Oral Mucosa and Saliva Alterations Related to Vape.

OBJECTIVES: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarette, pod, and vape) are currently among the tobacco consumption of adolescents and young adults. The aim is to show oral mucosa and saliva alterations related to vape. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A vape-user patient, presenting a white plaque in the posterior region of the hard palate, underwent clinical examination, sialometry, pH evaluation, and excisional biopsy of the white lesion. Molecular changes in saliva and vape liquid were analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy. RESULTS: The histopathological analyses showed hyperparakeratosis without dysplasia. Formaldehyde, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbon species were identified in e-cig liquid by the FTIR. CONCLUSIONS: The use of vape may be related to the development of hyperkeratotic lesions in the oral mucosa as well as significantly modify the patient's salivary patterns as the vape liquid presents carcinogenic and cytotoxic components in its composition.

Evaluation of micronuclei, cytomorphometric and cytologic changes of the oral mucosa in hookah and cigarette smokers.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of hookah and cigarettes on the oral mucosa of smokers through the use of exfoliative cytology. STUDY DESIGN: Smear samples were collected by exfoliative cytology from the tongue of 33 hookah smokers, 22 cigarette smokers, and 30 non-smokers. The selected analyses include micronuclei (MN), metanuclear anomalies, epithelial maturation, and cytomorphology (nuclear area [NA], cytoplasmic area [CA], and NA/CA ratio). RESULTS: The largest differences observed for MN and metanuclear anomalies were between cigarette smokers and the control group (notably 1 MN P = .04; total cells with MN P = .039; total MN P = .042; karyorrhexis and binucleation, P = .0001). The hookah group, compared with the control group, showed the greatest differences for karyolysis (P = .0023), binucleation (P = .0003), and broken egg (P = .008). Significant differences were found between the smokers and the control groups regarding changes in the superficial cell without nucleus, perinuclear halo, vacuolization, color change, mucus, and keratohyalin granules. There was a significant increase in the NA and NA/CA ratio in the smoker groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a combined analysis of exfoliative cytology associated with other diagnostic methods is a useful tool for studying oral carcinogenesis. Hookah and cigarettes showed similar effects in terms of displaying substantial cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage.

Preliminary Findings on the Salivary Metabolome of Hookah and Cigarette Smokers.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary metabolomic profile of patients who habitually smoke hookah and cigarettes. The groups consisted of 33 regular and exclusive hookah smokers, 26 regular and exclusive cigarette smokers, and 30 nonsmokers. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for the measurement of salivary metabolites by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The MetaboAnalyst software was used for statistical analysis and evaluation of biomarkers. 11 smoking salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiving-operator curver criterion and threshold of 0.9. Xylitol and octadecanol were higher in cigarette smokers compared to controls; arabitol and maltose were higher in controls compared to cigarette smokers; octadecanol and tyramine were higher in hookah smokers compared to controls; phenylalanine was higher in controls compared to hookah smokers; and fructose, isocitric acid, glucuronic acid, tryptamine, maltose, tyramine, and 3-hydroxyisolvaleric acid were higher in hookah smokers compared to cigarettes smokers. Conclusions: The evaluation of the salivary metabolome of hookah smokers, showing separation between the groups, especially between the control versus hookah groups and cigarette versus hookah groups, and it seems to demonstrate that the use of hookah tobacco is more damaging to health.

Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

UNLABELLED: The burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition characterized by oral burning pain in the absence of clinical abnormalities and without established therapy. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in the management of BMS symptoms through a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients (34 women and four men, median age 62.9 years, range 36-78) were included and 31 completed the study. The patients were randomized into two cycles of treatment: one with alpha lipoic acid and one with placebo both administered in identical capsules. These cycles were separated by a washout period of 20 days. The oral symptoms and the treatment response were assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale before and after each cycle and the global perceived effect score, using a 5-point scale after each treatment cycle. RESULTS: The level of reduction on burning was significant for both treatments (paired t-test: P < 0.05; rp = 0.011; ral < 0.001). Considering the two cycles together, 22 patients reported at least some improvement after ALA use and 23 patients after placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of the oral assessment scores of the two cycles failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of ALA over placebo (t-test: P > 0.05; r = 0.75).

Síndrome de ardência bucal: estudo duplo cego cruzado placebo-controlado da efetividade do ácido alfa-lipóico sobre a sintomatologia e avaliação da função gustatória / Burning mouth syndrome: double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid and taste evaluation

A síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma condição crônica, caracterizada por sensação de ardor bucal sem alterações clinicamente detectáveis. Afeta predominantemente mulheres no período pós-menopausa e sua terapêutica ainda não está estabelecida. Pelo menos dois terços destes pacientes apresentam queixa subjetiva de disgeusia como sintoma secundário associado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade do ácido alfa lipóico, como alternativa terapêutica no controle dos sintomas da SAB, por meio de um estudo duplo-cego cruzado, placebo controlado. Foi realizada também uma investigação da função gustatória destes pacientes, pela aplicação de teste objetivo de reconhecimento dos quatro sabores básicos. Foram incluídos trinta e cinco pacientes (31 mulheres, 4 homens, média de idade 63,1 anos, variação 36-78 anos) e 31 pacientes completaram o estudo terapêutico. Os pacientes foram randomizados para dois ciclos de tratamento – um com ácido alfa lipóico e um com placebo, ambos administrados em cápsulas idênticas. Estes ciclos de tratamento foram separados por um período de “washout” de 20 dias. O sintoma de ardor bucal e a resposta terapêutica foram avaliadas utilizando uma escala visual de sintomatologia (EVS) numérica de 10 pontos antes...

The burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition caractherized by an oral burning sensation without clinical signs. Post menopausean women are mostly affected and the therapy is not stablished. Two thirds or more of these patients shown dysgeusia as a secondary associate complaint. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid in the management of burning mouth syndrome symptoms through a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. In addiction, a preliminary evaluation of taste function was performed by objective testto recognition of the four basic flavors. Thirty-five patients (31 women, 4 men, medianage 63.1 years, range 36-78) were included and 31 completed the therapeutic study. The patients were randomized for two cycles of treatment—one with alpha lipoic acid and one with placebo, both administered in identical capsules. These cycles were separated by a washout period of 20 days. The oral symptoms and the treatment response were assessed using a 10 point numerical visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after each cycle and the global perceived effect (GPE) score, using a 5-point scale at the end of each treatment cycle. The level of burning reduction assessed by VAS was significant for both treatments (31.15% with ALA treatment and 34.09% with placebo after first cycle and 12.55% for ALA and 28.09% for placebo after second cycle). Considering the results of GPE in the two cycles...

Burning mouth syndrome: clinical profile of Brazilian patients and oral carriage of Candida species.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral mucosa, notwithstanding its clinical normal aspect. BMS is particularly seen in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to investigate this syndrome on a clinical basis and, in addition, to analyze its possible relation to the frequency of Candida species. Thirty-one patients (28 women and 3 men; 13 Caucasians and 18 non-Caucasians; mean age = 61.3, range 30-85 years) were evaluated. Most patients (80.6%) were under long-term medication, antihypertensive, ansiolitic and antidepressant drugs being the most used. Burning mouth complaint was associated with other secondary oral complaints in 83.8% of the cases. Tongue was the most commonly affected site (70.9%), followed by the vermillion border of the lower lip (38.7%) and hard palate (32.2%). The association of the burning sensation with oral cancer (cancer phobia) was reported by 67.7% of the patients. Haematologic examination (hematocrit, haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose level) revealed 2 cases each of anemia and type 2 diabetes. Local factors, tooth extractions and dentures wearing, were associated with the onset of symptoms in 35.5% of the cases. Daily activities were changed as a consequence of BMS in 29% of the patients. Among the species of the genus Candida, C. albicans was the most frequent in BMS patients (9 - 29.03%) and controls (12 - 38.70%), followed respectively by C. parapsilosis (2 - 6.45% and 0 - 0%); C. tropicalis (1 - 3.22% and 2 - 6.45%); C. krusei and C. kefyr (1 - 3.22% and 0 - 0%). Therefore, such difference did not reach valuable results. In conclusion, these data were similar to those reported in other studies. The highlights of the present findings were the possible relation of BMS with chronic drug use, depression, menopause and cancer phobia. No association was found between BMS and the prevalence of Candida species.

Burning mouth syndrome: clinical profile of Brazilian patients and oral carriage of candida species

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral mucosa, notwithstanding its clinical normal aspect. BMS is particularly seen in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to investigate this syndrome on a clinical basis and, in addition, to analyze its possible relation to the frequency of Candida species. Thirty-one patients (28 women and 3 men; 13 Caucasians and 18 non-Caucasians; mean age = 61.3, range 30-85 years) were evaluated. Most patients (80.6 percent) were under long-term medication, antihypertensive, ansiolitic and antidepressant drugs being the most used. Burning mouth complaint was associated with other secondary oral complaints in 83.8 percent of the cases. Tongue was the most commonly affected site (70.9 percent), followed by the vermillion border of the lower lip (38.7 percent) and hard palate (32.2 percent). The association of the burning sensation with oral cancer (cancer phobia) was reported by 67.7 percent of the patients. Haematologic examination (hematocrit, haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose level) revealed 2 cases each of anemia and type 2 diabetes. Local factors, tooth extractions and dentures wearing, were associated with the onset of symptoms in 35.5 percent of the cases. Daily activities were changed as a consequence of BMS in 29 percent of the patients. Among the species of the genus Candida, C. albicans was the most frequent in BMS patients (9 - 29.03 percent) and controls (12 - 38.70 percent), followed respectively by C. parapsilosis (2 - 6.45 percent and 0 - 0 percent); C. tropicalis (1 - 3.22 percent and 2 - 6.45 percent); C. krusei and C. kefyr (1 - 3.22 percent and 0 - 0 percent). Therefore, such difference did not reach valuable results. In conclusion, these data were similar to those reported in other studies. The highlights of the present findings were the possible relation of BMS with chronic drug...

A Síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma doença complexa, de etiologia desconhecida. Caracteriza-se por uma sensação de queimação na mucosa bucal, não obstante seu aspecto clínico normal, sendo bastante freqüente em mulheres após a menopausa. O propósito deste estudo foi o de investigar a SAB em bases clínicas e, em adição, analisar sua possível relação com a freqüência de espécies do gênero Candida isoladas da cavidade bucal desses indivíduos. Foram estudados trinta e um pacientes, 28 mulheres e 3 homens, 13 caucasianos e 18 não caucasianos, média de idade 61,3 (faixa dos 30 - 85 anos). A maioria deles (80,6 por cento) estava sob medicação por longo período. Anti-hipertensivos, ansioliticos e antidepressivos foram as drogas mais utilizadas. A ardência bucal estava associada a outras queixas secundárias em 83,8 por cento dos pacientes. A língua foi o sítio mais afetado (70,9 por cento), seguida pelo vermelhão do lábio inferior (38,7 por cento) e palato duro (32,2 por cento). A associação de sensação de ardência com câncer bucal (cancerofobia) foi referida por 67,7 por cento dos pacientes. Exames hematológicos (hematócrito, hemoglobina e glicemia em jejum) revelaram dois casos cada, de anemia e diabetes tipo 2. Fatores locais, exodontias, e uso de próteses estavam associados com o conjunto de sintomas em 35,5 por cento dos casos. Foram referidas alterações importantes nas atividades cotidianas, em conseqüência da SAB, em 29 por cento dos pacientes. Leveduras do gênero Candida foram isoladas da cavidade bucal de 45,16 por cento dos indivíduos com SAB e igualmente do grupo-controle, não constituindo dado qualitativamente importante. Dentre as espécies do Gênero Candida, C. albicans foi a mais freqüente (9 - 29,03 por cento e 12 - 38,70 por cento), seguida de C. parapsilosis (2 - 6,45 por cento e 0 - 0 por cento), C. tropicalis (1 - 3,22 por cento e 2 - 6,45 por cento), C. krusei e C. kefyr (1 - 3,22 por cento e 0 - 0 por cento). Em conclusão, nossos...