Human health risk assessment of metals and arsenic via consumption of commercial bivalves in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

Although various studies have reported the bioaccumulation of metals in bivalves of commercial interest from the Gulf of California (GC), the risk associated with their consumption remains poorly understood. In this study, our own and bibliographic concentrations of 14 elements in 16 species of bivalves from 23 locations were used to investigate (1) the species-specific and regional accumulation of metals and arsenic in bivalves, (2) the human health risks by age and sex, and (3) the maximum allowable consumption rates (CRlim). The assessments were done according to the US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The results indicate that the bioaccumulation of elements varies markedly between groups (oysters > mussels > clams) and localities (higher on Sinaloa due to intense anthropogenic activities). However, consuming bivalves from the GC remains safe for human health. To prevent health effects for residents or consumers on the GC, we recommend (1) following the CRlim proposed herein; (2) monitoring levels of Cd, Pb, and As (inorganic) in bivalves, as the elements of top concern, mainly when are consumed by children; (3) calculating CRlim for more species and locations, including at least: As, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn; and (4) determine the regional consumption rates of bivalves.

Reproduction of the sea urchin Tripneustes depressus (Camarodonta: Toxopneustidae) in Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico / Reproducción del erizo de mar Tripneustes depressus (Camarodonta: Toxopneustidae) en Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México

Introduction: Sea urchin gonads (roe or uni) are considered a culinary delicacy worldwide. However, only a few species are considered edible and commercialized. The sea urchin Tripneustes depressus has generated the interest of producers in Baja California Sur, Mexico, due to the quality of its gonads. A biological basis for designing a management strategy is key to consider its commercial exploitation. Objective: To determine the reproductive season of T. depressus through description of the gonad stages and reproductive cycle, and to establish its relationship with environmental factors. Methods: We collected monthly samples (October 2016-September 2017), recording in-situ temperature and photoperiod. We evaluated a sample of 1 055 specimens for demographic characteristics, using total weight (g) and test diameter (cm). We also did a histological analysis of gonads from 178 individuals. Results: Average test diameter was 9.70 ± 0.03 cm (5-12.50 cm). Based on the proportion into the gonad of sexual (gametes) and somatic (nutritive phagocytes) cells, we propose five gonad stages (growing, premature, mature, spawning, and intergametic) for both sexes. There were two times of the year when gonads were heaviest and closely corresponded to the growing stage, coinciding with the highest proportions of nutritive phagocytes. Gonad development (growing and premature stages) peaks in the months with the longest daylight periods, with spawning in the shortest daylight periods. Conclusions: Gonad wet weight and adjusted gonad weight are good indicators of the reproductive season of T. depressus. The lowest gonad wet weights were matched the spawning peak in the shortest daylight period (January and March).

Introducción: Las gónadas de erizo de mar (huevas o uni) se consideran un manjar culinario en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, solo unas pocas especies se consideran comestibles y se comercializan. El erizo de mar Tripneustes depressus ha generado el interés de productores de Baja California Sur, México, por la calidad de sus gónadas. Una base biológica es clave para diseñar una estrategia de manejo para T. depressus para considerar su explotación comercial. Objetivo: Determinar la época reproductiva de T. depressus a través de la descripción de los estadios de las gónadas y del ciclo reproductivo, y establecer su relación con factores ambientales. Métodos: Recolectamos muestras mensuales (octubre de 2016 a septiembre de 2017), registrando in-situ la temperatura y el fotoperiodo. Evaluamos una muestra de 1055 especímenes para las características demográficas, utilizando el peso total (g) y el diámetro de testa (cm). También hicimos el análisis histológico de las gónadas de 178 individuos. Resultados: El diámetro de la testa promedio fue de 9.70 ± 0.03 cm (5-12.50 cm). Con base en la proporción en la gónada de células sexuales (gametos) y somáticas (fagocitos nutritivos), proponemos cinco estadios gonádicos (crecimiento, prematuro, maduro, desove e intergamético) para ambos sexos. Hubo dos épocas del año en que las gónadas eran más pesadas y se correspondían estrechamente con la etapa de crecimiento, coincidiendo con las proporciones más altas de fagocitos nutritivos. El desarrollo de las gónadas (etapas de crecimiento y prematuro) alcanza su punto máximo en los meses con los periodos de luz más largos, con desove en los periodos de luz más cortos. Conclusiones: El peso húmedo de las gónadas y el peso ajustado de las gónadas son buenos indicadores de la temporada reproductiva de T. depressus. Los pesos húmedos más bajos de las gónadas coincidieron con el pico de desove en el período con luz diurna más corto (enero y marzo).

Ultraestructura del ovocito maduro y en reabsorción de Spondylus limbatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847 (= S. calcifer ) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) / Ultrastructure of the mature and in resorption oocytes of Spondylus limbatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847 (= S. calcifer ) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae)

Spondylus limbatus es una especie bajo protección especial en México, de la que existe poca información biológica y nada sobre estudios histológicos o de ultraestructura del ovario. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la morfología ultraestructural de los gametos femeninos maduros y en degeneración. La gónada femenina de S. limbatus en estado de madurez presentó ovocitos postvitelogénicos de 60-70 µm de diámetro, que presentan el aspecto característico de células metabólicamente activas y altamente sintetizadoras. La membrana citoplasmática posee especializaciones destinadas a aumentar la superficie de absorción de la célula, las microvellosidades; el citoplasma presenta numerosos sistemas membranosos relacionados con la síntesis de material de reserva y secreción; y el patrón de organización nuclear altamente lobulado, y por consiguiente con una gran superficie que asegura el intercambio núcleo-citoplasma, se incorpora de forma estructural al proceso de vitelogénesis. Finalmente, se describen los cambios ultraestructurales resultantes de la lisis de los ovocitos: colapso de las membranas nuclear y citoplásmica, y presencia de células hemocíticas macrófagas.

Spondylus limbatus is a species under special protection in Mexico, of which there is little or no information in the literature of biological, histological or ultrastructural studies of the ovary. The objective of this research was to characterize the ultrastructural morphology of mature and degenerating female gametes. The female gonad of S. limbatus in mature state presented post-vitellogenic oocytes 60-70 µm in diameter, which have characteristics of metabolically active and highly synthesizing cells. The cytoplasmic membrane has specializations designed to increase the absorption surface of the cell, the microvilli; the cytoplasm presents numerous membranous systems related to synthesis of reserve and secretion material as well as the highly lobed nuclear organization pattern; a large surface that ensures core-cytoplasm exchange, is structurally incorporated into the vitellogenesis process. Finally, ultrastructural changes resulting from the lysis of the oocytes are described: collapse of nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes, and the presence of macrophage hemocytic cells.

Histopathological Alterations in the Gonad of Megapitaria squalida (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Inhabiting a Heavy Metals Polluted Environment.

The gonadal health status of the chocolate clam Megapitaria squalida collected from the Santa Rosalía mining port and San Lucas beach (reference site), Gulf of California, Mexico, was assessed through histological analysis of the reproductive tissue, from which the histopathological alteration index (HAI) was determined. In addition, copper and iron accumulation in tissue was revealed using histochemical techniques. Our results showed a large presence of copper (30%) and iron (45%) only in the gonad tissue of clams from Santa Rosalía, in which histopathological alterations observed were inflammatory responses, degenerative-progressive processes, cell death, and response to infectious agents. The HAI was significantly higher in Santa Rosalía specimens (mean ± SE, 72.18 ± 6.12) than in San Lucas clams (4.60 ± 1.07). At San Lucas beach, a higher prevalence of histopathological alterations occurred in clams in the spent stage (43.2%) and in autumn (18.4%) and winter (17.8%) in concordance with the normal reproductive rest period, whereas at Santa Rosalía a higher prevalence occurred in clams at the ripe stage (76.9%) and in spring (83.7%). In conclusion, our results showed the deteriorated health condition of gonads in M. squalida from the Santa Rosalía mining port, which suggests there is a relationship with chronic exposure to local high levels of heavy metals. The high prevalence and intensity of histopathological alterations in the gonad suggest a strong adverse effect on gametogenesis, gamete quality, and, ultimately, in the reproductive potential of M. squalida at this site.

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of potentially toxic elements in the octopus Octopus hubbsorum from the Gulf of California.

The concentrations of 21 potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were determined in the tissues of Octopus hubbsorum from three locations along the Gulf of California coast: two near Santa Rosalia (SR), a site with historical metal contamination, and one in La Paz Bay, a reference site. Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in octopus from the two SR sites were higher than those from the reference site, reflecting the higher sediment concentrations at the mining-impacted locations. The highest bioaccumulation and biomagnification of elements was found in digestive gland and branchial hearts, while the lowest was observed in the mantle, where the mean concentration of PTEs did not exceed international standards for human consumption of octopus. This study found elevated PTEs in octopus from sites with high metal contamination, and presents the first data on these elements in octopus from the Gulf of California.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Octopus bimaculatus Verrill, 1883 from the Gulf of California.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Octopus bimaculatus is 16 085 bp in length and includes 13 protein-codes genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfers RNA genes, and a control region. The composition of genome is A (40.9%), T (34.7%), C (16.9%), and G (7.5%). The control region of O. bimaculatus contains a VNTR locus not present in the genomes from other octopus species. A phylogenetic analysis shows a closer relationship between the mitogenomes from O. bimaculatus and O. vulgaris.

[Reproductive biology of the golden snapper Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in the central Mexican Pacific]. / Biología reproductiva del pargo Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae), en el Pacífico central mexicano.

Reproductive aspects and information on the effect of fishery activities over this species stock are scarce, despite the imperative need of effective protection and resource management programs. To support the possible establishment of closed seasons and catch levels for the area, our study aimed to evaluate the spawning season of the Golden snapper (Lutjanus inermis). For this, fish caught by artisanal fisheries in the Navidad, Tenacatita and Chamela bays (Jalisco, Mexico) were sampled monthly from 1999-2008, and analyzed sex ratios, spawning season and size at first maturity. A total of 311 (53.1%) females and 275 (46.9%) males were caught, and the observed sex ratio was 1:0.88. The total length range was 14.4-37.0cm and total weight range from 48-575g. The length at first maturity was 23.9cm TL for females and 23.6cm TL for males. The gonadosomatic index showed two principal reproductive periods in the year (February-April and September-November), when the largest number of mature gonads were observed. Ovaries were of asynchronic development type and seven oocyte development stages were identified. Testicles showed lobular development and spermatozoa were observed in the center of the cysts and in the collecting ducts. It is important to mention that our results support the current suitable exploitation of this species in the area.

Biología reproductiva del pargo Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae), en el Pacífico central mexicano / Reproductive biology of the Golden snapper Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in the central Mexican Pacific

Reproductive biology of the Golden snapper Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in the central Mexican Pacific. Reproductive aspects and information on the effect of fishery activities over this species stock are scarce, despite the imperative need of effective protection and resource management programs. To support the possible establishment of closed seasons and catch levels for the area, our study aimed to evaluate the spawning season of the Golden snapper (Lutjanus inermis). For this, fish caught by artisanal fisheries in the Navidad, Tenacatita and Chamela bays (Jalisco, Mexico) were sampled monthly from 1999-2008, and analyzed sex ratios, spawning season and size at first maturity. A total of 311 (53.1%) females and 275 (46.9%) males were caught, and the observed sex ratio was 1:0.88. The total length range was 14.4-37.0cm and total weight range from 48-575g. The length at first maturity was 23.9cm TL for females and 23.6cm TL for males. The gonadosomatic index showed two principal reproductive periods in the year (February-April and September- November), when the largest number of mature gonads were observed. Ovaries were of asynchronic development type and seven oocyte development stages were identified. Testicles showed lobular development and spermatozoa were observed in the center of the cysts and in the collecting ducts. It is important to mention that our results support the current suitable exploitation of this species in the area.

Debido a los escasos antecedentes del efecto de las pesquerías y manejo del pargo Lutjanus inermis, es importante conocer la época reproductiva para el establecimiento de temporadas de veda, ya que la biomasa de los peces en fase de reproducción, es usada como punto de referencia para evaluar la condición del stock explotado y para establecer futuros niveles de captura. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar algunos aspectos reproductivos como proporción sexual, época reproductiva, talla de madurez de L. inermis en las costas de Jalisco, México. Durante 1999-2008, se llevaron a cabo muestreos mensuales de los ejemplares capturados por la pesca artesanal en las bahías de Navidad, Tenacatita y Chamela (Jalisco, México). Se recolectaron 311 (53.1%) hembras y 275 (46.9%) machos y, la proporción de sexos (1:0.88) no presentó diferencia significativa. El intervalo de longitud total fue 14.4 a 37.0cm y el peso total de 48 a 575g. L. inermis presentó los máximos valores del IGS en dos periodos, febrero-abril y septiembre-noviembre, también en estos periodos se presentaron los mayores porcentajes de organismos en estadio de maduración. El ovario presentó el tipo de desarrollo asincrónico y se reconocieron siete fases del desarrollo de los ovocitos. En los testículos se observó el tipo de desarrollo lobular, se observaron espermatozoides en el centro de los cistos y en el conducto recolector. La talla de madurez (L50) fue de 23.9cm LT para hembras y 23.6cm LT para machos. Considerando el periodo de muestreo de este estudio, los antecedentes descritos podrían ser de utilidad en la formulación de planes o estrategias de manejo de esta especie.

Reproductive activity and condition index of Holacanthus passer (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Annual variation and relationship between the gonadosomatic index (IG) and the condition index (K) of Holacanthus passer were evaluated in 194 specimens from Cueva de León, Gulf of California (24 degrees 02' N, 110 degrees 24' W). There was a significant negative correlation between IG and K in both sexes: indices exhibit an opposite seasonal pattern. The reproductive activity of both sexes is inversely related with nutritional status. There was a significant difference in IG but not in K values between males and females. The condition index may be used to determine reproduction time of the species in other localities without sacrificing the organisms. This could be a valuable tool to develop monitoring programs for fisheries and culture of this species.