Data Base similarity (DBsimilarity) of natural products to aid compound identification on MS and NMR pipelines, similarity networking, and more.

INTRODUCTION: We developed Data Base similarity (DBsimilarity), a user-friendly tool designed to organize structure databases into similarity networks, with the goal of facilitating the visualization of information primarily for natural product chemists who may not have coding experience. METHOD: DBsimilarity, written in Jupyter Notebooks, converts Structure Data File (SDF) files into Comma-Separated Values (CSV) files, adds chemoinformatics data, constructs an MZMine custom database file and an NMRfilter candidate list of compounds for rapid dereplication of MS and 2D NMR data, calculates similarities between compounds, and constructs CSV files formatted into similarity networks for Cytoscape. RESULTS: The Lotus database was used as a source for Ginkgo biloba compounds, and DBsimilarity was used to create similarity networks including NPClassifier classification to indicate biosynthesis pathways. Subsequently, a database of validated antibiotics from natural products was combined with the G. biloba compounds to identify promising compounds. The presence of 11 compounds in both datasets points to possible antibiotic properties of G. biloba, and 122 compounds similar to these known antibiotics were highlighted. Next, DBsimilarity was used to filter the NPAtlas database (selecting only those with MIBiG reference) to identify potential antibacterial compounds using the ChEMBL database as a reference. It was possible to promptly identify five compounds found in both databases and 167 others worthy of further investigation. CONCLUSION: Chemical and biological properties are determined by molecular structures. DBsimilarity enables the creation of interactive similarity networks using Cytoscape. It is also in line with a recent review that highlights poor biological plausibility and unrealistic chromatographic behaviors as significant sources of errors in compound identification.

Advances in Microbial NMR Metabolomics.

Confidently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the most informative technique in analytical chemistry and its use as an analytical platform in metabolomics is well proven. This chapter aims to present NMR as a viable tool for microbial metabolomics discussing its fundamental aspects and applications in metabolomics using some chosen examples.

NMR as a tool for compound identification in mixtures.

INTRODUCTION: Natural products and metabolomics are intrinsically linked through efforts to analyze complex mixtures for compound annotation. Although most studies that aim for compound identification in mixtures use MS as the main analysis technique, NMR has complementary advances that are worth exploring for enhanced structural confidence. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to showcase a portfolio of the main tools available for compound identification using NMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: COLMAR, SMART-NMR, MADByTE, and NMRfilter are presented using examples collected from real samples from the perspective of a natural product chemist. Data are also made available through Zenodo so that readers can test each case presented here. CONCLUSION: The acquisition of 1 H NMR, HSQC, TOCSY, HSQC-TOCSY, and HMBC data for all samples and fractions from a natural products study is strongly suggested. The same is valid for MS analysis to create a bridged analysis between both techniques in a complementary manner. The use of NOAH supersequences has also been suggested and demonstrated to save NMR time.

(R)-(+)-Lasiodiplodin isolated from the endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis exhibits potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo: a dual approach for the treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Tocoyena bullata and Humiria balsamifera plant species for their antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing on severe pulmonary tuberculosis cases which are often associated with exacerbated inflammation. METHODS: Mycobacterium suspensions were incubated with the samples for 5 days. RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS were also incubated with them for 24 h to assess the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production and cytotoxicity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mtb M299 and treated for 15 days with lasiodiplodin (Lasio). KEY FINDINGS: Endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis, obtained from T. bullata, was the most promising. Its ethanolic extract impaired mycobacterial growth with MIC50 (µg/ml): 1.5 ± 0.6 (BCG), 66.8 ± 0.1 (H37Rv) and 80.0 ± 0.1 (M299). (R)-(+)-Lasio showed MIC50 92.2 ± 1.8 µg/ml (M299). In addition, Lasio was able to inhibit NO, IL-1ß and TNF-α production and was not cytotoxic for macrophages. M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 animals treated by Lasio reduced the number of acid-fast bacilli, lung pathology, leucocyte influx and proinflammatory cytokine production in the lungs. The class IIa fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase was the predicted hypothetical target of Lasio. CONCLUSIONS: (R)-(+)-Lasio stood out as a promising anti-TB compound, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial effects, as well as low cytotoxicity.

Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Actinomycetes: Isolation, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities.

Endophytic Actinobacteria are a microbial group that is still poorly investigated. Their association with plants constitutes a unique trait conferring specific biological and chemical features to endophytic Actinobacteria. This contribution discusses aspects of endophytic actinobacterial biology and chemistry comprehensively, including the biosynthesis and total synthesis of secondary metabolites produced in culture. It also presents perspectives for the future of microbial bioactive natural products discovery, with emphasis on the secondary metabolism of endophytic Actinobacteria.

Chemical signaling involved in plant-microbe interactions.

Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants. Because the establishment of any plant-microbe association involves chemical communication, understanding crosstalk processes is fundamental to defining the type of relationship. Although several metabolites from plants and microbes have been fully characterized, their roles in the chemical interplay between these partners are not well understood in most cases, and they require further investigation. In this review, we describe different plant-microbe associations from colonization to microbial establishment processes in plants along with future prospects, including agricultural benefits.

Expanding the Chemical Repertoire of the Endophyte Streptomyces albospinus RLe7 Reveals Amphotericin B as an Inducer of a Fungal Phenotype.

During an investigation of the chemistry of the endophytic actinobacterium Streptomyces albospinus RLe7, which was isolated from the roots of the Brazilian medicinal plant Lychnophora ericoides, three new natural products, (2R*,4S*)-2-((1'S*)-hydroxy-4'-methylpentyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)butanolide (1), (3R*,4S*,5R*,6S*)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-2-pyranone (2), and 1-O-(phenylacetyl)glycerol (3), together with known secondary metabolites (S)-4-benzyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (4), (S)-4-isobutyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (5), and the diketopiperazines cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Pro) (6) and cyclo(l-Val-l-Pro) (7), were isolated. The role of isolated natural products in the interaction between S. albospinus RLe7 and the fungus Coniochaeta sp. FLe4, an endophyte from the same plant, was investigated. None of these isolated actinobacterial compounds were able to inhibit the fungus or induce the fungal red pigmentation observed when both endophytes interact. Further investigation using mass spectrometry approaches enabled identifying the well-known antifungal compound amphotericin B (9) as a microbial metabolite of S. albospinus RLe7. Finally, compound 9 was demonstrated as at least one of the agents responsible for both the antifungal activity and induction of red-pigmented fungal phenotype.

Endophytic Actinobacteria from the Brazilian Medicinal Plant Lychnophora ericoides Mart. and the Biological Potential of Their Secondary Metabolites.

Endophytic actinobacteria from the Brazilian medicinal plant Lychnophora ericoides were isolated for the first time, and the biological potential of their secondary metabolites was evaluated. A phylogenic analysis of isolated actinobacteria was accomplished with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the predominance of the genus Streptomyces was observed. All strains were cultured on solid rice medium, and ethanol extracts were evaluated with antimicrobial and cytotoxic assays against cancer cell lines. As a result, 92% of the extracts showed a high or moderate activity against at least one pathogenic microbial strain or cancer cell line. Based on the biological and chemical analyses of crude extracts, three endophytic strains were selected for further investigation of their chemical profiles. Sixteen compounds were isolated, and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide (9) and 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-quinazolinone (15) are reported as natural products for the first time in this study. The biological activity of the pure compounds was also assessed. Compound 15 displayed potent cytotoxic activity against all four tested cancer cell lines. Nocardamine (2) was only moderately active against two cancer cell lines but showed strong activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Our results show that endophytic actinobacteria from L. ericoides are a promising source of bioactive compounds.