RESUMEN
Changes in rRNA and rDNA expression have been associated with cellular and organism aging and have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the mRNA expression of ribosomal genes (28S/18S) and ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in different post mortem brain tissue regions (the entorhinal and auditory cortices and the hippocampus) of AD patients and elderly control subjects and also evaluated the extent of expression in peripheral blood from young, healthy, elderly, and Alzheimer's disease patients in order to investigate whether these individuals experienced the effects of aging. The comparative threshold cycle (CT) method via Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and the Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to analyze gene expression and the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, respectively. When the brain areas were analyzed collectively, we observed a significant decrease in APP expression and a significant increase in levels of mRNA of 18S and 28S in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to healthy elderly individuals. Furthermore, there was a significant upregulation of 28SrRNA in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, but not in the auditory cortex of patients with AD. On the other hand, tests of blood samples verified a decreased expression of 28S rRNA in patients with AD. These results support the hypothesis that changes in rRNA are present in AD patients, are tissue-specific, and seem to occur independently and differently in each tissue. However, the next challenge is to discover the mechanisms responsible for the differences in expression observed in the blood and the brain in both healthy elderly individuals and Alzheimer's disease patients, as well as the impact of these genes on AD pathogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Corteza Auditiva/metabolismo , Corteza Entorrinal/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 18S/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 28S/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Frecuencia de los Genes , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Rigidified derivatives have been designed and synthesized assuming the g+t conformer of acetylcholine (N-C-C-O=+60 degrees, C-C-O-C=180 degrees ) as active conformation for binding to cytisine sensitive neuronal nicotinic receptors. The SAR of the compounds evaluated, along with those of more flexible analogues, support the g+t conformer hypothesis and highlight the stringent steric limitation of this nicotinic receptor sub-type. Compound 3e has low microM affinity for cytisine sensitive nicotinic receptor binding sites while being selective with regard to the alpha-bungarotoxin sensitive subclass. We also report few compounds with microM affinity for the alpha-bungarotoxin sensitive subclass.