ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America.

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1-6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

Surveillance of HIV type 1 drug resistance among naive patients from Venezuela.

We have studied 65 HIV-1-infected untreated patients recruited in Caracas, Venezuela with TCD4 counts > or =350/microl. The reverse transcriptase and protease sequences of the virus were sequenced, aligned with reference HIV-1 group M strains, and analyzed for drug resistance mutations. Most of the viruses were subtype B genotype in both the protease and RT genomic regions. Five of the 62 virus isolates successfully amplified showed evidence of recombination between protease and RT, with their protease region being non-B while their RT region was derived from subtype B. Four strains were found bearing resistance mutations either to NRTIs, NNRTIs, or PIs. The prevalence of HIV-1 isolates bearing resistance mutations was therefore above the 5% threshold of WHO.

Prevalência da respiração bucal e sua possível associação com a má oclusão dentária em alunos do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas do município de Caratinga/MG / Prevalence of mouth breathing and its possible association with dental malocclusion in students of fundamental education of public schools of Caratinga/MG

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência da respiração bucal e sua possível associação com a má oclusão dentária em crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental de escolas públicas do município de Caratinga – MG. Os indivíduos amostrados: 344 crianças de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 7 e 11 anos, receberam um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para que fosse assinado pelos pais ou responsável. Da amostra inicial selecionada, permaneceram 187 crianças, 114 meninas e 73 meninos para as avaliações clínicas propostas. Foi realizada avaliação clínica dessas crianças para a verificação do padrão respiratório e o tipo de oclusão dentária apresentada. A prevalência de respiração bucal e má oclusão dentária na amostra avaliada foram de 12,8 por cento e 70,58 por cento, respectivamente. Para a análise dos resultados foi aplicado o teste não paramétrico do qui-quadrado ao nível de 5 por cento de probabilidade. Pela análise da distribuição dos respiradores bucais, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao gênero e faixa etária. Verificou-se que o hábito respiratório alterado e a má oclusão dentária apresentam correlação positiva, já que 91,7 por cento dos respiradores bucais apresentaram má oclusão dentária, em comparação com os respiradores nasais, que apresentaram 67,5 por cento. Quanto à classificação de Angle, 100 por cento dos respiradores bucais com má oclusão dentária se agruparam na categoria classe II, divisão 1º de Angle. Portanto, em resposta à correlação proposta pelo estudo realizado, pode-se dizer que o hábito respiratório alterado parece ser fator etiológico agravante para o desenvolvimento da má oclusão dentária em indivíduos jovens, que ainda se encontrem em fase de crescimento e desenvolvimento ósseo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mouth breathing and its possible association with dental malocclusion in students of fundamental education of public schools in Caratinga City – MG. The sample was composed by 344 children of both genders, from 7 to 11 years, who received a consent form to participate in the research to be signed by their parents or by the person responsible for the child. From the initial sample, 187 children, 114 girls and 73 boys, were selected to carry out a clinical evaluation in order to verify the breathing pattern and type of dental occlusion. The prevalence of mouth breathing and dental malocclusion in the sample was 12.8 percent and 70.58 percent, respectively. The non parametric qui-square test was applied with level 5 percent of probability to analyze the results. Through the analysis of distribution of the mouth breathings, it was not observed statistically significant difference related to gender and age group. It was found a positive correlation both for the altered breathing habit and dental malocclusion, as 91.7 percent of mouth breathings had dental malocclusion, in comparison with nasal breathings with 67.5 percent of dental malocclusion. With regards to de Angle’s classification, 100 percent of mouth breathings with dental malocclusion were grouped in category class II, 1st division of Angle. Therefore, in reply to the correlation proposed by the present study, it can be said that the altered breathing habit seems to be an etiologic and aggravating factor for development of dental malocclusion in young individuals, who are still in growth and osseous development stage.

HIV type 1 drug resistance among naive patients from Venezuela.

In this study, we characterize proviral DNA of 20 HIV-1 asymptomatic antiretroviral-naive patients from Venezuela in env, gag, and pol genes regions. Results from both env/gag HMA subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of pol partial sequences led to the description of clade B in all cases. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of polymorphisms was particularly evident among the protease sequences. A 10% prevalence of major resistance mutations to RTIs was found. Our data also suggested that the protease polymorphisms I62T and V77T could be considered as molecular markers of the subtype B local epidemic. In addition, we show how proviral DNA can be used as a reliable tool to follow trends of resistance mutation transmission.

High prevalence of secondary resistance mutations in Venezuelan HIV-1 isolates.

The genetic variability was studied in HIV-1 from Venezuelan patients with and without treatment, in order to evaluate the presence of polymorphisms and drug resistance mutations. Proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or viral RNA from plasma was extracted from the blood of 30 patients. Two regions from the polymerase gene, protease (Pr) and reverse transcriptase (RT) and one genomic fragment from the envelope (Env) gene were amplified and sequenced. All HIV-1 samples analyzed were classified as subtype B, without evidence of recombination. Although no primary protease mutations were detected, a high frequency of secondary mutations (86%, 19/22), associated to restoration of viral replicative fitness, was observed in strains circulating both in treated and non-treated patients. Resistance mutations to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTI) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) were detected in 35% (6/17) and 12% (2/17) of the viruses circulating in treated patients, respectively. Resistance mutations were also present in the virus infecting one antiretroviral naive individual (7.7%), suggesting that local screening for resistant mutation in naive patient might be important to minimize therapy failure. Future studies are warranted to assess the role of secondary mutation in the success of viral infection.

High prevalence of secondary resistance mutations in Venezuelan HIV-1 isolates

Se estudiaron pacientes seropositivos para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) con y sin tratamiento, con el fin de determinar el polimorfismo y la prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia a la terapia antirretroviral. El material genético viral fue extraído a partir de células mononucleares de sangre periféricas (ADN) y del plasma (ARN) de 30 pacientes. Se amplificaron 2 regiones del gen Pol, Transcriptasa Reversa (TR) y Proteasa (Pr) y el gen de envoltura (Env) por medio de la técnica de PCR y se obtuvo la secuencia genómica de los productos. Todos los aislados analizados pertenecieron al subtipo B. No se observaron mutaciones primarias asociadas a resistencia a inhibidores de Pr pero sí un alto porcentaje (86 por ciento, 19/22) de mutaciones no asociadas con resistencia sino a restitución de la capacidad replicativa de cepas mutantes (mutaciones secundarias). Se observó la presencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia a inhibidores nucleósidos de la TR (INTR) en 35 por ciento (6/17) de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento, mientras que 12 por ciento (2/17) de ellos presentaron mutaciones de resistencia a inhibidores no nucleósidos de la TR (INNTR). Interesantemente, un paciente no tratado estaba infectado con una cepa que presentaba mutaciones primarias (7,7 por ciento); este resultado sugiere que podría ser importante plantearse el estudio local de determinación de resistencia genotípica en pacientes antes del tratamiento, con miras a minimizar fallas terapéuticas. Se requieren estudios adicionales para evaluar el rol de las mutaciones secundarias en el éxito de la infección viral

A Interação no cuidado: uma questão na enfermagem fundamental / The interaction in the care: a question in the basic nursing

O objeto foi a interação entre profissional e cliente no cuidado de enfermagem. Os objetivos foram descrever as interações entre clientes e profissionais e discuti-las como fundamental ao cuidado de enfermagem. Estudo apoiado na antropologia social, com observação participante junto a 13 clientes de um Hospital Universitário do Rio de Janeiro. O contato entre a equipe de enfermagem e o cliente não é somente e objetivamente técnico. Há conversas informais que traduzem interesse pela pessoa do cliente e sua família. Identificou-se conversas de conteúdo técnico prescritivo, avaliativo e muitas formas de interação que transcendem a normalização do cuidado. A interação entre equipe e cliente se vale das características individuais dos sujeitos...

As vertentes do cuidado de enfermagem: o técnico e o expressivo na assistência hospitalar / The outcome of nursing care: the technical and the expressive in hospital care / Las vertientes del cuidado de enfermería: el técnico y el expresivo en la asistencia hospitalaria

O estudo objetivou desvrever os cuidados de enfermagem realizados na assistência ao adulto hospitalizado; categorizar os cuidados de ordem técnica, tecnológica e expressiva e classificá-los de acordo com a importância e prioridade indicadas pelos próprios clientes. pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, apoiada em dados quantitativos. A coleta de dados foi feita por entrevista semi-estruturada e pela observação perticipante. Os sujeitos foram 13 clientes adultos, de ambos os sexos, internados em um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro. Para análise e interpretação, os dados gerados pela entrevista, pela observação participante e pelo registro da freqüência de realização dos cuidados foram triangulados....

Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Venezuela: high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype B and identification of a B/F recombinant infection.

The authors assessed HIV-1 variability in two distinct areas of Venezuela (the capital Caracas and Margarita Island) through the analysis of blood specimens and clinical and epidemiologic data of 72 persons. Proviral DNA was evaluated through heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) based on the envelope region. Additionally, FOK I restriction enzyme digestion assay was performed in all subtype B ED31/33 amplified products to check the presence of the typical Brazilian subtype B GWGR variant. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for C2-V3 region of gp120 was performed in selected cases. The vast majority of samples were found to belong to subtype B, with a North American/European RFLP profile. An F subtype HIV-1 based on the region was identified for the first time in Venezuela. Genetic analyses of the protease and reverse transcriptase fragments of this sample depicted a recombinant B/F genetic profile. The discrimination capacity of HIV-1 subtypes using the primer set ED3/14-ED31/33 among the Caracas samples was found to be higher than for those from Margarita Island. The authors' results point to relevant differences between the samples of continental and Caribbean regions of Venezuela, requiring further evaluation of larger samples.