 Vibrio species, respectively. We also identified six clusters of Zot-like sequences in prophages, with the ZOT2 cluster being the most frequent, present in 34 Vibrio species. This analysis helps to understand the distribution patterns of zot-containing prophages across Vibrio genomes and the potential routes of Zot-like toxin dissemination.

RNA expression changes driven by altered epigenetics status related to NASH etiology.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing health problem due to the increased obesity rates, among other factors. In its more severe stage (NASH), inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning and fibrosis are present in the liver, which can further evolve to total liver dysfunction or even hepatocarcinoma. As a metabolic disease, is associated to environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle conditions, which in turn can influence the epigenetic landscape of the cells, affecting to the gene expression profile and chromatin organization. In this study we performed ATAC-sequencing and RNA-sequencing to interrogate the chromatin status of liver biopsies in subjects with and without NASH and its effects on RNA transcription and NASH etiology. NASH subjects showed transcriptional downregulation for lipid and glucose metabolic pathways (e.g., ABC transporters, AMPK, FoxO or insulin pathways). A total of 229 genes were differentially enriched (ATAC and mRNA) in NASH, which were mainly related to lipid transport activity, nuclear receptor-binding, dicarboxylic acid transporter, and PPARA lipid regulation. Interpolation of ATAC data with known liver enhancer regions showed differential openness at 8 enhancers, some linked to genes involved in lipid metabolism, (i.e., FASN) and glucose homeostasis (i.e., GCGR). In conclusion, the chromatin landscape is altered in NASH patients compared to patients without this liver condition. This alteration might cause mRNA changes explaining, at least partially, the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease.

The role of PCSK9 in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its impact on bariatric surgery outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely tied to obesity. The degree ranges from steatosis (MASL) and steatohepatitis (MASH) to liver cirrhosis. PCSK9 controls cholesterol and lipid particle transport to the liver. PCSK9 might interfere with the pathophysiology of MASLD and bariatric surgery (BS) outcomes of patients with MASLD. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the relationship between serum and hepatic PCSK9 levels with the degree of MASLD and the metabolic outcome of BS. SETTING: University Hospital, Spain. METHODS: A total of 110 patients with obesity undergoing BS were classified according to liver histology as controls, MAS, and MASH. PCSK9 levels in serum were measured before and 6 months after BS using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PCSK9 protein and mRNA levels in liver tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: Hepatic PCSK9 protein levels were diminished in MASL and MASH compared with patients without MASLD and showed a strong negative association with MASLD severity scores. Liver PCSK9 mRNA was higher in MASH compared with controls and MASL and showed positive associations with MASLD severity scores. There were no differences in serum PCSK9 pre or postBS between the groups. Pre- and postsurgery serum PCSK9 positively correlated with cholesterol fold-changes and body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein -cholesterol fold-changes, respectively. PCSK9 fold-change positively correlated with BMI changes and was the sole variable explaining BMI fold changes in a regression model. CONCLUSIONS: PCSK9 mRNA and protein in the liver might be associated with the degree of MASLD. Serum PCSK9 may be associated with cholesterol and/or BMI fold changes. Serum changes of PCSK9 after BS could explain BMI loss outcome.

Assessing the Match Physical Responses of International Referees for Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Tournaments and Halves Comparative Analysis.

Similar to conventional football, the modality dedicated to footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) requires referees who cope with the physical demands imposed during competitive matches to apply the rules of the game. While a significant body of research has explored the physical demands on referees in mainstream football, there is a noticeable lack of data regarding CP football. This study aimed to examine the physical response of international referees participating in different levels of world competitions for footballers with CP. Thirteen international referees, who officiated 49 matches in the men's 2022 World Cup (1st to 15th ranked teams) and 2022 World Championships (16th to 30th ranked teams), participated in this study. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the physical responses and compare the 1st and 2nd halves and the performance in the different tournaments, recording physical variables throughout the matches. Significant higher physical responses were observed in the World Cup in comparison to the World Championship. Overall, high-level tournaments have been shown to elicit more intense physical responses from referees officiating CP football matches compared to lower-level tournaments. For the World Cup, a significantly higher number of accelerations and decelerations were registered in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. This information may be useful for the strength and conditioning coaches of referees to plan weekly training sessions more specifically and adjust the periodical training load and post-match recovery protocols.

Treatment of extramammary Paget's disease with imiquimod in a real-life setting: a multicenter retrospective analysis in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Topical imiquimod has shown to be an effective treatment for EMPD, although available evidence supporting its use is based on case reports and small series of patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic outcomes and analyze potential clinico-pathological factors associated with imiquimod response in a large cohort of EMPD patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 125 EMPD patients treated with imiquimod at 20 Spanish tertiary-care hospitals. RESULTS: During the study period, patients received 134 treatment regimens with imiquimod, with 70 (52.2%) cases achieving complete response (CR), 41 (30.6%) partial response and 23 (17.2%) no response. The cumulative CR rates at 24 and 48 weeks of treatment were 46.3% and 71.8%, respectively, without significant differences between first-time and previously treated EMPD. Larger lesions (≥6 cm; p = 0.038) and EMPD affecting >1 anatomical site (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with a worse treatment response. However, the CR rate did not differ significantly by the number of treatment applications (≤4 vs. > 4 times/week; p = 0.112). Among patients who achieved CR, 30 (42.9%) developed local recurrences during a mean follow-up period of 36 months, with an estimated 3 and 5-year recurrence free-survival of 55.7% and 36.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Imiquimod appears as an effective therapeutic alternative for both first-line and previously treated EMPD lesions. However, a less favorable therapeutic response could be expected in larger lesions and those affecting >1 anatomical site. Based on our results, a 3-4 times weekly regimen of imiquimod with a treatment duration of at least 6 months could be considered an appropriate therapeutic strategy for EMPD patients.

Experiences in the use of multiple doses of convalescent plasma in critically ill patients with COVID-19: An early phase 1 descriptive study.

Background: At the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, transfusion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to help patients severely afflicted by COVID-19. The efficacy of CCP has been controversial as it depends on many variables pertaining to the plasma donor and the patient with COVID-19, for example, time of convalescence or symptoms onset. This feasibility and descriptive study aimed to assess the safety of multiple doses of CCP in mechanically ventilated, intubated patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Methods: A cohort of 30 patients all experiencing severe respiratory failure and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit, received up to five doses of 300-600 mL of CCP on alternate days (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) until extubation, futility, or death. Results: Nineteen patients received five doses, seven received four, and four received two or three doses. At 28-day follow-up mark, 57% of patients recovered and were sent home, and the long-term mortality rate was 27%. Ten severe adverse events reported in the study were unrelated to CCP transfusion. Independent of the number of transfused doses, most patients had detectable levels of total and neutralizing antibodies in plasma. Conclusion: This study suggests that transfusion of multiple doses of CCP is safe. This strategy may represent a viable option for future studies, given the potential benefit of CCP transfusions during the early stages of infection in unvaccinated populations and in settings where monoclonal antibodies or antivirals are contraindicated or unavailable.

Therapeutic outcomes and survival analysis of Extramammary Paget's disease: A multicentre retrospective study of 249 patients.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding long-term therapeutic outcomes and disease-specific survival (DSS) in Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is limited. OBJECTIVES: To assess the DSS and outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic modalities in a large cohort of EMPD patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of EMPD patients from 20 Spanish tertiary care hospitals. RESULTS: Data on 249 patients with a median follow-up of 60 months were analyzed. The estimated 5-, 10-, and 15-year DSS was 95.9%, 92.9%, and 88.5%, respectively. A significantly lower DSS was observed in patients showing deep dermal invasion (≥1 mm) or metastatic disease (P < .05). A ≥50% reduction in EMPD lesion size was achieved in 100% and 75.3% of patients treated with surgery and topical therapies, respectively. Tumor-free resection margins were obtained in 42.4% of the patients after wide local excision (WLE). The 5-year recurrence-free survival after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), WLE with tumor-free margins, WLE with positive margins, radiotherapy, and topical treatments was 63.0%, 51.4%, 20.4%, 30.1%, and 20.8%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: EMPD is usually a chronic condition with favorable prognosis. MMS represents the therapeutic alternative with the greatest efficacy for the disease. Recurrence rates in patients with positive margins after WLE are similar to the ones observed in patients treated with topical agents.

Metabolic adaptations in severe obesity: Insights from circulating oxylipins before and after weight loss.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between lipid mediators and severe obesity remains unclear. Our study investigates the impact of severe obesity on plasma concentrations of oxylipins and fatty acids and explores the consequences of weight loss. METHODS: In the clinical trial identifier NCT05554224 study, 116 patients with severe obesity and 63 overweight/obese healthy controls matched for age and sex (≈2:1) provided plasma. To assess the effect of surgically induced weight loss, we requested paired plasma samples from 44 patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy one year after the procedure. Oxylipins were measured using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer via semi-targeted lipidomics. Cytokines and markers of interorgan crosstalk were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: We observed significantly elevated levels of circulating fatty acids and oxylipins in patients with severe obesity compared to their metabolically healthier overweight/obese counterparts. Our findings indicated that sex and liver disease were not confounding factors, but we observed weak correlations in plasma with circulating adipokines, suggesting the influence of adipose tissue. Importantly, while weight loss restored the balance in circulating fatty acids, it did not fully normalize the oxylipin profile. Before surgery, oxylipins derived from lipoxygenase activity, such as 12-HETE, 11-HDoHE, 14-HDoHE, and 12-HEPE, were predominant. However, one year following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, we observed a complex shift in the oxylipin profile, favoring species from the cyclooxygenase pathway, particularly proinflammatory prostanoids like TXB2, PGE2, PGD2, and 12-HHTrE. This transformation appears to be linked to a reduction in adiposity, underscoring the role of lipid turnover in the development of metabolic disorders associated with severe obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the reduction in fatty acid levels associated with weight loss, the oxylipin profile shifts towards a predominance of more proinflammatory species. These observations underscore the significance of seeking mechanistic approaches to address severe obesity and emphasize the importance of closely monitoring the metabolic adaptations after weight loss.

Serum Arylesterase, Paraoxonase, and Lactonase Activities and Paraoxonase-1 Concentrations in Morbidly Obese Patients and Their Relationship with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Reduced serum PON1 activity is found in diseases marked by oxidative stress and inflammation, but its role in obesity remains unclear. This study investigated PON1 activities and concentrations in morbidly obese individuals and explored the impacts of the genetic polymorphism PON1 rs662 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on enzymatic properties. We recruited 1349 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and 823 non-obese volunteers. PON1-related variables, including arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities and PON1 concentrations, were examined. Our results showed that morbidly obese individuals exhibited higher PON1 concentrations but lower enzymatic activities than non-obese individuals. We observed inverse associations of arylesterase and paraoxonase activities with waist circumference (rho = -0.24, p < 0.001, and rho = -0.30, p < 0.001, respectively) and body mass index (rho = -0.15, p = 0.001, and rho = -0.23, p < 0.001), as well as direct associations of arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities with HDL cholesterol (rho = 0.11, p = 0.005, rho = 0.20, p < 0.001, and rho = 0.20, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed regarding metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, rs662 polymorphism allele frequencies, or the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nevertheless, correlations were found between certain PON1-related variables, steatosis, and ballooning. In conclusion, changes in PON1-related variables in morbidly obese patients are dependent on the disease itself and HDL levels. The relationships between these variables and specific liver histological changes raise intriguing questions for consideration in future studies.

Is a Maximal Strength-Training Program Effective on Physical Fitness, Injury Incidence, and Injury Burden in Semi-Professional Soccer Players? A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aims of the study were to analyze the effects of a 12-week maximal strength- training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and physical fitness in semi-professional soccer players and to compare the perceived exertion load and well-being state between injured and non-injured soccer players. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a maximal strength-training program, or to a control group (CG, n = 10 players), who only performed their regular soccer training. Physical fitness was measured at baseline and after the training program. In addition, the injury incidence, burden, training/match load, and the state of well-being of the players were recorded. The EG showed significant improvements in vertical jumps, change in direction ability, linear sprints, repeated sprint ability, isometric strength (p < 0.003; effect size = 1.78-11.86), and quadriceps-hamstring imbalance in both legs (p < 0.001; effect size = 2.37-3.71) in comparison to the CG. In addition, the EG players showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower injury burden (p < 0.001, relative risk = 5.05, 95% confidence interval = 3.27-7.79). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week maximal strength-training program on physical fitness attributes and injury burden in semi-professional soccer players.

Development and characterization of a bacteriophage cocktail with high lytic efficacy against field-isolated Salmonella enterica.

Salmonella spp. is a prevalent pathogen that causes great public health concern worldwide. Bacteriophage-based cocktails have arisen as an alternative to antibiotics to inhibit the growth of Salmonella. However, the bactericidal effect of bacteriophage cocktails in vivo largely differs from their observed effect in vitro. This is partly because in vitro developments of cocktails do not always consider the bacterial diversity nor the environmental conditions where bacteriophages will have to replicate. Here, we isolated and sequenced 47 bacteriophages that showed variable degrees of lytic activity against 258 Salmonella isolates from a commercial broiler company in Brazil. Three of these bacteriophages were characterized and selected to assemble a cocktail. In vitro quantitative assays determined the cocktail to be highly effective against multiple serovars of Salmonella, including Minnesota and Heidelberg. Remarkably, the in vitro lytic activity of the cocktail was retained or improved in conditions that more closely resembled the chicken gut, such as anaerobiosis, 42°C, and Salmonella mono-strain biofilms. Analysis of bacterial cross-resistance between the 3 bacteriophages composing the cocktail revealed limited or no generation of cross-resistance. Our results highlight the relevance of an optimized flux of work to develop bacteriophage cocktails against Salmonella with high lytic efficacy and strong potential to be applied in vivo in commercial broiler farms.

Melanoma-specific survival is worse in the elderly: a multicentric cohort study.

We aimed to characterise cutaneous melanoma in the elderly and determine its association with poorer prognosis. We studied a prospective cohort of the melanoma population in Catalonia between 2012 and 2016. We compared young patient group (<75 years old) with elderly patient group (≥75 years old). We included 3009 patients (52.5% women) from 14 centres, with a mean age at diagnosis of 61.1 years. In the ≥75-year-old group there was a predominance of men (53.9% vs. 45.5%, P  < 0.001), melanoma was more frequently located in the head and neck area (37.7% vs. 15.5%, P  < 0.001) and lentigo maligna melanoma subtype was significantly more frequent (31.4% vs. 11.6%, P  < 0.001), as were nodular melanoma and acral lentiginous melanoma ( P  < 0.001). In older people, Breslow index, the presence of ulceration and mitotic rate were higher than in younger people. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed longer melanoma-specific survival (MSS) and melanoma-free survival (MFS) in <75-year-old group compared to the elderly group. Cox regression models demonstrated reduced MSS in patients ≥75 years regardless of gender, location, IB, ulceration and lymph node status at diagnosis (HR 1.54, P  = 0.013) whereas MFS was not independently associated with elderly when head and neck location was considered. Age appears to be an independent risk factor for MSS but not for MFS. Worse melanoma prognosis in elderly could be explained by factors unrelated to the tumour, such as age-related frailty and comorbidities that limit the access to systemic treatments and, eventually, age-related immune dysfunction.

Microbiota-derived butyrate dampens linaclotide stimulation of the guanylate cyclase C pathway in patient-derived colonoids.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are complex conditions that result in decreased quality of life and a significant cost burden. Linaclotide, a guanylin cyclase C (GCC) receptor agonist, is approved as a DGBI treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited and variable across DGBI patients. Microbiota and metabolomic alterations are noted in DGBI patients, provoking the hypothesis that the microbiota may impact the GCC response to current therapeutics. METHODS: Human-derived intestinal organoids were grown from pediatric DGBI, non-IBD colon biopsies (colonoids). Colonoids were treated with 250 nM linaclotide and assayed for cGMP to develop a model of GCC activity. Butyrate was administered to human colonoids overnight at a concentration of 1 mM. Colonoid lysates were analyzed for cGMP levels by ELISA. For the swelling assay, colonoids were photographed pre- and post-treatment and volume was measured using ImageJ. Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) were performed on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard distance to assess differences in the community composition of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing microbial species in the intestinal microbiota from pediatric patients with IBS and healthy control samples. KEY RESULTS: Linaclotide treatment induced a significant increase in [cGMP] and swelling of patient-derived colonoids, demonstrating a human in vitro model of linaclotide-induced GCC activation. Shotgun sequencing analysis of pediatric IBS patients and healthy controls showed differences in the composition of commensal SCFA-producing bacteria. Butyrate exposure significantly dampened linaclotide-induced cGMP levels and swelling in patient-derived colonoids. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Patient-derived colonoids demonstrate that microbiota-derived butyrate can dampen human colonic responses to linaclotide. This study supports incorporation of microbiota and metabolomic assessment to improve precision medicine for DGBI patients.

Frailty Syndrome as a Transition from Compensation to Decompensation: Application to the Biomechanical Regulation of Gait.

Most gait parameters decrease with age and are even more importantly reduced with frailty. However, other gait parameters exhibit different or even opposite trends for aging and frailty, and the underlying reason is unclear. Literature focuses either on aging, or on frailty, and a comprehensive understanding of how biomechanical gait regulation evolves with aging and with frailty seems to be lacking. We monitored gait dynamics in young adults (19-29 years, n = 27, 59% women), middle-aged adults (30-59 years, n = 16, 62% women), and non-frail (>60 years, n = 15, 33% women) and frail older adults (>60 years, n = 31, 71% women) during a 160 m walking test using the triaxial accelerometer of the Zephyr Bioharness 3.0 device (Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, MD, USA). Frailty was evaluated using the Frail Scale (FS) and the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). We found that in non-frail older adults, certain gait parameters, such as cadence, were increased, whereas other parameters, such as step length, were decreased, and gait speed is maintained. Conversely, in frail older adults, all gait parameters, including gait speed, were decreased. Our interpretation is that non-frail older adults compensate for a decreased step length with an increased cadence to maintain a functional gait speed, whereas frail older adults decompensate and consequently walk with a characteristic decreased gait speed. We quantified compensation and decompensation on a continuous scale using ratios of the compensated parameter with respect to the corresponding compensating parameter. Compensation and decompensation are general medical concepts that can be applied and quantified for many, if not all, biomechanical and physiological regulatory mechanisms of the human body. This may allow for a new research strategy to quantify both aging and frailty in a systemic and dynamic way.

Efectividad de la hipnosis en cantidad y calidad del sueño en pacientes con depresión post-COVID / Effectiveness of hypnotherapy on sleep quality and quantity in patients with post-COVID depression

Introducción: Se conocen diversos tratamientos para tratar y curar la depresión. Entre los más utilizados se encuentran la psicoterapia y la medicación. La hipnosis clínica utiliza un discurso basado en la sugestión y en los reflejos condicionados del sueño, para lograr la estabilidad en la desregulación del ciclo sueño / vigilia, lo cual es un factor esencial en el tratamiento de las personas deprimidas por la COVID-19. Objetivo: Comparar la evolución en la calidad y cantidad de sueño en pacientes con depresión post-COVID que fueron tratados con medicación e hipnosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio explicativo-comparativo, y un diseño cuasi-experimental. La muestra fue de 40 pacientes que fueron ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico «Cmdte. Manuel Fajardo Rivero», de Santa Clara, entre enero y marzo de 2021, con COVID-19. En un grupo de pacientes se empleó el inventario de depresión de Beck y un cuestionario para evaluar la cantidad y calidad del sueño antes y después de la intervención con medicación; en el otro grupo se empleó la hipnosis. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: En ambos grupos la terapia empleada fue efectiva, redujo los niveles de depresión y eliminó las alteraciones del sueño. Conclusiones: Ambas formas de tratamiento se pueden emplear para tratar la depresión y los desórdenes propios del sueño. El método sugestivo de despertar de sueño hipnótico a sueño natural fue tan efectivo como los psicofármacos empleados.

Introduction: various treatments are known to treat and cure depression. Psychotherapy and medication are among the most used. Clinical hypnosis uses a discourse based on suggestions and conditioned sleep reflexes to achieve stability in sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, which is an essential factor in the treatment of people depressed by COVID-19. Objective: to compare the evolution in sleep quality and quantity in patients with post-COVID depression who were treated with medication and hypnotherapy. Methods: an explanatory comparative study with a quasi-experimental design was carried out. The sample consisted of 40 patients who were admitted due to COVID-19 at "Cmdte. Manuel Fajardo Rivero" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital from Santa Clara between January and March 2021. Beck Depression Inventory and a questionnaire were used in a group of patients to assess the sleep quality and quantity before and after the intervention with medication; hypnosis was used in the other group. Descriptive statistics was also used. Results: the used therapy was effective in both groups, reduced levels of depression and eliminated sleep disturbances. Conclusions: both forms of treatment can be used to treat depression and sleep disorders. The suggestive method of awakening from hypnotic sleep to natural sleep was as effective as the psychoactive drugs used.

LC/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis in Women with Morbid Obesity and Associated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Obesity is a chronic and complex disease, with an increasing incidence worldwide that is associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, it is important to determine the differences between metabolically healthy obese individuals and those with metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to perform an untargeted metabolomics assay in women with morbid obesity (MO) compared to a normal weight group, and to differentiate the metabolome of these women with MO who present with T2DM. We carried out a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics assay using serum samples of 209 Caucasian women: 73 with normal weight and 136 with MO, of which 71 had T2DM. First, we found increased levels of choline and acylglycerols and lower levels of bile acids, steroids, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, lysophosphatidylcholines, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines in MO women than in the control group. Then, in MO women with T2DM, we found increased levels of glutamate, propionyl-carnitine, bile acids, ceramides, lysophosphatidylcholine 14:0, phosphatidylinositols and phosphoethanolamines, and lower levels of Phe-Ile/Leu. Thus, we found metabolites with opposite trends of concentration in the two metabolomic analyses. These metabolites could be considered possible new factors of study in the pathogenesis of MO and associated T2DM in women.