Neural Responses to a Working Memory Task in Acute Depressed and Remitted Phases in Bipolar Patients.

(1) Cognitive impairments such as working memory (WM) deficits are amongst the most common dysfunctions characterizing bipolar disorder (BD) patients, severely contributing to functional impairment. We aimed to investigate WM performance and associated brain activation during the acute phase of BD and to observe changes in the same patients during remission. (2) Frontal brain activation was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during n-back task conditions (one-back, two-back and three-back) in BD patients in their acute depressive (n = 32) and remitted (n = 15) phases as well as in healthy controls (n = 30). (3) Comparison of BD patients during their acute phase with controls showed a trend (p = 0.08) towards lower dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation. In the remitted phase, BD patients showed lower dlPFC and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activation (p = 0.02) compared to controls. No difference in dlPFC and vlPFC activation between BD patients' phases was found. (4) Our results showed decreased working memory performance in BD patients during the working memory task in the acute phase of disease. Working memory performance improved in the remitted phase of the disease but was still particularly attenuated for the more demanding conditions.

Transcranial direct current stimulation during a prolonged cognitive task: the effect on cognitive and shooting performances in professional female basketball players.

The negative effect of prolonged cognitive demands on psychomotor skills in athletes has been demonstrated. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could be used to mitigate this effect. This study examined the effects of tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during a 30-min inhibitory Stroop task on cognitive and shooting performances of professional female basketball players. Following a randomised, double-blinded, sham-controlled, cross-over design, players were assigned to receive anodal tDCS (a-tDCS, 2 mA for 20 min) or sham-tDCS in two different sessions. Data from 8 players were retained for analysis. Response Time decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.44; no effect of condition, or condition vs. time interaction). No difference in mean accuracy and shooting performance was observed between tDCS conditions. The results suggest that a-tDCS exert no additional benefits in reducing the negative effects of prolonged cognitive demands on technical performance compared to sham (placebo).Practitioner summary: Prolonged cognitive demands can negatively affect the athletes' performance. We tested whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could attenuate these effects on cognitive and shooting performance in professional female basketball players. However, tDCS did not exert any additional benefits compared to sham.Abbreviations: tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; a-tDCS: anodal transcranial direct current stimulation; PFC: prefrontal cortex; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PCT: prolonged cognitive task; TT: time trial; RT: response time; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; RPE: ratings of perceived exertion; CR-10 scale: category rating scale; EEG: electroencephalogram; AU: arbitrary units.

Effect of tDCS on well-being and autonomic function in professional male players after official soccer matches.

This study aimed to examine the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) used as a recovery strategy, on heart rate (HR) measures and perceived well-being in 12 male professional soccer players. tDCS was applied in the days after official matches targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with 2 mA for 20 min (F3-F4 montage). Participants were randomly assigned to anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) or sham tDCS sessions. Players completed the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) and performed the Submaximal Running Test (SRT) before and after tDCS. HR during exercise (HRex) was determined during the last 30 s of SRT. HR recovery (HRR) was recorded at 60 s after SRT. The HRR index was calculated from the absolute difference between HRex and HRR. A significant increase was observed for WBQ (effect of time; p<0.001; ηp2=0.417) with no effect for condition or interaction. A decrease in HRR (p = 0.014; ηp2=0.241), and an increase in HRR index were observed (p = 0.045; ηp2=0.168), with no effect for condition or interaction. No change for HRex was evident (p>0.05). These results suggest that a-tDCS over the DLPFC may have a positive effect on enhancing well-being and parasympathetic autonomic markers, which opens up a possibility for testing tDCS as a promising recovery-enhancing strategy targeting the brain in soccer players. The findings suggest that brain areas related to emotional and autonomic control might be involved in these changes with a possible interaction effect of tDCS by placebo-related effects, but more research is needed to verify this effect.

Test-retest reliability of the simon task: a short version proposal.

Background: The standard version of the Simon task (an instrument for assessing attentional demands, inhibitory control and the perception-action cycle) comprises a total of 168 trials. Different versions of this task are used in the literature, but it is not clear whether the Simon effect can be found using brief versions of the test.Purpose: This study aims to investigate the presence of the Simon effect and its test-retest reliability in a brief version of 28 trials of the Simon task.Material and Methods: Ninety-two (92) subjects between the ages of 18-30 participated in this study. Participants performed two sessions (test and retest) in which the brief battery of the Simon task was used. Latency (reaction time - RT) and the accuracy (number of errors) were measured for the two typical conditions of the test (corresponding and non-corresponding).Results: A significant interaction (two-way ANOVA) between condition and moment (test vs. retest) was found for RT. Main effects were observed for both conditions (corresponding vs. non- corresponding) and moment (test vs. retest). A good measurement of reliability (α Cronbach = 0.883) was also observed.Conclusions: The 28-trial battery of the Simon Task seems to be efficient for eliciting the Simon Effect and it can therefore be considered reliable.

We need to move more: Neurobiological hypotheses of physical exercise as a treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the world. The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and chronic inflammation impair specific brain areas, which in turn result in lesser motor control, behavioral changes and cognitive decline. Nowadays, drug-treatments are the foremost approaches in treating PD. However, exercise has been shown to have powerful effects on PD, based on several neurobiological mechanisms. These effects may decrease the risk of developing PD by 33%. However, these mechanisms are unclear and little explored. Among several mechanisms, we propose two specific hypotheses: 1. Physical exercise reduces chronic oxidative stress and stimulates mitochondria biogenesis and up-regulation of authophagy in PD patients. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase) become more active and effective in response to physical exercise. 2. Exercise stimulates neurotransmitter (e.g. dopamine) and trophic factors (BDNF, GDNF, FGF-2, IGF-1, among others) synthesis. These neurochemical phenomena promote neuroplasticity, which, in turn, decreases neural apoptosis and may delay the neurodegeneration process, preventing or decreasing PD development and symptoms, respectively.

Neuroscience of exercise: from neurobiology mechanisms to mental health.

The neuroscience of exercise is a growing research area that is dedicated to furthering our understanding of the effects that exercise has on mental health and athletic performance. The present study examined three specific topics: (1) the relationship between exercise and mental disorders (e.g. major depressive disorder, dementia and Parkinson's disease), (2) the effects of exercise on the mood and mental health of athletes, and (3) the possible neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the effects of exercise. Positive responses to regular physical exercise, such as enhanced functional capacity, increased autonomy and improved self-esteem, are frequently described in the recent literature, and these responses are all good reasons for recommending regular exercise. In addition, physical exercise may improve both mood and adherence to an exercise program in healthy individuals and might modulate both the performance and mental health of athletes. Exercise is associated with the increased synthesis and release of both neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and these increases may be associated with neurogenesis, angiogenesis and neuroplasticity. This review is a call-to-action that urges researchers to consider the importance of understanding the neuroscience of physical exercise and its contributions to sports science.

O efeito do exercício físico nos níveis de cortisol em idosos: uma revisão sistemática / The effect of physical exercise on cortisol levels in older adults: a systematic review

O objetivo da presente revisão sistemática foi sintetizar os estudos randomizados e controlados que investigaram o efeito do exercício físico nos níveis de cortisol em idosos. Para a busca foram utilizadas as bases de dados PUBMED, ISI, SciELO, Scopus, BioMed central e Scirus, com as palavras cortisol, exercise, aging e o operador booleano [AND]. Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram artigos randomizados e controlados ou ensaios clínicos, utilizando humanos e escritos em língua inglesa ou portuguesa. Foram excluídos artigos que utilizaram outras terapias, amostras com algum tipo de doença física ou neurológica, estudos com animais e que utilizaram suplementação alimentar ou hormonal. Foram encontrados 13 estudos, com qualidade classificada de moderada a alta. Dos estudos longitudinais, somente dois usando treinamento de força encontraram redução significante nos níveis de cortisol e um com treino aeróbio observou redução nos níveis de cortisol para as mulheres e aumento para os homens. Dos estudos de efeito agudo somente três estudos encontraram resultados significantes, porém tanto para o grupo exercício quanto para o grupo controle. A maioria dos estudos mostrou redução significante dos níveis de cortisol após a recuperação do exercício. Variáveis como tempo de sono, nível de atividade física e análises invasivas devem ser consideradas em futuros estudos. Não foi possível concluir se a prática de exercícios promove alterações significantes no cortisol em idosos, assim como a reatividade deste hormônio em relação ao estresse físico. Entretanto, os estudos mostraram que os idosos foram capazes de recuperar os níveis de cortisol após o exercício.

The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize randomized and controlled studies which have investigated the effect of physical exercise on cortisol levels in elderly. In this search were used the following data bases: PUBMED, ISI, SciELO, Scopus, BioMed central and Scirus, using words as cortisol, exercise, aging e the operator boolean [AND]. Inclusion criteria were randomized and controlled studies or clinical trials, using human ad write in english or portuguese language. It were excluded studies using others therapies, samples with physical or neurologic diseases, animals and food or hormonal supplementation. A total of 13 studies have met the inclusion criteria of the study and they were classified as moderate and high qualities. Regarding longitudinal studies, two using strength training, observed significant reduction on cortisol levels, while one study of aerobic training found reduction for women and increased for man. Only three studies of acute effect found reduction, however for both exercise and control conditions. Most studies showed significant reduction on cortisol levels after exercise recovery. Some variables as sleep time, fitness and invasive analysis should be considered in future studies. It was not possible conclude if exercise practices promotes significant changes on cortisol in elderly individuals and the cortisol reactivity of physical stress. However, studies showed that elderly individuals are able to recovery the cortisol levels after exercise.

Relação entre esporte, resiliência, qualidade de vida e ansiedade / Relationship between sport, resilience, quality of life, and anxiety

CONTEXTO: A prática de esportes apresenta efeitos benéficos para o sistema cardiorrespiratório e muscular, para a função comportamental e para a saúde mental. Entretanto, não se sabe o papel do esporte de alto nível na construção de perfis resilientes. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar resiliência, qualidade de vida e ansiedade de ex-atletas de alto rendimento de ginástica artística, de outros esportes e indivíduos não atletas. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo ex-atletas de ginástica artística (n = 17), de outras modalidades (n = 15) e indivíduos não atletas (n = 30). Foram utilizadas as seguintes escalas e questionários: Inventário de Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Ansiedade Traço e Estado (IDATE T e E), Escala de Resiliência e Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36®. RESULTADOS: Foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos na resiliência (p = 0,001), IDATE T (p = 0,049), estado geral de saúde (p = 0,044) e aspectos emocionais da qualidade de vida (p = 0,002), indicando que o grupo de ex-atletas apresentou maior resiliência e melhor aspecto emocional que não atletas. CONCLUSÃO: O esporte parece favorecer a construção de um perfil mais resiliente, além de contribuir para melhor qualidade de vida.

BACKGROUND: The practice of sports has beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory and muscle systems, behavioral function, and mental health. However, the influence of elite sports on the development of resilience is not known. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to compare resilience, quality of life, and anxiety in ex-athletes of artistic gymnastic and other sports with non-athletic individuals. METHODS: Ex-artistic gymnastics athletes (n = 17), ex-athletes of other sports (n = 15), and non-athletic individuals (n = 30) were recruited. Structured anamneses as well as depression, anxiety, resilience and quality of life scales were applied in all groups. RESULTS: Significant difference between groups were found in resilience (p = 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.049), general health status (p = 0.044), and emotional aspects of quality of life (p = 0.002). Ex-athletes showed greater resilience and better quality of life regarding to emotional aspects than non-athletes. DISCUSSION: Sport seems to contribute to the development of a more resilient profile and better quality of life.