Structural and optical properties of nanostructure CdZnO films.

CdZnO thin films with different ratio of CdO and ZnO (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were grown on glass substrate using sol-gel spin coating method. The morphology of the CdZnO films depends on the amount of ZnO and CdO in the films. The optical band gap of the CdZnO films depends on the compositions of CdO and ZnO. Films having higher amount of CdO shows the presence of grains along with the fiber nature of ZnO, whereas the film with lower percentage of CdO shows fiber nature of the film very similar to pure ZnO film. The optical bandgap of CdZnO (3:1), CdZnO (1:1), and CdZnO (1:3) films was calculated to be 2.80, 2.49, and 2.52 eV, respectively. Other optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constants were calculated using the optical data. The volume and surface energy loss functions were also calculated and observed to increase with increase in the photon energy.

Effects of (+)SKF 10047, a sigma-1 selective agonist, on isolation-induced aggression in male mice.

sigma-1 Receptors have been identified in numerous brain regions, including areas such as hypothalamus and amygdala, which have long been linked to the regulation of aggression. However, there is no clear information with respect to the possible effects of sigma-1 ligands on aggressive behavior in laboratory animals. Consequently, the present study examined the effects of (+)SKF 10047 (0.5-6 mg/kg, i.p.), a sigma-1 prototypical agonist, on isolation-induced aggression in male mice, using an ethopharmacological approach. Individually housed mice were exposed to anosmic "standard opponents" 30 min after drug administration. Ten minutes of diadic interactions were staged between a singly housed and an anosmic mouse in a neutral area. The encounters were videotaped, and the accumulated time allocated by subjects to 10 broad behavioral categories was estimated using an ethologically based analysis. Results showed that (+)SKF 10047 (6 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction of offensive behaviors, without affecting immobility. Social investigation behaviors were also slightly increased after drug treatment (2-6 mg/kg). These results suggest a role for sigma-1 receptors in aggression modulation in mice.

Tratamiento farmacológico de las afasias / Pharmacological treatment of aphasias

Estudios recientes sugieren que la utilización de determinados psicofármacos, en combinación con terapia comportamental, puede ser de utilidad en la rehabilitación de las afasias, para acelerar la recuperación del lenguaje. En este artículo presentamos una revisión actualizada del tratamiento farmacológico de las afasias, centrada en las investigaciones con los compuestos sobre los que hay mayor evidencia clínica: bromocriptina, anfetaminas, donepezilo y piracetam

Recent studies suggest that the use of certain psychotropic drugs in combination with behavior therapy can be useful in the treatment of aphasia, accelerating language recuperation. We provide an update of pharmacological treatments for aphasia, focusing on the compounds for which there is greatest clinical evidence: bromocriptine, amphetamines, donepezil and piracetam

Interacción óxido nítrico-dopamina: estudios farmacológicos y conductuales / Nitric oxide-dopamine interaction: pharmacological and behavioral studies

El óxido nítrico es una sustancia gaseosa de amplia difusión que presenta un mecanismo de acción único, capaz de afectar a numerosas células cercanas. Este gas desempeña un papel clave como neuromodulador. La evidencia experimental señala que entre los sistemas del óxido nítrico y dopaminérgico se produce una interacción, que ha sido objeto de un abundante número de investigaciones, principalmente en el cuerpo estriado. Los estudios conductuales indican la presencia de una interacción entre el sistema dopaminérgico y el óxido nítrico en el control del comportamiento motor. Los mecanismos mediante los cuales se produce esta interacción y sus resultados parecen depender de varios factores, entre ellos las condiciones del tejido, pero numerosos trabajos sugieren que, en condiciones fisiológicas, la transmisión dopaminérgica modula en algunas regiones la actividad óxido nítrico sintasa, y que el óxido nítrico regula la transmisión dopaminérgica, facilitándola. En este artículo se revisan los datos disponibles acerca de la interacción del óxido nítrico con el sistema dopaminérgico, los mecanismos propuestos a través de los cuales el óxido nítrico modula la liberación de dopamina y los trabajos conductuales que han puesto de manifiesto esta interacción

Nitric oxide is a widely diffused gaseous substance that presents a unique mechanism of action, capable of affecting numerous nearby cells. This gas plays a key role as a neuromodulator. Experimental evidence indicates that an interaction is produced between nitric oxide and dopaminergic systems, which has been the object of numerous investigations, mainly in the corpus striatum. Behavioral studies indicate that there is an interaction between the dopaminergic system and nitric oxide in the control of motor behavior. The mechanisms through which this interaction is produced and its results seem to depend on various factors, among them the tissular conditions, but several studies suggest that in physiological conditions dopaminergic transmission modulates nitric oxide synthase activity in some regions and that nitric oxide regulates dopaminergic transmission, facilitating it. The present article reviews the available data on the interaction between nitric oxide and the dopaminergic system, the proposed mechanisms through which nitric oxide modulates dopamine release and the behavioral studies which have reported this interaction

Efectos conductuales y potencial terapéutico de los ligandos del receptor sigma1 / Behavioral effects and therapeutic potential od sigma1 receptor ligands

No disponible

Perfil farmacológico de los receptores Sigma / Pharmacological profile of Sigma receptors

No disponible

Tratamiento psicofarmacólogico de la dependencia a la cocaína / Psychopharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence

No disponible

Tratamiento psicofarmacológico del juego patológico / Psychopharmacological treatment of ludopathy

No disponible

Dopamina, vigilia y sueño / No disponible

Objetivo. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de los estudios que a lo largo de más de tres décadas han analizado el papel de la transmisión dopaminérgica en el ciclo sueño-vigilia. Desarrollo. La manipulación farmacológica de los distintos receptores dopaminérgicos, y de la síntesism transporte y metabolización del transmisor parecen indicar que la dopamina tiene una efecto facilitador de la vigilia. Sion embargo, los estudios electrofisiológicos y de microdiálisis no han observado variaciones en la tasa de disparo o en los niveles del transmisor a lo largo del ciclo vigilia-sueño, aunque estos resultados están siendo reconsiderados. La posible interacción de la dopamina con otros sistemas de neurotransmisión está siendo igualmente abordada. Los estudios de privación de sueño indican que se produce sensibilización de la transmisión dopaminérgica, aumentando la densidad de receptores D1 y D2 en diversas estructuras cerebrales. La investigación clínica ha aportado también numerosos datos, observándose la importancia de la integridad del sistema dopaminérgico para el desarrollo normal del sueño. Discusión y conclusiones. En este sentido, se analizan las alteraciones del sueño vinculadas a la transmisión dopaminérgica que se producen en el enfermedad de Parkinson, esquizofrenia, depresión, narcolepsia, síndrome de piernas inquietas y movimientos periódicos de las piernas (AU)

Objective. In this paper a review of the studies that have analised the role of dopaminergic transmission on the sleep-wake cycle over the last three decades is carried out. Issues. Pharmacological manipulation of the different dopaminergic receptor, and of the synthesis, transport and metabolization of the transmitter seems to indicate that dopamine shows a waking facilitatory effect. However, electrophysiological and microdyalisis studies have not shown any variation on the rate of discharge, neither on the concentrations of the transmitter, although these findings are being reconsidered. Possible interactions between dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems are also described. Sleep deprivation studies show sensitization of dopaminergic transmission, increasing D1 and D2 receptors density in diverse brain structures. Clinic research has also added many data, showing the importance of the integrity of the dopaminergic system for the normal sleep performance. Discussion and conclusion. In this sense, sleep alterations related to dopaminergic transmission that are present in Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, depression, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome and periodic legs movements disorders are analised (AU)

Papel del sistema de la hipocretina/orexina en la regulación del sueño / Role of the hipocretin/orexin system in sleep regulation

No disponible

Óxido, nítrico, vigilia y sueño / Nitric, oxide, sleep and wakefulness

El óxido nítrico (ON) es un neuromodulador ampliamente distribuido en el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Es sintetizado por las óxido nítrico sintasas, enzimas que convierten el aminoácido L-arginina en L-citrulina y óxido nítrico. Desde su descubrimiento, numerosos estudios han analizado la implicación del ON en una gran variedad de procesos fisiológicos y patológicos. Aunque en los últimos años se han publicado numerosas investigaciones que sugieren un importante papel regulador del ON en el ciclo sueño/vigilia, los resultados no siempre son consistentes. En este sentido, se ha observado: (a) que el ON podría constituir una sustancia vigilantígena, con un papel excitatorio sobre la vigilia posiblemente explicado por la modulación de la transmisión excitatoria; (b) que el ON podría tener una función hipnógenica, facilitando la liberación de acetilcolina y la generación y mantenimiento del sueño paradójico; (c) que el ON podría estar involucrado en la generación de las oscilaciones tálamo- corticales y del ritmo theta. Las discrepancias en los resultados observados pueden estar asociadas al uso de diferentes sustancias farmacológicas, variaciones en las dosis, vías, y periodo administración (luz vs oscuridad), junto a las propias características del ON (AU)

Attitudes toward animal research among psychology students in Spain.

Animal research plays a central role in psychology, and its use, prevalence and quality depends on the attitudes of students who enter psychology in Spain. Attitudes among psychology students about the use of laboratory animals are not known, so the aim of this work was to analyze the attitudes of Spanish psychology students toward animal research. An attitude questionnaire of 15 items was given to 661 undergraduate students of the School of Psychology at the University of Málaga, Spain. Several results were found: (a) 65.7% of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed with animal research. General support for animal research was significantly higher by men than by women. (b) Support for animal research was higher for senior students, suggesting that the psychology curriculum or self-selection to remain in the program might influence students' attitudes. (c) Attitudes toward animal research were similar among students independent of the type of animal being used for research in biological or psychological studies. (d) 58% considered that laboratory animals never or almost never are inappropriately handled. (c) 55.6% indicated that research in psychology on animals could be generalized to humans. Overall, these results suggest that among Spanish psychology students animals research is considered important for the advancement of the science. Likewise, a majority of students displayed positive attitudes toward animal research.

Immunology of dermatophytosis. Experimental study.

By causing experimental lesions of dermatophytosis in rabbits inoculated and reinoculated with T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum and T. rubrum a study was carried out of the state of cellular immunity response, during infection, and also of the antigens responsible for the sensitization. Cellular immunity response was detected using the leucocyte migration test (L.M.T.) in the presence of antigenic compounds of the 'Keratinase' of Eleuterio et al.

[Experimental dermatomycosis, a clinico-pathological study]. / Dermatomycose experimental, étude clinico-pathologique.

Using rabbits, we have studied the effect of reinfection of T. mentagrophytes var granulosum and T. rubrum into lesions that were previously infected and resolved. Clinical mycological and histopathological studies were done for 16 weeks. Timentagrophytes produced a more severe infection than T. rubrum. The clinical lesions produced by reinoculation were less intense and long lasting.