A 12-Week Ballroom Dance Training Improves Physical Fitness Performance More Than Walking Training in Older Women, Regardless of Vitamin B12 or D Adequacy.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the effects of Ballroom Dancing (BD) versus Walking Training (WT) on the physical fitness performance in physically independent older women with adequate or inadequate levels of vitamins B12 and D. METHODS: Forty-three sedentary women aged 68.5 ± 6.5 years, were allocated to the BD (n = 23) or WT (n = 20) groups. They took part in a 12-week intervention, performed 3 times a week, for about 50 minutes with moderate effort intensity. Data were collected through Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), 6 minutes Walk Test (6MWT), Hand Grip Test (HGT), Isokinetic tests for lower limbs and blood tests to detect serum levels of vitamins B12 and D. RESULTS: The BD group performed better after the intervention in relation to the WT in the Sit and Stand Test (SST) (BD pre = 3.1 score vs post = 3.8 score; WT pre = 2.8 score vs post = 3.4 score; P = .02) and in the Peak Torque 180° extension (PKTOQ 180° extension) (BD pre = 56.7 Nm vs post = 61.2 Nm, WT pre = 56.7 Nm vs post = 56.1; P < .01). CONCLUSION: A time effect was observed in all other variables, with the exception of HGT. Both interventions improved physical fitness performance, regardless of the adequacy of vitamins B12 and D, but the older women from BD obtained significant improvements in more variables than the WT.

Clustering of Obesogenic Behaviors Associated With Bullying Roles Among 100,794 Adolescents.

Obesogenic behaviors have been individually associated with bullying during adolescence. However, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet manifest themselves in synergy and even behavioral profiles in which positive and negative behaviors coexist can be more positively associated with psychosocial outcomes. The present study aimed to analyze the association between clusters of obesogenic behaviors and different bullying roles in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Brazilian School-based Health Survey-PENSE, 2015. A total of 100,794 male and female adolescents of the ninth-grade elementary school participated in the study. Students responded to an electronic questionnaire. Clusters of obesogenic behavior consisted of physical activity, exposure to sedentary behavior, and diet, and the different roles in bullying were: participant, victim, bully, and bully-victim. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used for data analysis (p < .05). Multiple adjustments and complex sampling procedures were employed. Adolescents in the cluster "Health-promoting sedentary behavior and Diet" had reduced chances of participating in bullying (odds ration [OR] = 0.70; 95% CI [0.64, 0.76]), of being a victim (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.76-0.99), and being the bully (OR = 0.65; 95% CI [0.59, 0.71]); and those from the cluster "Health-promoting physical activity and Diet" had reduced chances of participating (OR = 0.81; 95% CI [0.76, 0.87]), being a victim of bullying (OR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.76, 0.98]), being the bully (OR = 0.79; 95% CI [0.72, 0.85]), and being a bully-victim (OR = 0.74; 95% CI [0.61, 0.90]), when compared to those from the "health-risk" cluster in the adjusted analysis. Clusters of obesogenic behavior may reduce adolescent bullying: victim, bully, and bully-victim benefit when exposed to healthier behavioral profiles. The school setting must recognize bullying as a problem and therefore simultaneously promote multi-component interventions to tackle physical activity, sedentary behavior, and eating behavior. Outcomes other than obesity should be acknowledged when promoting obesogenic behaviors.

Association between cognitive performance and sarcopenic obesity in older adults with Alzheimer's disease.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO), the co-occurrence of sarcopenia and obesity, is associated with functional loss, frailty, and incapacity in older adults. Recently, SO was associated with reduced cognitive performance in adults. However, no SO studies have been done with older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of SO and associated factors in 43 older adults with AD. Methods: We applied the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). SO was verified by using dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry. Results: We found five women with SO. Women had higher body fat and lower muscle mass compared with men. There was a significant relationship between body fat and cognitive performance only in men (r=0.65; p<0.01) adjusted by age and education. Men with obesity and aged >75 years had better cognitive performance compared with non-obese men aged <75 years (p=0.010) and women with obesity aged >75 years (p=0.033). Conclusions: Women with AD had higher body fat and lower muscle mass than men. SO occurs in older women with AD. Men with higher body fat showed better cognitive performance, independent of age and education.

A obesidade sarcopênica (SO), coocorrência de sarcopenia e obesidade, está associada à perda funcional, à fragilidade e à incapacidade em idosos. Recentemente, verificou-se que a SO está associada ao desempenho cognitivo reduzido em adultos. No entanto, não foram feitos estudos de SO em idosos com doença de Alzheimer (AD). Objetivo: Verificar a ocorrência de obesidade sarcopênica e fatores associados em 43 adultos idosos com doença de Alzheimer. Métodos: Aplicamos o miniexame do estado mental (MEEM) e a avaliação clínica da demência (CDR). A SO foi verificada utilizando a absorciometria de dupla emissão de raios X. Resultados: Foram classificadas cinco idosas com SO. As mulheres idosas tinham maior gordura corporal e menor massa muscular em comparação com os homens. Houve relação significativa, ajustada por idade e educação, entre gordura corporal e desempenho cognitivo apenas nos homens (r=0,65; p<0,01). Os homens com obesidade e com mais de 75 anos tiveram melhor desempenho cognitivo em comparação com os homens não obesos <75 anos (p=0,010) e com as mulheres com obesidade >75 anos (p=0,033). Conclusões: As mulheres com AD tinham maior gordura corporal e menor massa muscular do que os homens. A SO ocorreu em mulheres mais velhas com AD. Os homens com maior gordura corporal apresentaram melhor desempenho cognitivo, independentemente da idade e da educação.

Age and Sex-Related Associations between Marital Status, Physical Activity and TV Time.

Marital status mediates an association between physical activity (PA) and TV time with health outcomes. However, population-based studies have revealed that the health effect of marriage or divorce is age-dependent and differs between women and men. The study aimed to identify the age and sex-related associations between marital status with PA and TV time. We used data from Vigitel, an annual telephone survey started in 2006 in Brazil. We applied a complex sample logistic regression model to estimate the odds for PA and TV time comparing marital statuses according to age and sex subgroups, independent of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, self-assessed poor health, and smoking. Our sample included 561,837 individuals from 18 to 99 years, with a TV time > 3 h/day (prevalence = 25.2%) and PA > 150 min/week (prevalence = 35%). Later, we divided our sample in seven age groups by marital status and sex. Compared to single individuals, married men and women were less likely to watch TV more than 3 h/day in participants >30 years old. When compared to single, married participants were less likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week at younger age groups. Married women older than 40 years were more likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week than the single ones, while there were no differences among married men by age group. In conclusion, our study suggests that the investments in public policies to encourage the practice of PA and reduction of TV time could be based on the marital status, sex, and age, prioritizing less active groups.

Formação em educação física no contexto de saúde pública nos melhores cursos do Brasil / The formation of physical education in public health in the best courses in Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi revisar projetos pedagógicos (PP) para identificar a formação do profissional de Educação Física (PEF) (Bacharelado) no contexto de Saúde Pública nos melhores cursos do Brasil. Foram selecionados os 10 melhores cursos de graduação em EF ranqueados em dois sistemas de avaliações nacionais (Exame Nacional de Desempenho na Educação e Ranking Universitário Folha) e as 10 melhores Universidades num ranking internacional (QS World University Rankings). Mediante revisão rápida foram extraídas informações dos PPs de 18 cursos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Trinta e seis disciplinas no contexto de Saúde Pública foram localizadas nas grades curriculares. Em relação a carga horária média menos de 1% da grade eletiva dos cursos era dedicada a disciplinas sobre Saúde Pública. O estudo revelou um cenário de formação de Bacharéis em EF distante do crescimento que a área demonstrou no campo da Saúde Pública nos últimos anos. É importante que os cursos de graduação em EF considerem uma formação específica no contexto da Saúde Pública, de modo a favorecer a consolidação da atuação do PEF e a qualidade do seu serviço na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to review pedagogical projects (PP) to identify the formation of the Physical Education professionals (PEF) in the context of Public Health in the best courses in Brazil. Methods: The 10 best PE undergraduate courses ranked in two national assessment systems were selected (National Education Performance Examination and Folha University Ranking) and the 10 best Universities in an international ranking (QS World University Rankings). Through a quick review, information was extracted from the PPs of 18 courses that met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six subjects in the context of public health were located in the curricula. Regarding the average workload, less than 1% of the elective course schedule was dedicated to subjects on Public Health. The study revealed a scenario for the formation of Bachelors in PE far from the growth that the area has shown in the field of Public Health in recent years. It is important that PE undergraduate courses consider specific training in the context of Public Health, in order to favor the consolidation of the PEF's performance and the quality of its service in Primary Health Care.

Characterization of Reproductive and Morphological Variables in Female Elite Futsal Players.

We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women's Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training (i.e., volume and frequency). Subsequently, anthropometric measurements (i.e., body mass, height, circumferences, diameters, and skinfold thickness) were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics (e.g., somatotype). Fifty-nine (53.2%) players were postmenarche-trained and 52 (46.8%) were premenarche-trained. Eighteen (16.2%), 65 (58.6%), and 28 (25.2%) were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 (9.6%) and 1 (0.9%) had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three (69.5%), 23 (21.9%), and 9 (8.6%) reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as "normal," presented "regular" menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Effects of a multimodal physical exercise program on physical and mental health indicators in males with substance use disorder / Efeitos de um programa multimodal de exercícios físicos na saúde física e mental em homens com dependência química

INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorder (SUD) is seen as a serious and growing public safety and health problem worldwide. Long-term sequelae may involve permanent damage to physical fitness, body balance, and coordination skills, with a severe motor, functional, and emotional consequences. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effect of 16 sessions of a multimodal physical exercise program on physical fitness, body balance, and internalized stigma of inpatients for the treatment of Substance use disorder. METHODS: Forty-three males with Substance use disorder (aged 33.9±12.4 years) were divided into an Intervention Group (IG, n=21) and Control Group (CG, n=22). The IG was submitted to eight weeks of training with physical exercises. Participants were submitted to the evaluation of internalized stigma, body balance, agility, and flexibility, before and after the intervention period. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in physical fitness (agility, p=0.001) and body balance variables (center of pressure path with closed eyes, p=0.050, and ellipse area with closed eyes, p=0.031). The time of substance use correlated with lower performance in agility and body balance tests. CONCLUSION: The data seem to support the potential benefit of physical exercise as an adjunct in Substance use disorder rehabilitation process, particularly for physical fitness and body balance variables.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dependência química (DQ) é vista como um problema grave e crescente de saúde e segurança pública ao redor do mundo. As sequelas a longo prazo podem envolver prejuízos à aptidão física, equilíbrio corporal e capacidades coordenativas, com consequências motoras, funcionais e emocionais severas. OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito de 16 sessões de um programa multimodal de exercícios físicos na aptidão física, equilíbrio corporal e estigma internalizado em pacientes internados para o tratamento de dependência química. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 43 homens com dependência química (idade 33,9±12,4 anos), divididos em Grupo Intervenção (GI, n=21) e Grupo Controle (GC, n=22). O GI foi submetido a oito semanas de treinamento com exercícios físicos. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação do estigma internalizado, equilíbrio corporal, agilidade e flexibilidade, antes e após o período de intervenção. RESULTADOS: Resultados positivos foram observados na aptidão física (agilidade, p=0,001) e variáveis do equilíbrio corporal (centro de pressão com os olhos fechados, p=0,050, e área da elipse com os olhos fechados, p=0,031). O tempo de uso de substância correlacionou-se com os piores desempenhos nos testes de agilidade e equilíbrio corporal. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados parecem corroborar os potenciais benefícios do exercício físico como um adjuvante no processo de reabilitação da dependência química, particularmente para as variáveis da aptidão física e equilíbrio corporal.

Social-Ecological Correlates of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity Practice among Adults.

This study calculated the exposure-response rates of social-ecological correlates of practicing regular (>150 min/week) leisure-time physical activity (PA) in 393,648 adults from the 27 Brazilian state capitals who participated in a national survey between 2006 and 2016. Regular PA encouraging factors were inputted into an exposure-response model. Growth rates for the odds ratio and prevalence of regular PA were calculated for each increase of one encouraging factor. Regular PA was reported by 22% of the participants (25% of men and 20% of women). More than 40% of men and 30% of women with higher intra-personal encouraging conditions reported practicing regular PA. There was a 3% (ages 18-32 years) to 5% (ages 46-60 years) increase in regular PA practice in men for each increase in an encouraging climate factor (temperature from 21 °C to 31 °C, humidity from 65% to 85%, 2430 to 3250 h of sun/year, and from 1560 to 1910 mm of rain/year). Encouraging intra-personal factors and favorable climate conditions had larger effects on regular PA practice than the built environment and socio-political conditions; the latter two had independent effects, but did not have a cumulative effect on PA.

Relative age in female futsal athletes: implications on anthropometric profile and starter status / Idade relativa em atletas de futsal feminino: implicações no perfil antropométrico e titularidade / Edad relativa en atletas de futsal femenino: implicaciones en el perfil antropométrico y titularidad

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evidence suggests that a higher distribution of elite athletes have birth dates in the first few months of the year. However, the advantages of birth month on performance related to starter status, structure and body composition in female futsal (5-a-side football played on a hard court, mainly indoors), are unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of relative age (ERA) on competitive female futsal athletes, and its influence on anthropometric profile and starter status. Methods: One hundred and fifteen athletes, participants in the 20th Brazilian Cup of Adult Futsal Clubs, special division, were submitted to measurements of body mass, height, skinfold thickness, body perimeters and bone diameters, in order to characterize the anthropometric profile and determine the body somatotype. The athletes were distributed in semesters and quartiles of the months of the year, according to their birth dates. Differences in the distribution of expected and observed birth dates were tested using Chi-square tests (χ2). Comparisons between semesters and birth quartiles were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: There was no ERA in distribution (p=0.248), anthropometric profile (p=0.872 to 0.912), or starter status between athletes born from January to June (p=0.352) and those born between July and December (p=0.744). On the other hand, those born in the first months of the year showed longer practice times than those born in the latter months of the year. Conclusion: Although the ERA in this study reveals longer practice times favoring female futsal athletes born in the first quartile of the year, it did not influence the starter status, the distribution in the teams, or any advantage in anthropometric profile. Level of evidence III, Case-Control Study.

RESUMO Introdução: Evidências sugerem maior distribuição de atletas de elite com data de nascimento nos primeiros meses do ano. Entretanto, as vantagens que o mês de nascimento exerce no desempenho relacionado à titularidade, estrutura e composição corporal no futsal feminino são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da idade relativa (EIR) em atletas de futsal feminino competitivo e sua influência no perfil antropométrico e na titularidade. Métodos: Cento e quinze atletas, participantes da XX Taça Brasil de Clubes de Futsal Feminino Adulto, divisão especial, foram submetidas a medidas de massa corporal, estatura, espessuras de dobras cutâneas, perímetros corporais e diâmetros ósseos, a fim de caracterizar o perfil antropométrico e determinar o somatotipo corporal. As atletas foram distribuídas em semestres e quartis dos meses do ano, de acordo com suas datas de nascimento. Diferenças na distribuição das datas de nascimento esperadas e observadas foram comparadas utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). As comparações entre os semestres e os quartis de nascimento foram realizadas utilizando os testes paramétricos e não paramétricos. Resultados: Não houve EIR na distribuição (p=0,248), no perfil antropométrico (p=0,872 a 0,912) ou na titularidade entre as atletas nascidas de janeiro a junho (p=0,352) e as nascidas entre julho a dezembro (p=0,744). Por outro lado, as atletas nascidas nos primeiros meses do ano demonstraram maior tempo de prática do que as nascidas nos últimos meses do ano. Conclusão: Apesar do EIR neste estudo revelar maior tempo de prática favorecendo atletas de futsal feminino nascidas no primeiro trimestre do ano, não influenciou a condição de titular, a distribuição nas equipes, ou qualquer vantagem no perfil antropométrico. Nível de evidência III, Estudo Caso-Controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Evidencias sugieren mayor distribución de atletas de élite con fecha de nacimiento en los primeros meses del año. Entretanto, las ventajas que el mes de nacimiento ejerce sobre el desempeño relacionado a la titularidad, estructura y composición corporal en el futsal femenino son desconocidas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la edad relativa (EER) en atletas de futsal femenino competitivo y su influencia en el perfil antropométrico y en la titularidad. Métodos: Ciento quince atletas, participantes de la XX Copa Brasil de Clubes de Futsal Femenino Adulto, división especial, fueron sometidas a medición de masa corporal, estatura, espesores de los pliegues cutáneos, perímetros corporales y diámetros óseos, a fin de caracterizar el perfil antropométrico y determinar el somatotipo corporal. Las atletas fueron distribuidas en semestres y cuartiles de los meses del año, de acuerdo con sus fechas de nacimiento. Las diferencias en la distribución de las fechas de nacimiento esperadas y observadas fueron probadas usando el test de chi cuadrado (χ2). Las comparaciones entre los semestres y los cuartiles de nacimiento realizadas usando tests paramétricos y no paramétricos. Resultados: No hubo EER en la distribución (p = 0,248), en el perfil antropométrico (p = 0,872 a 0,912) o en la titularidad entre atletas nacidas de enero a junio (p = 0,352) y las nacidas entre julio a diciembre (p = 0,744). Por otro lado, las atletas nacidas en los primeros meses del año demostraron mayor tiempo de práctica que las nacidas en los últimos meses del año. Conclusión: Aunque el EER en este estudio revela un tiempo de práctica más prolongado que favorece a las atletas de futsal femenino nacidas en el primer trimestre del año, no influyó en la posición inicial, la distribución en los equipos ni ninguna ventaja en el perfil antropométrico. Nivel de evidencia III, Estudio Caso-Control.

Comparison between two generations to verify the morphological changes in female futsal athletes in a period of 10 years / Comparação entre duas gerações para verificar as alterações morfológicas em atletas de futsal feminino em um período de 10 anos

Abstract The aim was to compare two generations to verify the morphological changes in female futsal athletes. Age, years of playing, anthropometry measurements, percentage body fat and somatotype were compared between professional athletes in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n=115). The 2011 group revealed a significant longer practice time (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.7±3.5 years; p<0.001), higher thigh skinfold (26.1±8.5 vs. 22.5±6.7 mm; p<0.001), circumference of tensed forearm (27.4±2.1 vs. 26.7±2.1 cm; p=0.007), mesomorphy (4.1 vs. 3.3; p=0.001) and lower supraspinale skinfold (14.0±5.0 vs. 19.1±7.4 mm; p<0.001), trunk/extremity relationship (0.8±0.3 vs. 1.1±0.1; p<0.001) and endomorphy (4.5 vs. 5.0; p=0.009) than those of the 2001 athletes. Comparison in playing positions revealed that the 2011 goalkeepers (9.5±5.0 vs. 6.3±3.4 years; p=0.027), wings (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.4±3.2 years; p=0.001) and fixed (8.4±4.3 vs. 6.9±4.5 years; p=0.001) practiced more time than the 2001 athletes, whereas the somatotype profile of goalkeepers (4.6±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.1; p=0.001), wings (3.9±0.8 vs. 3.0±0.9; p=0.001), pivots (3.8±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.0; p=0.028) and fixed (4.3±0.9 vs. 3.7±1.0; p=0.036) registered a higher mesomorphy rate than that of the 2001 athletes, respectively. We may conclude that the 2011 group showed a significant increase in practicing time, coupled to higher mesomorphy and lower endomorphy rates than those experienced by the 2001 athletes.

Resumo O objetivo foi comparar duas gerações para verificar as alterações morfológicas em atletas de futsal feminino. Idade, tempo de treino, medidas antropométricas, percentual de gordura e somatotipo foram comparadas entre atletas profissionais de 2001 (n=112) e 2011 (n=115). A geração de 2011 demonstrou significativamente maior tempo de prática (9,0±4,3 vs 5,7±3,5 anos; p<0,001), espessura da dobra cutânea da coxa (26,1±8,5 vs 22,5±6,7 mm; p<0,001), circunferência de braço contraído (27,4±2,1 vs 26,7±2,1 cm; p=0,007), mesomorfia (4,1 vs 3,3; p=0,001) e menor espessura da dobra cutânea supraespinhal (14,0±5,0 vs 19,1± 7,4mm; p<0,001), relação tronco/extremidade (0,8±0,3 vs 1,1±0,1; p<0,001) e endomorfia (4,5 vs 5,0; p=0,009) do que as atletas de 2001. A comparação de acordo com a posição em quadra revelou que as goleiras (9,5±5,0 vs 6,3±3,4 anos; p=0,027) alas (9,0±4,3 vs 5,4±3,2 anos; p=0,001) e fixos (8,4±4,3 vs 6,9±4,5 anos; p=0,001) de 2011, apresentaram maior tempo de prática do que as atletas de 2001, enquanto o perfil somatotipológico das goleiras (4,6±1,0 vs 3,4±1,1; p=0,001), alas (3,9±0,8 vs 3,0±0,9; p=0,001), pivôs (3,8±1,0 vs 3,4±1,0; p=0,028) e fixos (4,3±0,9 vs 3,7±1,0; p=0,036) apresentou maior mesomorfia do que as atletas de 2001, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o grupo de 2011 demonstrou maior tempo de prática e taxas de mesomorfia, além de menor endomorfia comparado às atletas de 2001.

Comparison of metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with and without insulin resistance / Comparação de parâmetros metabólicos em crianças e adolescentes com e sem resistência à insulina

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare the behavior of metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and obesity indicators in children and adolescents with and without insulin resistance. Sixty-one overweight children (6 to 18 years) underwent anthropometric measurements of body mass (BM), height and waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), bioimpedance (relative (%F) and absolute fat (BF)), and blood collection for determination of glucose, insulin, and lipid profile (TG, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C). The BMI z-score was used to classify nutritional status and the HOMA-IR index (> 2.5) for insulin resistance. Participants were divided into two groups, insulin resistant (IR, n= 27) and non-insulin resistant (NIR, n= 33). Regardless of age, children and adolescents with excess weight and IR presented higher BM, WC, BMI, %F and BF (kg), TG, and plasma insulin than their NIR counterparts, who in turn presented higher LDL-C. The groups did not differ in nutritional status (BMI z-score); however, in the comparison between the undesired proportions of the metabolic components, only three presented alterations with significant differences between the groups (TC, LDL-C, and TG). It is concluded that IR influences the development of dyslipidemias in this age group, especially TG.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o comportamento de parâmetros metabólicos, pressão arterial e indicadores de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes com e sem resistência à insulina. Participaram do estudo 60 crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso (6 a 18 anos)que foram submetidos amedidas antropométricas de massa corporal (MC), estatura ecircunferência da cintura (CC), pressão arterial (PA), bioimpedância[gordura relativa (%G) e absoluta (GC)] e coleta sanguínea para determinação das concentrações de glicose, insulina e perfil lipídico (TG, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C). O IMC z-scorefoi empregado para classificação do estado nutricional e o índice HOMA-RI (>2,5) para resistência à insulina.Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, resistentes (RI, n=27) e não resistentes à insulina (NRI, n=33).Independente da idade, crianças e adolescentescom excesso de peso e RI, apresentaram maior MC, CC, IMC, %G e GC (kg), TG e insulina plasmática do que contraparesNRI, que por sua vez, apresentaram valores mais elevados de LDL-C. Os grupos não diferiram para oestado nutricional(IMC z-score)porém, na comparação entre as proporções indesejadas dos componentes metabólicos, apenas três apresentaram alterações com diferenças significativas entre os grupos (CT, LDL-C e TG). Conclui-se que a RI apresenta-se com influência para o desenvolvimento de dislipidemias nessa faixa etária em especial o TG.

Associação entre força muscular relativa e indicadores de obesidade em professores universitários / Association between relative muscle strength and indicators of obesity in university professors

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre a força muscular relativa e os indicadores de obesidade em professores universitários. 71 docentes (37 homens e 34 mulheres) foram submetidos à medida da circunferência da cintura (CC) e ao teste de preensão manual. A partir da massa corporal (MC) e da estatura calculou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). A força muscular relativa (% FM) foi determi nada mediante razão dos valores da média de preensão manual direita e esquerda pela MC. Com base nos valores de % FM a amostra foi estratificada em tercis de acordo com o gênero para efeito de comparação da MC, IMC e CC utilizando o teste de Kruskal Wallis. Para identificar a diferença entre dois grupos utilizou-se a Mann- Whitney e para correlação usou-se o coeficiente de Spearman. Os homens do 3° tercil apresentaram valores significativamente menores nos indicadores de obesidade quando comparados ao 1° e 2° tercil. Não houve diferença significativa para as mulheres nos indicadores de obesidade embora os valores encontrados tenham sido menores com o aumento do nível de força. Foram observadas correlações inversas para MC, IMC e CC em ambos os gêneros. O desempenho de força muscular palmar sugere maior importância na prevenção de obesidade entre os professores do que entre as professoras.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to verify the association between relative muscular strength and indicators of obesity in university professors. 71 teachers (37 men and 34 women) were submitted to measurement of waist circumference (WC) and the handgrip test. Based on body mass (BM) and height was calculated Body Mass Index (BMI). Relative muscle strength (% FM) was determined by ratio of the averaged val ues of right and left handgrip by MC. Based on the values of the % FM, the sample was stratified into tertiles according to gender for comparison of MC, BMI and WC using the Kruskal-Wallis test; to identify the difference between two groups was used the Mann- Whitney test and for correlation was used the Spearman coefficient. Men of the 3rd tertile showed lower values significantly on indicators of obesity when compared to the 1st and 2nd tertile. There was no difference for women in obesity indicators, although the values found were lower with increasing level strength. The inverse correlations were observed for MC, BMI and WC in both genders. The performance of strength palmar prehension suggests higher importance in the pre vention of obesity between men than women professors.

Body fat and lipid profile of monozygotic twins discordant for insulin resistance / Gordura corporal e perfil lipídico de gêmeos monozigóticos discordantes para resistência à insulina

Abstract The study investigated alterations in body fat and metabolic profile of adolescent monozygotic twins, resulting from discordance for insulin resistance, adjusted for physical activity, physical fitness and heredity. Thirty-eight pairs of monozygotic twins were assessed for anthropometric measurements to estimate body fat. Physical fitness was estimated with treadmill test and use of ergospirometer. Daily physical activity was estimated from the daily count of steps measured by a pedometer during 3 days. Fasting blood samples were used to determine blood glucose, insulin, lipid parameters. The Homa-IR and HOMA-β indexes were calculated. Twins with measures higher than 2.5 were considered insulin resistant. When both brothers were below or above cutoffs, the pair was allocated to the concordant group. When one brother was insulin resistant and the other was not, the pair was allocated in the discordant group. Twins were compared using paired test. In the discordant group, it was observed that insulin-resistant twins had higher birth weight values, bodyweight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, body fat (sum of skinfolds), Homa-β index and lower HDL compared to their corresponding pair. Insulin-resistant twins showed higher values in anthropometry and body composition, as well as in the glycemia and insulin index and lower HDL. These events may have been unchained by metabolic alterations possibly originating from gestational stage, however, modulated by body composition.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar alterações na composição corporal e perfil metabólico de gêmeos monozigóticos adolescentes, decorrentes da discordância para resistência à insulina, ajustados para atividade física, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e hereditariedade. Participaram do estudo 38 pares de gêmeos monozigóticos (11 a 17 anos). Foram obtidas as medidas antropométricas de massa corporal (MC), estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e espessuras de dobras cutâneas (EDC). Todos os gêmeos foram submetidos a teste de esforço máximo em esteira rolante com análise direta dos gases (VO2máx), avaliação da atividade física diária por meio de pedômetros, a coleta de sangue em jejum para estimativa da glicemia, insulina e perfil lipídico, e posterior estimativa do índice HOMA-RI e HOMA-β. Os pares onde os irmãos apresentavam-se ambos abaixo ou acima do ponto de corte (Homa-RI < 2,5) foram alocados no grupo concordante (GC). Quando um irmão era resistente e outro não resistente à insulina, este par foi alocado no grupo discordante (GD). Foi observado, no GD, que os gêmeos resistentes à insulina, apresentavam maiores valores de peso de nascimento, MC, IMC, CC, percentual de gordura, adiposidade corporal (soma EDC) e índice Homa-β, além de menor valor de HDL comparados aos seus pares correspondentes. Jovens resistentes à insulina apresentaram valores superiores na antropometria e composição corporal, bem como, índices glicêmicos e insulínicos e menor HDL. Estes eventos podem ter sido desencadeados pelas alterações metabólicas possivelmente originadas na fase gestacional, porém, moduladas pela composição corporal.

The impact of obesity on the perception of self-concept in children and adolescents / O impacto da obesidade na percepção do autoconceito em crianças e adolescentes

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of overweight and obesity on the perception of self-concept in children and adolescents. A total of 785 schoolchildren, 410 girls (11.44 ± 1.84 years), participated in the study. The sample was divided into normal weight, overweight and obese groups according to the BMI criteria proposed byCole et al. (2000). Socioeconomic status (SES) was evaluated according to theABEP (2010)and self-concept was rated using the Piers-Harris 2 Scale. The results showed that for the overall self-concept variable the overweight and obese groups were within the average recommended by the instrument; however, the lowest scores were observed in obese boys and girls. On the basis of specific predictors (BMI, age, SES and skin color), obese boys were significantly more likely to present imbalance in the Behavioral Adjustment and Freedom From Anxiety domains (2.6 and 3.1 times, respectively) than the normal weight group, irrespective of age, SES and skin color. For girls, the obese group was 2.0 to 2.7 times more likely to present imbalance in the TOT and Intellectual Status, Popularity and Happiness domains than the normal weight group, irrespective of age, SES and skin color. The results demonstrated a negative impact of overweight and obesity on the perception of overall self-concept and its domains.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se crianças e/ou adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentam uma percepção negativa do seu autoconceito. Participaram do estudo 785 escolares, 410 meninas (11,44±1,84 anos). A distribuição da amostra nos grupos peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade foi realizada pelo critério de IMC proposto porCole et al. (2000), as características socioeconômicas,ABEP (2010)e o autoconceito inventário Piers-Harris 2. Os resultados demonstram que para variável autoconceito total, ambos os grupos estão dentro da média preconizada pelo inventário, porém os menores valores observados para esta variável estão localizados no grupo obeso em ambos os sexos. A partir de previsores específicos, IMC, idade, os meninos obesos apresentaram um efeito significativo de 2,6 vezes mais chances em apresentar desequilíbrio na variável ajuste de comportamento e 3,1 vezes mais chance para a variável livre de ansiedade, significativamente comparados ao grupo com peso normal, independente da idade, NSE e cor da pele. Para as meninas, o grupo obeso apresentou entre 2,0 e 2,7 vezes mais chance de desequilíbrio para as variáveis TOT, Status Intelectual, Popularidade e Felicidade, comparado ao grupo com peso normal, independente do efeito da idade, NSE e cor da pele. Os resultados encontrados demonstram existir impacto negativo na percepção do autoconceito total e suas dimensões, condicionado pelo sobrepeso e obesidade.

Workplace physical exercises, obesity anthropometric indexes, blood pressure and static muscle strength / Ginástica laboral, indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, pressão arterial e força muscular estática

Current analysis compares anthropometric indexes of obesity, blood pressure and static muscle strength among workers who exercised or did not exercise themselves on the workplace. Three hundred and fifty-four workers, of whom 178 did not perform any physical exercises and 176 who did, were evaluated by means of a query on their participation in workplace exercises during the last 30 days. Their systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was measured; height, body mass and waist circumference (WC) were taken; four static muscle strength tests (right and left handgrip strength, scapular strength and lumbar strength) were performed. The Shapiro Wilk test revealed asymmetry in the data presented as median and interquartile variance. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare data between the two groups. Results did not reveal any difference for body mass index (BMI), WC, SBP, DBP and mean blood pressure (MBP) between the groups. However, greater performance was an asset for all participants in workplace exercises for all static strength tests. There is evidence that workers who performed workplace exercises may increase muscle strength without any changes in BMI, WC and blood pressure.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar indicadores antropométricos de obesidade, pressão arterial sistêmica e força muscular estática entre trabalhadores que realizam e não realizam ginástica laboral. Trezentos e cinquenta e quatro trabalhadores, dos quais 178 praticavam e 176 não praticavam ginástica laboral, foram submetidos a uma avaliação que constituiu de uma pergunta sobre a participação no programa de ginástica laboral nos últimos 30 dias, verificação das pressões sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), medidas de estatura, massa corporal, circunferência da cintura (CC) e da realização de quatro testes de força muscular estática (preensão manual direita e esquerda, força escapular e força lombar). O teste de Shapiro Wilk revelou assimetria nos dados que foram apresentados como mediana e variância interquartil e, comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças para o índice de massa corporal (IMC), CC, PAS, PAD e pressão arterial média (PAM) entre os grupos. Por sua vez, foi verificado maior desempenho, favorecendo os participantes de ginástica laboral, em todos os testes de força estática. Há evidências que os trabalhadores que realizam ginástica laboral podem aumentar a força muscular, porém sem alterar o IMC, a CC e a pressão arterial.

Fatores sociodemográficos na prevalência de excesso de peso em escolares / Sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of overweight in students

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto de variáveis sociodemográficas na prevalência de sobrepeso de escolares. Método: Estudo descritivo, com delineamento transversal com 795 escolares de ambos os sexos (375 meninos e 410 meninas), faixa etária média de 11,44±1,84 ano, da rede pública da cidade de Cambé - PR. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado para classificação do sobrepeso e as variáveis sociodemográficas analisadas foram nível socioeconômico, raça, sexo e faixa etária. A regressão logística binária analisou a magnitude da associação entre cada variável e o possível aparecimento do excesso de peso (p<0,05). Resultados: Das variáveis sociodemográficas analisadas, a faixa etária e o nível socioeconômico apresentaram associação significativa com o excesso de peso, mostrando que na pré-adolescência e adolescência o risco é 4,59 e 3,7, respectivamente, comparada ao período da infância e o nível socioeconômico alto apresentou 1,5 vez mais chance, comparado ao nível socioeconômico baixo, de acometimento pelo excesso de peso. Conclusão: Foi observada interferência do nível econômico e da idade no excesso de peso, possível consequência das situações econômicas vivenciadas no país na última década.

Nutritional status of children and adolescents based on body mass index: agreement between World Health Organization and International Obesity Task Force.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the agreement between two international criteria for classification of children and adolescents nutritional status. METHODS: The study included 778 girls and 863 boys aged from six to 13 years old. Body mass and height were measured and used to calculate the body mass index. Nutritional status was classified according to the cut-off points defined by the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force. The agreement was evaluated using Kappa statistic and weighted Kappa. RESULTS: In order to classify the nutritional status, the agreement between the criteria was higher for the boys (Kappa 0.77) compared to girls (Kappa 0.61). The weighted Kappa was also higher for boys (0.85) in comparison to girls (0.77). Kappa index varied according to age. When the nutritional status was classified in only two categories--appropriate (thinness + accentuated thinness + eutrophy) and overweight (overweight + obesity + severe obesity)--, the Kappa index presented higher values than those related to the classification in six categories. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial agreement was observed between the criteria, being higher in males and varying according to the age.

Suplementação de cafeína e indicadores de potência anaeróbia / Supplementation of caffeine and anaerobic power indicators

O objetivo foi verificar o efeito da suplementação de cafeína na potência anaeróbia intermitente em ciclistas treinados. Dez atletas foram submetidos a duas sessões experimentais em um modelo randomizado e duplo-cego. Em cada sessão, os participantes ingeriram aleatoriamente uma cápsula de cafeína (6 mg/kg) ou placebo, e, uma hora após realizaram dois testes de Wingate (T1, T2) para a determinação do desempenho anaeróbio, com um intervalo de 4 minutos entre si. A análise estatística, utilizado ANOVA para medidas repetidas, não revelou diferenças significativas entre os testes com cafeína e placebo. Na comparação intra-testes houve redução significativa apenas para a Potência Média (W) entre as sessões com cafeína (T1c: 673,6±59,5 vs T2c: 589,0±58,8). A ingestão oral aguda de cafeína não contribuiu para o aumento no desempenho anaeróbio intermitente, porém, a redução na potência média com o uso da cafeína, pode sugerir uma preferência do metabolismo para os ácidos graxos, o que seria desvantajoso durante esforços máximos intermitentes.

The aim was to investigate the effect of caffeine on anaerobic power intermittently trained cyclists. Ten athletes underwent two experimental sessions in a model randomized double-blind study. In each session, subjects ingested a random capsule caffeine (6 mg / kg) or placebo. One hour after, two tests Wingate were carried (T1, T2) for determining the anaerobic performance with 4 min of rest between each exercise bout. Statistical analysis used ANOVA for repeated measures revealed no significant differences between the caffeine and placebo trials. In comparing intra-tests was significantly reduced only to Mean Power (W) between sessions with caffeine (T1c: 673.6 ± 59.5 vs. T2c: 589.0 ± 58.8). The acute oral intake of caffeine did not contribute to the increase in intermittent anaerobic performance, however, the reduction in average power with the use of caffeine, may suggest a preference for fatty acid metabolism, which would be disadvantageous during intermittent maximal efforts.

Efeito da aprendizagem no desempenho de repetidos testes de Wingate / Learning effect in the performance in Wingate repeated tests / Efecto del aprendizaje nel desempeño de repetidas evaluaciones de Wingate

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a existência do efeito aprendizagem nos resultados de repetidos testes de Wingate. Doze ciclistas foram submetidos a dois testes de Wingate (TW1 e TW2) com intervalo de uma semana. A resistência adicionada foi equivalente a 10% da massa corporal e as rotinas foram planejadas para reproduzir as mesmas condições em ambos os testes. Os resultados revelaram grande amplitude nos limites de concordância dos testes 1 e 2 em todas as variáveis, bem como diferenças significantes para Potência Média (PM), em valores absolutos (TW1: 579,7 ± 91,0 W vs TW2: 616,9 ± 102,2 W) e valores relativos (TW1: 8,3 ± 0,8 W/kg vs TW2: 8,8 ± 0,9 W/kg). A evidência demonstra a existência do efeito aprendizagem causando influência nos resultados da potência anaeróbica.

The purpose of this study was to verify the existence of learning effect in results of Wingate repeated tests. Twelve cyclists were submitted to two Wingate Tests (TW1 and TW2) with an interval of a week. The added resistance was equivalent to 10% of body mass, the routines were planned to reproduce the same conditions in both tests. Even though the high correlation (0,92), the results showed significant difference for Mean Power (PM), in absolute values (TW1: 579,7 ± 91,0 W vs TW2: 616,9 ± 102,2) and relative values, (TW1: 8,3 ± 0,8 W/kg vs TW2: 8,8 ± 0,9 W/kg) favoring the second test. The evidence demonstrated the existence of learning effect affecting results of anaerobic power.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la existencia del efecto del aprendizaje en los resultados de repetidas evaluaciones de Wingate. Doce ciclistas fueron sometidos a dos evaluaciones de Wingate (TW1 e TW2) con intervalo de una semana. La resistencia adicionada fue equivalente a 10% de la masa corporal y las rutinas fueron planeadas para reproducir las mismas condiciones en las dos evaluaciones. Mismo con la correlación de 0,92, los resultados revelaran diferencias significativas para la Potencia Media (PM) en valores absolutos (TW1: 579,7 ± 91,0 W vs TW2: 616,9 ± 102,2 W) y valores relativos (TW1: 8,3 ± 0,8 W/kg vs TW2: 8,8 ± 0,9 W/kg), favoreciendo la segunda evaluación. Eso demuestra la existencia del efecto del aprendizaje influyendo la potencia anaeróbica.

Nutritional status of children and adolescents based on body mass index: agreement between World Health Organization and International Obesity Task Force / Estado nutricional de ninos y adolescentes a partir del indice de masa corporal: concordancia entre World Health Organization y International Obesity Task Force / Estado nutricional de criancas e adolescentes a partir do indice de massa corporal: concordancia entre World Health Organization e International Obesity Task Force

Objective: To investigate the agreement between two international criteria for classification of children and adolescents nutritional status. Methods: The study included 778 girls and 863 boys aged from six to 13 years old. Body mass and height were measured and used to calculate the body mass index. Nutritional status was classified according to the cut-off points defined by the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force. The agreement was evaluated using Kappa statistic and weighted Kappa. Results: In order to classify the nutritional status, the agreement between the criteria was higher for the boys (Kappa 0.77) compared to girls (Kappa 0.61). The weighted Kappa was also higher for boys (0.85) in comparison to girls (0.77). Kappa index varied according to age. When the nutritional status was classified in only two categories - appropriate (thinness + accentuated thinness + eutrophy) and overweight (overweight + obesity + severe obesity) -, the Kappa index presented higher values than those related to the classification in six categories. Conclusions : A substantial agreement was observed between the criteria, being higher in males and varying according to the age. .

Objetivo: Investigar la concordancia entre dos criterios internacionales de clasificación del estado nutricional de niños y adolescentes. Métodos: Participaron del estudio 778 muchachas y 863 muchachos de seis a 13 años. La masa corporal y la estatura fueron medidas y utilizadas en el cálculo del índice de masa corporal. El estado nutricional fue clasificado conforme a los puntos de corte de la World Health Organization y de la International Obesity Task Force. Se evaluó la concordancia mediante la estadística Kappa y el Kappa ponderado. Resultados: Para clasificar el estado nutricional, la concordancia observada entre los criterios fue superior para los muchachos - índice Kappa de 0,774, en comparación con las muchachas - índice Kappa 0,608. El Kappa ponderado fue superior para los muchachos (0,854), en comparación con las muchachas (0,773). Se observó variación del índice Kappa conforme a la edad. Al clasificarse el estado nutricional solamente en dos categorías - adecuado (delgadez + delgadez acentuada + eutrofia) y exceso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidad + obesidad grave) -, el índice Kappa presentó valores superiores a los de la clasificación en seis categorías. Conclusiones: Se observó la concordancia sustancial entre los criterios, siendo mayor en el sexo masculino y variando conforme a la edad. .

Objetivo: Investigar a concordância entre dois critérios internacionais de classificação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 778 meninas e 863 meninos de seis a 13 anos. A massa corporal e a estatura foram mensuradas e utilizadas no cálculo do índice de massa corpórea. O estado nutricional foi classificado conforme os pontos de corte da World Health Organization e da International Obesity Task Force. Avaliou-se a concordância por meio da estatística Kappa e do Kappa ponderado. Resultados: Para classificar o estado nutricional, a concordância observada entre os critérios foi superior para os meninos (índice Kappa de 0,77), em comparação às meninas (Kappa 0,61). O Kappa ponderado foi superior para os meninos (0,85), em comparação às meninas (0,77). Observou-se variação do índice Kappa conforme a idade. Ao se classificar o estado nutricional apenas em duas categorias - adequado (magreza + magreza acentuada + eutrofia) e excesso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidade + obesidade grave) -, o índice Kappa apresentou valores superiores aos da classificação em seis categorias. Conclusões: Observou-se concordância substancial entre os critérios, sendo maior no sexo masculino e variando conforme a idade. .