RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Wnt/ß-catenin signalling impairment accounts for 85% of colorectal cancers (CRCs), including sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) settings. An altered PI3K/mTOR pathway and gut microbiota also contribute to CRC carcinogenesis. We studied the interplay between the two pathways and the microbiota composition within each step of CRC carcinogenesis. METHODS: Proteins and target genes of both pathways were analysed by RT-qPCR and IHC in tissues from healthy faecal immunochemical test positive (FIT+, n = 17), FAP (n = 17) and CRC (n = 15) subjects. CRC-related mutations were analysed through NGS and Sanger. Oral, faecal and mucosal microbiota was profiled by 16 S rRNA-sequencing. RESULTS: We found simultaneous hyperactivation of Wnt/ß-catenin and PI3K/mTOR pathways in FAP-lesions compared to CRCs. Wnt/ß-catenin molecular markers positively correlated with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and negatively with Bacteroides in FAP faecal microbiota. Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae were enriched in FAP stools and adenomas, the latter also showing an overabundance of Lachnoclostridium, which positively correlated with cMYC. In impaired-mTOR-mutated CRC tissues, p-S6R correlated with Fusobacterium and Dialister, the latter also confirmed in the faecal-ecosystem. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals an interplay between Wnt/ß-catenin and PI3K/mTOR, whose derangement correlates with specific microbiota signatures in FAP and CRC patients, and identifies new potential biomarkers and targets to improve CRC prevention, early adenoma detection and treatment.
Asunto(s)
Carcinogénesis , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Vía de Señalización Wnt , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/microbiología , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Proyectos Piloto , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Masculino , Femenino , Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/microbiología , Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/genética , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/metabolismo , Heces/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Anciano , Adulto , Mutación/genética , MicrobiotaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to use image analysis recordings to measure the carrying angle of elite male tennis players during the forehand stroke, with the hypothesis that elite tennis players overstress their elbow in valgus over the physiological degree in the frontal plane just before ball contact on forehand groundstrokes. METHODS: The carrying angle of male tennis players ranked in the top 25 positions in the ATP ranking was measured on selected video frames with the elbow as close as possible to full extension just before the ball-racket contact in forehands. These frames were extracted from 306 videos professionally recorded for training purposes by a high-profile video analyst. All measures were conducted by three independent observers. RESULTS: Sixteen frames were finally included. The mean carrying angle was 11.5° ± 4.7°. The intraclass correlation coefficient value was 0.703, showing good reliability of the measurement technique. The measured carrying angle was lower than what has been observed in historical cohorts using comparable measurement methodology, suggesting a possible instant varus accommodation mechanism before hitting the ball. CONCLUSIONS: The observed decrease in the carrying angle is a consequence of an increase in elbow flexion position dictated by the transition from a closed to open, semi-open stances. As the elbow flexes during the preparation phase, it is less constrained by the olecranon and its fossa, increasing the strain on the medial collateral ligament and capsule structures. Moving towards full extension before the ball-racket contact, the elbow is dynamically stabilised by a contraction of the flexor muscles. These observations could provide a new explanation for medial elbow injuries among elite tennis players and drive specific rehabilitation protocols. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.
Asunto(s)
Articulación del Codo , Tenis , Humanos , Masculino , Tenis/fisiología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Articulación del Codo/fisiología , Codo , Músculo Esquelético , Fenómenos BiomecánicosRESUMEN
El análisis de azúcares es un parámetro de calidad en el control de calidad de las mieles. En las normas nacionales para miél de abejas (COVENIN 2136-84 y COVENIN 2191-84) se seleccionaron métodos volumétricos y gravimétricos para determinar azúcares reductores y sacarosa; sin embargo, el análisis de azúcares por HPLC ofrece otras posibilidades para el estudio de las mieles. En el presente trabajo se analizaron 41 muestras de mieles comerciales procedentes de distintas regiones de Venezuela. Se empleó una columna ubondapack/Carbohydrate y un detector de índice de refracción para determinar el contenido de fructosa, glucosa, sacarosa y también la presencia de melecitosa. Las mieles genuinas presentaron rangos de 27-53 por ciento para la fructosa, 25-45 por ciento para la glucosa y 0,5-5 por ciento para la sacarosa, mientras que en las mieles fraudulentas los rangos de variación de esos azúcares fueron de 17-34 por ciento, 23-37 por ciento y 12-39 por ciento, respectivamente