Extracellular polymeric substances in electroactive biofilms play a crucial role in improving the efficiency of microbial fuel and electrolysis cells.

In microbial electrochemical cells (MECs), electroactive microbial biofilms can transmit electrons from organic molecules to anodes. To further understand the production of anodic biofilms, it is essential to investigate the composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the MECs. In this study, the structure of EPS was examined in microbial electrolysis cells from mixed cultures forming biofilm using carbon fiber fabric anode. EPS was extracted from the anode biofilm of microbial electrolysis cells inoculated with mixed microbial culture. The anode biofilm yielded 0.4 mg of EPS, of which 51.2% was humic substance, 16.2% was protein, 12.6% was carbohydrates, and 20% consisted of undetermined substances. Using epifluorescence microscopy, the composition of bacterial cells and their location inside EPS were studied, and the distribution of microbial communities was compared based on current density results in the presence of various carbohydrates. On the electrode surface, bacteria and EPS gathered or overlapped in various locations can affect microbial electrochemical performance. Our findings showed that EPS formation in electroactive biofilms would be important for enhanced efficiency of electricity- or hydrogen-producing microbial electrolysis cells.

Therapeutic effect of microRNA-21 on differentially expressed hub genes in gastric cancer based on systems biology.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of mortality for many people. Cancer's initiating factors are poorly understood. miR-21 has a crucial function in several malignancies, particularly GC. Furthermore, it has been shown that miR-21 is critical for the emergence and advancement of GC. This work intends to identify new genes which expression is associated with the activity of mir-21 in GC and to investigate the effect of downregulation of mir-21 on these genes and gastric tumorigenesis. We utilized the gene expression profiles of GCs from an Array database (GSE13911) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and gastric cancer groups. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) in R, the Gene co-expression network was reconstructed. The microRNA-mRNA network was then reconstructed using the miRWalk database, and by investigating the microRNA-mRNA network, the genes that have an association with mir-21 were found. To implement the functional investigation, MKN and AGS cell lines were transfected with anti-miR-21 next. Subsequently, MTT proliferation was utilized to assess the cell's vitality. qRT-PCR was then used to evaluate the anticipated levels of gene expression in both GC cell lines. This study discovered and predicted CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 as the targets of miR-21 (GC), which are downregulated through gastric tumorigenesis, showing great potential as therapeutic and diagnostic targets. The suppression of miR-21 in gastric GC cells led to the inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased expression of CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 genes. This study established that miR-21, via downregulating these genes, contributes significantly to the development of GC. In addition, systems biology techniques identified CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 genes as possible GC surveillance and therapy components.

Hydrogen production using cocaine metabolite in microbial electrolysis cells.

In this study, the effects of cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine, commonly found in wastewater on hydrogen production were investigated using microbial electrolysis cells. Benzoylecgonine dissolved in synthetic urine and human urine containing benzoylecgonine were inoculated to evaluate hydrogen production performance in microbial electrolysis cells. Microbial electrolysis cells were inoculated with synthetic urine and human urine containing the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine for hydrogen gas production performance. Gas production was observed and measured daily by gas chromatography. GC-MS was used to analyze the compounds found in human urine before and after operation in microbial electrolysis cells. The metabolite's pH values and optical density in microbial electrolysis cells were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Hydrogen gas was successfully produced in microbial electrolysis cells (~ 5.5 mL) at the end of the 24th day in the presence of benzoylecgonine in synthetic urine. Human urine containing benzoylecgonine also generated hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells. In conclusion, microbial electrolysis cells can be used to remove cocaine metabolites from contaminated wastewater generating hydrogen gas. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03805-7.

Hydrogen production in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells using Ponceau S dye.

In this study, Ponceau S dye, which is one of the hazardous dyes found in industrial wastewater, was examined for hydrogen production in single chamber-free membrane-free microbial electrolysis cells at different concentrations (10-40 mg L-1). A gas content analysis (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) was measured daily using gas chromatography to determine the effects of the Ponceau S on hydrogen production levels. Hydrogen was successfully produced in the presence of Ponceau S dye, but the gas production levels were affected by the concentrations of Ponceau S. The maximum hydrogen production was measured as 18 mL at a concentration level of 20 mg L-1. Decolorization ratios of Ponceau S were in the range of 85-100%. Hydrogen production rates increased in the presence of Ponceau S (20 mg L-1); however, yield (%) of the production decreased when compared to the control group. The percentage of COD removal was 94.78% in the presence of 40 mg L-1 of Ponceau S. In conclusion, hydrogen can be generated using wastewaters contaminated with azo dyes such as Ponceau S, and decolorization of the dye can be achieved, simultaneously.

Dataset on Catal's reagent: Sensitive detection of iron (II) sulfate using spectrophotometry.

Catal's reagent is characterized by spectroscopic methods such as fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry. Effects of different solvents such as methanol and ethanol on absorption spectrum of 1-(Dodecylthio)anthracene-9,10-dione (3) were present. Detection range of iron (II) sulfate using Catal's reagent was analyzed. Synthesis of 1-(Dodecylthio)anthracene-9,10-dione (3) was explained, and absorbances of various concentrations of iron (II) sulfate (0- 10 mg mL-1) were measured. The possible detection mechanism was also explained. The dataset is useful to improve the detection of iron (II) sulfate in various application fields such as environmental, agricultural, sensor, food, textile and cement industries. The study refers to: F. Ozkok, Y.M. Sahin, V. Enisoglu-Atalay, K. Asgarova, N. Onul, T. Catal, Sensitive Detection of Iron (II) Sulfate with a Novel Reagent using Spectrophotometry, Spectchim. Acta. A, 240 (2020), 118631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118631.

Sensitive detection of iron (II) sulfate with a novel reagent using spectrophotometry.

In this study, a novel reagent was developed for sensitive detection of iron (II) sulfate, spectrophotometrically. A novel thio-anthraquinone derivative, 1-(Dodecylthio)anthracene-9,10-dione (3), was synthesized from the chemical reaction of 1-Chloroanthraquinone (1) and 1-Dodecanethiol (2) by an original reaction method and was used in the preparation of the novel reagent called Catal's reagent. A synthesized thio-anthraquinone analogue (3) was purified by column chromatography, and its chemical structure was characterized by spectroscopic methods such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry. The chemical and molecular structure of the developed thio-antraquinone derivative (3) was illuminated using computational methods with the GaussView5 and Gaussian09 programs. Various solvents including ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile were examined in the preparation of the reagent. A concentration range from 0.2 mg mL-1 up to 10 mg mL-1 of iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in distilled water was prepared. The absorption spectra of Catal's reagent (0.816 mM) showed three peaks between 185 nm-700 nm of wavelength. However, after the reaction with H2O2 and the 30 mM trisodium citrate dihydrate mixture in the presence of an iron sulfate (II) solution, a single peak was observed, producing a stable and reddish/brownish homogenous solution (λ max = 304 nm). The following concentrations of iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate was examined using developed protocol and the reagent, and the concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically at 304 nm, 0.2-1 mg mL-1. Absorbances of reaction mixtures of iron (II) sulfate remained stable up to 48 h. The results indicated that the novel Catal's reagent can be used for sensitive spectrophotometric detection of iron (II) sulfate in aqueous solutions.

The effects of vitamins and selenium mixture against brain tissue induced by d-galactosamine.

Brain damage is a major complication of fulminant hepatic failure. d-Galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced liver toxicity causes damage to brain. The effects of vitamins and selenium mixture against d-GalN stimulated brain injury were investigated in this study. Sprague-Dawley female rats aged 2.0-2.5 months were used for the study. The rats were divided into four categories. A 0.9% NaCl solution was intraperitoneally given to the experimental rats in the first group. Using gavage technique, the second group of animals were subjected to a formulation consisting of 100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 vitamin C, 15 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of ß-carotene, 100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of α-tocopherol in addition to 0.2 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of sodium selenate for 3 days. The third group was given a single dose of d-GalN hydrochloride at the concentration of 500 mg·kg-1 through a saline injection. The final group was given similar concentrations of both the antioxidant combination and d-GalN. Tissue samples were collected under ether anesthesia. The rats treated with d-GalN showed brain damage; increased myeloperoxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase activities; and decreased glutathione levels. Treatment with vitamins and selenium combination resulted in alleviation of these alterations in the rats. These findings suggest that administration of the vitamins and selenium combination suppresses oxidative stress and protects brain cells from injury induced by d-GalN.

Resin extract obtained from Cilician fir (Abies Cilicica) inhibits glucose dependent inflammation in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: The potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of resin extract of Abies cilicica in glucose dependent inflammation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) induced inflammation models was investigated. Its effects on monocyte adhesion, gene expression levels of P-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM1 and transendothelial migration for the two in vitro models were measured. Also, total flavonoid and total phenolic contents of the extract were determined. OBJECTIVE: Monocyte adhesion tests showed that the extract increased 100% inflammatory effect of TNF-a induced inflammation. On the other hand, it did not change number of adherent monocytes in glucose dependent inflammation model. Although the extract has trigger effect on monocyte adhesion, it did not change migration of leukocytes across ECV304 cells after administration of TNFa on ECV304 cells. The number of migrated monocytes was similar with only TNFa incubation experiment results. However, it significantly decreased monocyte migration in glucose dependent inflammation model. In our both experimental inflammation model, ICAM-1 expression significantly decreased. Although it is known that triggering effect of TNF-a on ICAM-1 expression, the content of of resin extract of A. cilicica prevented this effect. Phenolic antioxidant capacity of the extract are higher than its flavonoid contents.This study provides the first evidence that the extract inhibits glucose dependent inflammation. It may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of chronic inflammation caused by diabetes.

Chemical and molecular characterization of metabolites from Flavobacterium sp.

In this study, a Flavobacterium sp. is isolated from natural spring, and identified using molecular techniques. Extracellular and intracellular secondary metabolites are identified using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra performance liquid chromatography. Cytotoxic activity of the extracellular compounds produced by the Flavobacterium sp. and quercetin as the standard are measured using ECV304 human endothelial cells in vitro. Our results show that Flavobacterim sp. isolate has the highest percentage of similarity with Flavobacterium cheonhonense strain ARSA-15 (99%). Quercetin is detected as the major extracellular compound produced by the Flavobacterium sp. Methanol extract of Flavobacterium sp. resulted in a higher cell viability results when compared to DMSO extracts. Computational chemistry approach was used and it has been found that polar solvent (methanol) contributed to higher antioxidant activity. In conclusion, Flavobacterium sp. can be used to produce quercetin for industrial purposes.

A combined treatment using ethylmethane sulfonate and ultraviolet light to compare amylase production by three Bacillus sp. isolates.

In this study, three Bacillus sp.-producing amylase enzymes were isolated from soil samples and identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Amylase production and total protein productions were spectrophotometrically measured. The following media were tested to increase enzyme production: LB medium and molasses. Three Bacillus sp. were identified as follows: Bacillus subtilis subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus. Amylase production levels were in the range of 10 U/mL, whereas total protein production levels were at 15 mg/mL. Higher amylase activity was found in the Bacillus subtilis isolate. Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) and ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis in combination were applied to compare amylase production. Amylase activity was increased to around 58% in the treatment with 0.03 mL of EMS and UV when compared to the control group. A pilot scale bioreactor with a total working volume of 10 liters was used to produce amylase by B. subtilis subtilis. In conclusion, B. subtilis subtilis can be used to produce amylase enzyme for various industrial purposes, and, for the first time, the amylase activities of B. subtilis can be enhanced with EMS and UV treatment.

Monitoring of neomycin sulfate antibiotic in microbial fuel cells.

Indirect detection and quantification of the neomycin sulfate antibiotic was accomplished in microbial fuel cells. Performance of the microbial fuel cells was examined on the basis of the following parameters; voltage generation, power density, current density and coulombic efficiencies. Removal of neomycin sulfate was monitored using LC-MS/MS in parallel with chemical oxygen demand and total carbohydrate removal. While neomycin sulfate was partially degraded, microbial fuel cell performance appeared to be affected and eventually inhibited by neomycin sulfate on a concentration-based fashion. In order to further examine the neomycin sulfate bio-sensing activity of the microbial fuel cell, a computational chemistry approach was used to obtain the information about the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy values of outer electron orbitals, their distribution, and ionization potentials (IPs). The results showed that electroactive bio-film-based MFCs can be used for sensitive detection of neomycin sulfate found in wastewaters.

The influence of selenium on expression levels of the rbcL gene in Chlorella vulgaris.

In this study, the effects of selenium on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were examined. Four groups of C. vulgaris were cultivated using Bristol medium: group I (control), no sodium selenite (Se); group II, 1 µM Se; group III, 10 µM Se; and group IV, 100 µM Se. Algal biomass samples were collected for biochemical evaluation and gene expression studies on the 21st day of cultivation. The following parameters were investigated: chlorophyll a (Cla), chlorophyll b (Clb) and total carotene content, total protein, and total glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gene expression levels of large subunits of Rubisco (rbcL) were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Total Cla and total carotene in C. vulgaris decreased in high concentrations of Se (100 µM) (around 23 and 42%, respectively) when compared to controls while, Clb content increased by about 10%. 10 µM of Se led to increased GSH levels (3.04 ± 0.02 µg GSH/mg protein) and decreased MDA levels (2.02 ± 0.1 µmol MDA/mg protein) when compared to control groups (1.18 ± 0.04 µg GSH/mg protein and 0.94 ± 0.23 µmol MDA/mg protein), while a significant decrease in GSH and an increase in MDA levels in the presence of 100 µM Se showed the opposite effect. rbcL gene expression increased 1.76 ± 1.37-fold and 0.86 ± 1.33-fold in 10 and 100 µM selenium experiments when compared to control groups. Our results suggest both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities of Se on C. vulgaris and upregulation of the rbcL gene for the first time. Treatment with low concentrations of Se improves the antioxidant features of the microalgae, C. vulgaris.

Apoptotic Effect of Nigella sativa on Human Lymphoma U937 Cells.

OBJECTIVE: Nigella sativa is from botanical Ranunculaceae family and commonly known as black seed. Apoptotic effect of N. sativa and its apoptotic signaling pathways on U937 lymphoma cells are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we investigated selective cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of N. sativa extract and its apoptotic mechanisms on U937 cells. In addition, we also studied selective cytotoxic activity of thymoquinone that is the most active essential oil of N. sativa. RESULTS: Our results showed that N. sativa extract has selective cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects on U937 cells but not ECV304 control cells. However, thymoquinone had no significant cytotoxicity against on both cells. N. sativa extract increased significantly caspase-3, BAD, and p53 gene expressions in U937 cells. CONCLUSIONS: N. sativa may have anticancer drug potential and trigger p53-induced apoptosis in U937 lymphoma cells. SUMMARY: This is the first study showing the apoptotic effect of Nigella sativa extract on U937 cells. Abbreviations used: CI: Cytotoxicity index, DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, HL: Hodgkin's lymphoma, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethy lthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium.

Hydrogen production profiles using furans in microbial electrolysis cells.

Microbial electrochemical cells including microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are novel biotechnological tools that can convert organic substances in wastewater or biomass into electricity or hydrogen. Electroactive microbial biofilms used in this technology have ability to transfer electrons from organic compounds to anodes. Evaluation of biofilm formation on anode is crucial for enhancing our understanding of hydrogen generation in terms of substrate utilization by microorganisms. In this study, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were analyzed for hydrogen generation using single chamber membrane-free MECs (17 mL), and anode biofilms were also examined. MECs were inoculated with mixed bacterial culture enriched using chloroethane sulphonate. Hydrogen was succesfully produced in the presence of HMF, but not furfural. MECs generated similar current densities (5.9 and 6 mA/cm2 furfural and HMF, respectively). Biofilm samples obtained on the 24th and 40th day of cultivation using aromatic compounds were evaluated by using epi-fluorescent microscope. Our results show a correlation between biofilm density and hydrogen generation in single chamber MECs.

Expression of Egfl7 and miRNA-126-5p in Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Neoangiogenesis inside the atherosclerotic plaques has been linked to progression of the disease. Egfl7, a key player in adult angiogenesis, was found to be upregulated in response to vascular injury in rats. Egfl7 encodes for miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p. Specific information about miRNA-126-5p and its expression in cardiovascular disease is scarce in comparison to that of miR-126-3p. OBJECTIVES: A gene expression study was conducted to investigate the levels of Egfl7 and miRNA126-5p in human carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques aiming to gain a better understanding of the role of neoangiogenesis within plaques and the mechanisms causing atherosclerosis progression. METHODS: Egfl7 and miR-126-5p levels were studied in 14 plaque samples and 14 control samples using real-time PCR. The fold change between the carotid artery plaque tissue and control tissue was calculated using the 2(-ΔΔCT) method. RESULTS: Egfl7 was upregulated in the 11 plaque samples compared to controls, while expression levels of miR-126-5p was higher in eight of the plaque samples and lower in six as compared to control samples. Upregulation of miR-126-5p expression was correlated with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the upregulation of Egfl7 promotes neoangiogenesis within the plaques, contributing to disease progression.

Suppression of methanogenesis for hydrogen production in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells using various antibiotics.

Methanogens can utilize the hydrogen produced in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), thereby decreasing the hydrogen generation efficiency. However, various antibiotics have previously been shown to inhibit methanogenesis. In the present study antibiotics, including neomycin sulfate, 2-bromoethane sulfonate, 2-chloroethane sulfonate, 8-aza-hypoxanthine, were examined to determine if hydrogen production could be improved through inhibition of methanogenesis but not hydrogen production in MECs. 1.1mM neomycin sulfate inhibited both methane and hydrogen production while 2-chloroethane sulfonate (20mM), 2-bromoethane sulfonate (20mM), and 8-aza-hypoxanthine (3.6mM) can inhibited methane generation and with concurrent increases in hydrogen production. Our results indicated that adding select antibiotics to the mixed species community in MECs could be a suitable method to enhance hydrogen production efficiency.

Olive mill wastewater treatment in single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cells.

Olive mill wastewaters create significant environmental issues in olive-processing countries. One of the most hazardous groups of pollutants in these wastewaters is phenolic compounds. Here, olive mill wastewater was used as substrate and treated in single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cells. Olive mill wastewater yielded a maximum voltage of 381 mV on an external resistance of 1 kΩ. Notable decreases in the contents of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, tyrosol, gallic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected. Chemical oxygen demand removal rates were 65 % while removal of total phenolics by the process was lower (49 %). Microbial community analysis during the olive mill wastewater treating MFC has shown that both exoelectrogenic and phenol-degrading microorganisms have been enriched during the operation. Brevundimonas-, Sphingomonas- and Novosphingobium-related phylotypes were enriched on the anode biofilm, while Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteriodetes dominated the cathode biofilm. As one of the novel studies, it has been demonstrated that recalcitrant olive mill wastewaters could be treated and utilized for power generation in microbial fuel cells.

Efficacy of single-chamber microbial fuel cells for removal of cadmium and zinc with simultaneous electricity production.

Simultaneous high power generation (3.6 W/m(2)) and high Cd (90%) and Zn (97%) removal efficiencies were demonstrated in a single chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC). The maximum tolerable concentrations (MTCs) were estimated as 200 µM for Cd and 400 µM for Zn. Increasing the concentrations of Cd to 300 µM and Zn to 500 µM resulted in voltage drops by 71 and 74%, respectively. Feeding the MFCs with incrementally increased Cd and Zn concentrations resulted in much slower reduction in voltage output. Biosorption and sulfides precipitation are the major mechanisms for the heavy metal removal in the MFCs.

Study of azo dye decolorization and determination of cathode microorganism profile in air-cathode microbial fuel cells.

Five textile azo dyes, as part of an artificial mixture, were treated in single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cells while simultaneously utilizing acetate for electricity production. Remazol Black, Remazol Brilliant Blue, Remazol Turquoise Blue, Reactive Yellow and Reactive Red at concentrations of 40 or 80 mg L(-1) were decolorized to a similar extent, at averages of 78, 95, 53, 93 and 74%, respectively, in 24 hours. During the process of decolorization, electricity generation from acetate oxidation continued. Power densities obtained in the presence of textile dyes ranged from 347 to 521 mW m(-2) at the current density range of 0.071 - 0.086 mA cm(-2). Microbial community analyses of cathode biofilm exhibited dynamic changes in abundant species following dye decolorization. Upon the addition of the first dye, a major change (63%) in microbial diversity was observed; however, subsequent addition of other dyes did not affect the community profile significantly. Actinobacteria, Aquamicrobium, Mesorhizobium, Ochrobactrum, Thauera, Paracoccus, Achromobacter and Chelatacoccus affiliated phylotypes were the major phylotypes detected. Our results demonstrate that microbial fuel cells could be a promising alternative for treatment of textile wastewaters and an active bacterial community can rapidly be established for simultaneous azo dye decolorization and sustainable electricity generation.

Electricity generation in single-chamber microbial fuel cells using a carbon source sampled from anaerobic reactors utilizing grass silage.

Production of electricity from samples obtained during anaerobic digestion of grass silage was examined using single-chamber air-cathode mediator-less microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The samples were obtained from anaerobic reactors at start-up conditions after 3 and 10 days of operation under psychrophilic (15 °C) and mesophilic (37 °C) temperatures. Electricity was directly produced from all samples at a concentration of 1500 mg CODL(-1). Power density obtained from the samples, as a sole carbon source, ranged from 56 ± 3 Wm(-3) to 31 ± 1 Wm(-3) for the mesophilic and psychrophilic samples, respectively. Coulombic efficiencies ranged from 18 ± 1% to 12 ± 1% for the same samples. The relationship between the maximum voltage output and initial COD concentration appeared to follow saturation kinetics at the external resistance of 217 Ω. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 90% and total phenolics removal was in the range of 30-75% for all samples tested, with a standard amount of 60 mg L(-1) total phenolics removed for every sample. Our results indicate that generating electricity from solution samples of anaerobic reactors utilizing grass silage is possible, opening the possibility for combination of anaerobic digestion with MFC technology for energy generation.