Wood density is related to aboveground biomass and productivity along a successional gradient in upper Andean tropical forests.

Wood density (WD) is a key functional trait related to ecological strategies and ecosystem carbon dynamics. Despite its importance, there is a considerable lack of information on WD in tropical Andean forests, particularly regarding its relationship with forest succession and ecosystem carbon cycling. Here, we quantified WD in 86 upper Andean tree and shrub species in central Colombia, with the aim of determining how WD changes with forest succession and how it is related to productivity. We hypothesized that WD will increase with succession because early successional forests will be colonized by acquisitive species, which typically have low WD, while the shaded understory of older forests should favor higher WD. We measured WD in 481 individuals from 27 shrub and 59 tree species, and quantified aboveground biomass (AGB), canopy height, net primary production (NPP) and species composition and abundance in 14, 400-m2, permanent plots. Mean WD was 0.513 ± 0.114 (g/cm3), with a range between 0.068 and 0.718 (g/cm3). Shrubs had, on average, higher WD (0.552 ± 0.095 g/cm3) than trees (0.488 ± 0.104 g/cm3). Community weighted mean WD (CWMwd) decreased with succession (measured as mean canopy height, AGB, and basal area); CWMwd also decreased with aboveground NPP and stem growth. In contrast, the percentage of NPP attributed to litter and the percent of shrubs in plots increased with CWMwd. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported because early successional forests had higher CWMwd than late successional forests. This was related to a high proportion of shrubs (with high WD) early in succession, which could be a consequence of: 1) a low seed availability of trees due to intense land use in the landscape and/or 2) harsh abiotic conditions early in succession that filter out trees. Forest with high CWMwd had a high %NPP attributed to litter because they were dominated by shrubs, which gain little biomass in their trunks. Our findings highlight the links between WD, succession and carbon cycling (biomass and productivity) in this biodiversity hotspot. Thus, WD is an important trait that can be used to understand upper Andean forest recovery and improve forest restoration and management practices.

Termite sensitivity to temperature affects global wood decay rates.

Deadwood is a large global carbon store with its store size partially determined by biotic decay. Microbial wood decay rates are known to respond to changing temperature and precipitation. Termites are also important decomposers in the tropics but are less well studied. An understanding of their climate sensitivities is needed to estimate climate change effects on wood carbon pools. Using data from 133 sites spanning six continents, we found that termite wood discovery and consumption were highly sensitive to temperature (with decay increasing >6.8 times per 10°C increase in temperature)-even more so than microbes. Termite decay effects were greatest in tropical seasonal forests, tropical savannas, and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization (i.e., warming shifts to tropical climates), termite wood decay will likely increase as termites access more of Earth's surface.

Bat Assemblage in an Oil Palm Plantation from the Colombian Llanos Foothills.

The surge of oil palm production in the Neotropics has become a major concern about the potential impacts on biodiversity. In the Colombian Orinoquia, which has shown a massive landscape transformation due to the growth of oil palm plantations, the effects of oil palm agriculture on bats in this region have not been studied up to date. To understand the impact of habitat conversion on bat diversity, we characterised bat assemblages in secondary forest and palm plantations in the Colombian Llanos foothills (Meta, Colombia). We captured 393 individuals (forest = 81, plantation = 312) of 18 species and 3 families. The forest cover presented three exclusive species while the plantation had five. Species diversity (q 1) and evenness (J') were higher in the forest compared to the plantation. These differences derived from the increase in abundances of generalist species (Artibeus sp., Carollia spp.) in the plantation. Despite the habitat simplification caused by oil palm plantations, this monoculture provides a cover that is used by some bats, decreasing their risk of predation and allowing movement between patches of forest habitat as steppingstones. Maintaining forest cover in agricultural landscapes favours diversity by generating a "spillover effect" of the forest towards plantations, which in the case of some bats contributes to the reduction of species isolation and the maintenance of ecosystem services provided by them. It is important to improve management practices of oil palm plantations to minimise negative impacts on biodiversity, considering the expansion of this productive system and the scarcity of protected areas in this region.

Ecological Morphology of Neotropical Bat Wing Structures.

Morphology has a direct influence on animal fitness. Studies addressing the identification of patterns and variations across several guilds are fundamental in ecomorphological research. Wings are the core of ecological morphology in bats; nevertheless, individual bones and structures that support the wing, including metacarpals, phalanges and the length of digits, have rarely been the subject of comprehensive research when studying wing morphology. Here, I analyzed morphological variations of wing structures across 11 bat guilds and how individual bone structures are correlated to diet, foraging mode and habitat use. I obtained wing measurements from 1512 voucher specimens of 97 species. All the specimens analyzed came from the Mammalian Collection at the Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (MPUJ-MAMM) (Bogotá, Colombia). Positive correlations between size and the length of the third and fifth digit were detected. Bat guilds that capture their preys using aerial strategy in uncluttered habitats had longer third digits but short fifth digits compared to guilds that rely on gleaning strategy and forage in highly cluttered space. Although terminal phalanges were shown to be important structures for guild classification, metacarpals were strongly related to aerial foragers from uncluttered habitats because of their potential role in flight performance and ecological adaptations. Results show that habitat use, as well as foraging mode, are reflected in wing structures. Different wing traits to those evaluated in this study should be considered to better understand the ecological interactions, foraging strategy, wing adaptations, and flight performance in Neotropical bats.

Educación ambiental, actitudes y conocimiento de comunidades rurales sobre el Cóndor Andino en el páramo El Almorzadero (Santander, Colombia) / Environmental education, attitudes and knowledge of rural communities about the Andean Condor in the El Almorzadero paramo (Santander, Colombia)

La educación ambiental y la participación comunitaria hacen parte de las líneas estratégicas establecidas para la conservación del Cóndor Andino en Colombia. Sin embargo, son pocos los esfuerzos que involucran a las comunidades en procesos de conservación de la especie. Este trabajo planteó evaluar las actitudes y el conocimiento de niños y adultos acerca del Cóndor Andino. Se realizaron actividades de educación ambiental con niños de escuelas rurales para sensibilizar y reconocer la importancia natural y cultural de esta especie. Para los adultos, se desarrolló un taller de árbol de problemas con el fin de abordar el conflicto Cóndor-humano y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con productores de la región. Hubo una gran variedad de elementos biológicos, ecológicos y culturales que los niños vincularon con el Cóndor. Los niños creen que este se alimenta de animales vivos y complementan con carroña. Esto genera que no se valore la importancia ecológica que esta especie tiene en el páramo, ni su trascendencia para la gente. Por su parte, los productores de las zonas altas del páramo vincularon a la especie con más elementos que los de zonas bajas. El perjuicio identificado es la pérdida de animales domésticos a causa del Cóndor. Alrededor de esta problemática se identificaron causas y efectos resaltando la falta de asistencia técnica y la pérdida económica, respectivamente. A pesar del señalamiento de dichos perjuicios, la perspectiva general de los entrevistados frente a la especie es positiva. Es importante desarrollar actividades de educación ambiental no solo en niños sino también en adultos, evaluar la efectividad de las estrategias de educación ambiental y vincular experiencias y conocimientos de la comunidad para crear lazos afectivos que incidan en la conservación del Cóndor Andino. Finalmente, es pertinente generar puentes de comunicación con entidades afines para fortalecer prácticas de manejo de animales domésticos.

Environmental education and community participation are part of the strategy lines established for the conservation of the Andean Condor in Colombia. However, few efforts have been made with the purpose of involving local communities in the conservation process of the species. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the attitudes and knowledge of children and adults about the Andean Condor. Environmental education activities were carried out with children in rural schools in order to raise awareness and recognize the natural and cultural importance of this species. For adults, a problem tree analysis workshop was developed to address the human-Condor conflict and semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers in the region. There was a great variety of biological, ecological and cultural elements that the children linked with the Andean Condor. Children believe that it feeds on live animals and complements its diet with carrion. This generates that neither the ecological role of this species in the paramo , nor its transcendence for people are valued. Producers in the highlands of the paramo, on the other hand, linked the species with more elements than producers in the lowlands. The damage identified was the loss of domestic animals caused by condors. Causes and effects around this problem were identified, highlighting the lack of technical assistance and economic loss, respectively. Despite the indications of such damages, the general perspective of the interviewees regarding the species is positive. In conclusion, it is important to develop environmental education activities not only for children but also for adults, evaluate the effectiveness of environmental education strategies, and link the experiences and the knowledge of the community to create emotional ties that affect the conservation of the Andean Condor. Finally, it is pertinent to generate communication bridges with related entities to strengthen domestic animal management practices.

Experiencias de educación ambiental para la conservación del Cóndor Andino (Vultur Gryphus) en la Provincia del Guavio, Cundinamarca (Colombia) / Experiences of environmental education for the conservation of the Andean Condor (Vultur Gryphus) in the Province of Guavio, Cundinamarca (Colombia)

Introducción. El Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) es una especie importante ecológica y culturalmente, sin embargo, varias amenazas lo han llevado a estar en peligro de extinción. En Colombia, desde el año 1989, se han llevado a cabo procesos de repoblación de la especie en varios núcleos a lo largo del país. La mayor parte de avistamientos de la especie se han realizado en localidades de la jurisdicción de Corpoguavio. Es necesario desarrollar actividades que muestren la relevancia que tiene el Cóndor Andino para establecer su vínculo con las comunidades de esta región. El presente trabajo es el resultado de un proyecto de educación ambiental realizado entre la Fundación Neotropical, Corpoguavio, docentes, jóvenes y niños de la provincia del Guavio (Cundinamarca). Objetivos. Identificar las ideas previas de los niños sobre el Cóndor Andino y sensibilizarlos acerca de su importancia para la provincia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron ocho talleres de educación ambiental dirigidos a 213 estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre los 5 hasta los 19 años. Las actividades estuvieron enfocadas en tres fases: 1) indagación de ideas previas de los niños acerca del Cóndor Andino, 2) explicación de la historia natural e importancia ecológica y cultural de la especie, 3) uso de juegos y actividades lúdicas como estrategias de aprendizaje. Resultados. Los talleres revelaron un gran desconocimiento acerca de los rasgos de historia de vida, la biología y las funciones ecológicas del Cóndor Andino. Conclusiones. Las acciones educativas pueden contribuir al cambio de actitudes, dando a conocer la importancia de las especies no solo dentro del ecosistema sino también en cuanto a los beneficios que proporcionan a las comunidades locales. Este trabajo brinda un marco metodológico para la ejecución de talleres de educación ambiental sobre el Cóndor Andino, el cual puede ser empleado en otras regiones del país en donde no se han llevado a cabo estas actividades.

Introduction: The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is important species both culturally and ecologically, however, several threats have led it to be in danger of extinction. In Colombia reintroduction strategies for this species have been made in several nuclei throughout the country since 1989. Most sightings of the Andean Condor have been reported in places within the jurisdiction of Corpoguavio. It is necessary to conduct activities that show the relevance of the Andean Condor to establish its link with the communities in this region. This paper presents the results of an environmental education project carried out between Fundación Neotropical, Corpoguavio, teachers and children of the Municipality of Guavio (Cundinamarca). Objectives: To identify the children's previous ideas about the Andean Condor and sensitize them about its importance for the province. Materials and methods: Eight environmental education workshops were conducted for 213 students between 5 and 19 years old. The activities were focused on three phases: 1) inquiry of previous ideas of children about the Andean Condor; 2) explanation of the natural history, and ecological and cultural importance of this species; and 3) use of games and recreational activities as learning strategies. Results: The workshops revealed a great lack of knowledge about the life history features, biology and ecological functions of the Andean Condor. Conclusions: Educational actions can contribute to the change of attitudes, making the importance of species evident, not only within the ecosystem but also in terms of the benefits they provide to local communities. This paper provides a methodological framework to apply environmental education workshops about the Andean Condor, which can be used in other regions of the country where these activities have not been carried out.

Beyond specimens: linking biological collections, functional ecology and biodiversity conservation / Más allá de los especímenes: uniendo colecciones biológicas, ecología funcional y conserva- ción de la biodiversidad

Several anthropogenic pressures are threatening biodiversity and may increase in the next years, altering eco- logical processes and ecosystem services. Biological collections offer a rich source of information to develop studies of functional ecology and biodiversity conservation. Key information related to morphology, physiology and life history could be obtained through functional traits provided by specimens in biological collections. Additionally, museum collections present a great potential for document changes of habitat disturbance, using response/effect framework, functional diversity measures, and fluctuating asymmetry approaches. Despite limitations of specimens in data such as abundance, imprecisions in specimen´s georeferencing, errors in taxonomic identification and the poor preservation state of some specimens, biological collections contain vast data banks, which could be useful in the contribution of key information for land use management and conservation planning.

Varias presiones antropogénicas amenazan la biodiversidad y pueden aumentar en los próximos años, alterando procesos ecológicos y servicios ecosistémicos. Las colecciones biológicas ofrecen una abundante fuente de información para desarrollar estudios de ecología funcional y conservación de la biodiversidad. Información clave relacionada con morfología, fisiología e historia de vida puede ser obtenida a través de los rasgos fun- cionales proporcionados por los ejemplares de colecciones biológicas. Adicionalmente, las colecciones de los museos presentan un gran potencial para documentar cambios en la perturbación del hábitat usando el marco de efecto/respuesta, las medidas de diversidad funcional, y el enfoque de asimetría fluctuante. A pesar de las limitaciones de los especímenes en datos como la abundancia, imprecisiones en la georreferenciación de los especímenes, errores en la identificación taxonómica y el mal estado de conservación de algunos ejemplares, las colecciones biológicas contienen enormes bancos de datos que podrían ser útiles en el aporte de información clave para el manejo del uso del suelo y los planes de conservación.