Selective, Ultra-Sensitive, and Rapid Detection of Serotonin by Optimized ZnO Nanorod FET Biosensor.

BACKGROUND: Fluctuation in serotonin (5-HT) level is an essential manifestation of several neurological disorders. In view of such importance, it is necessary to monitor the levels of 5-HT with good sensitivity, selectivity, affordability and low response time. Zinc oxide (ZnO) based field effect transistors (FET) with attributes like minimized noise levels and large on-off ratio are regarded as emerging high performance biosensor platforms. However, their response is significantly non-linear and there has been no appreciable endeavor for improving the non-linearity. METHOD: In this paper, we have introduced embedded gate electrode encompassing the channel of the FET which improves the uniformity in electric field line distribution through the electrolyte and proportionately enhances the capture of target biomolecule at ultra-low concentrations, thereby increasing the linearity. Further, we have incorporated the optimized parameters of ZnO nanorods reported previously, for rapid and selective detection of 5-HT. RESULTS: It has been observed that the fabricated ZnO FET biosensor lowers the detection limit down to 0.1fM which is at least one order of magnitude lower than the existing reports. The sensor also has wide linear range from 0.1fM to 1nM with a detection time of about 20 minutes. CONCLUSION: The proposed zinc oxide nanorod-based sensor can be used as an excellent tool for future diagnosis of neurological disorders.

A musculoskeletal ultrasound program as an intervention to improve disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs adherence in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a musculoskeletal ultrasound programme (MUSP) applying real-time ultrasonography with reinforcement of findings by a rheumatologist on improving disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) adherence in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Method: Eligible RA patients with low adherence score (< 6) on the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were randomized to either an intervention group (receiving MUSP at baseline) or a control group (no MUSP), and followed up for 6 months. Adherence measures (patient-reported and pharmacy dispensing records) and clinical efficacy data were collected. The MUSP's feasibility and acceptability were assessed.Results: Among 132 recruited RA patients, six without baseline visits were excluded; therefore, 126 patients were analysed (62 intervention and 64 control). The primary outcome (proportion of patients with 1 month MMAS-8 score < 6) was significantly smaller (p = 0.019) in the intervention (35.48%) than the control group (56.25%). However, 3 and 6 month adherence and clinical efficacy outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups (all p > 0.05). All 62 patients completed the MUSP (mean time taken, 9.2 min), with the majority reporting moderately/very much improved understanding of their joint condition (71%) and the importance of regularly taking their RA medication(s) (79%). Most patients (90.3%) would recommend the MUSP to another RA patient.Conclusions: The MUSP improved RA patients' DMARDs adherence in the short term and was feasible and well accepted by patients. Future studies could evaluate whether repeated feedback using MUSP could help to sustain the improvement in DMARD adherence in RA patients, and whether this may be clinically impactful and cost-effective.

Experiment and FEM Analysis of Silica Nanoparticle-Based Impedance Immunosensor for Sensitivity Enhancement.

This article investigates the impact of incorporating silica nanoparticles of varying diameters in label free impedance immunosensor. It has been observed that even if the surface area improvement has been adjusted to be similar for all the diameters, the sensitivity is enhanced by five times at a particular diameter of 100 nm due to the optimum combination of intersection with electric field lines and surface convexity. This study has enabled the detection of 0.1 fM Hep-B surface antigen with a reliable sensitivity of around 75%. Further, it has been observed that the SNR corresponding to 0.1 fM is 20 dB only for 100 nm particle. This SNR is comparable to a recent report on Hep-B virus detection but the limit of detection in the proposed sensor is lowered by more than three orders of magnitude.

Label free, electric field mediated ultrasensitive electrochemical point-of-care device for CEA detection.

Developing point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic platforms for carcinoembryonic antigen detection is essential. However, thefew implementations of transferring the signal amplification strategies in electrochemical sensing on paper-based platforms are not satisfactory in terms of detection limit (LOD). In the quest for pushing down LOD, majority of the research has been targeted towards development of improved nanostructured substrates for entrapping more analyte molecules and augmenting the electron transfer rate to the working electrode. But, such approaches have reached saturation. This paper focuses on enhancing the mass transport of the analyte towards the sensor surface through the application of an electric field, in graphene-ZnO nanorods heterostructure. These hybrid nanostructures have been deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates with screen printed electrodes for PoC application. The ZnO nanorods have been functionalized with aptamers and the working sensor has been integrated with smartphone interfaced indigenously developed low cost potentiostat. The performance of the system, requiring only 50 µl analyte has been evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and validated against commercially available ELISA kit. Limit of detection of 1 fg/ml in human serum with 6.5% coefficient of variation has been demonstrated, which is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the existing attempts on PoC device.

National Clinical Guidance for the Management of Cardiovascular Intervention in the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Bangladesh Society of Cardiovascular Interventions (BSCI).

Since the first recorded case of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh on 8th March 2020, COVID-19 has spread widely through different regions of the country, resulting in a necessity to re-evaluate the delivery of cardiovascular services, particularly procedures pertaining to interventional cardiology in resource-limited settings. Given its robust capacity for human-to-human transmission and potential of being a nosocomial source of infection, the disease has specific implications on healthcare systems and health care professionals faced with performing essential cardiac procedures in patients with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The limited resources in terms of cardiac catheterization laboratories that can be designated to treat only COVID positive patients are further compounded by the additional challenges of unavailability of widespread rapid testing on-site at tertiary cardiac hospitals in Bangladesh. This document prepared for our nation by the Bangladesh Society of Cardiovascular Interventions (BSCI) is intended to serve as a clinical practice guideline for cardiovascular health care professionals, with a focus on modifying standard practice of care during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to ensure continuation of adequate and timely treatment of cardiovascular emergencies avoiding hospital-based transmission of SARS-COV-2 among healthcare professionals and the patients. This is an evolving document based on currently available global data and is tailored to healthcare systems in Bangladesh with particular focus on, but not limited to, invasive cardiology facilities (cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology & pacing labs). This guideline is limited to the provision of cardiovascular care, and it is expected that specific targeted pharmaco-therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 be prescribed as stipulated by the National Guidelines on Clinical Management of Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) published by the Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh.

Nonergodicity in silo unclogging: Broken and unbroken arches.

We report an experiment on the unclogging dynamics in a two-dimensional silo submitted to a sustained gentle vibration. We find that arches present a jerking motion where rearrangements in the positions of their beads are interspersed with quiescent periods. This behavior occurs for both arches that break down and those that withstand the external perturbation: Arches evolve until they either collapse or get trapped in a stable configuration. This evolution is described in terms of a scalar variable characterizing the arch shape that can be modeled as a continuous-time random walk. By studying the diffusivity of this variable, we show that the unclogging is a weakly nonergodic process. Remarkably, arches that do not collapse explore different configurations before settling in one of them and break ergodicity much in the same way than arches that break down.

Novel Probiotic Mechanisms of the Oral Bacterium Streptococcus sp. A12 as Explored with Functional Genomics.

Health-associated biofilms in the oral cavity are composed of a diverse group of microbial species that can foster an environment that is less favorable for the outgrowth of dental caries pathogens, like Streptococcus mutans A novel oral bacterium, designated Streptococcus A12, was previously isolated from supragingival dental plaque of a caries-free individual and was shown to interfere potently with the growth and virulence properties of S. mutans In this study, we applied functional genomics to begin to identify molecular mechanisms used by A12 to antagonize, and to resist the antagonistic factors of, S. mutans Using bioinformatics, genes that could encode factors that enhance the ability of A12 to compete with S. mutans were identified. Selected genes, designated potential competitive factors (pcf), were deleted. Certain mutant derivatives showed a reduced capacity to compete with S. mutans compared to that of the parental strain. The A12 pcfO mutant lost the ability to inhibit comX -inducing peptide (XIP) signaling by S. mutans, while mutants with changes in the pcfFEG locus were impaired in sensing of, and were more sensitive to, the lantibiotic nisin. Loss of PcfV, annotated as a colicin V biosynthetic protein, resulted in diminished antagonism of S. mutans Collectively, the data provide new insights into the complexities and variety of factors that affect biofilm ecology and virulence. Continued exploration of the genomic and physiological factors that distinguish commensals from truly beneficial members of the oral microbiota will lead to a better understanding of the microbiome and new approaches to promote oral health.IMPORTANCE Advances in defining the composition of health-associated biofilms have highlighted the important role of beneficial species in maintaining health. Comparatively little, however, has been done to address the genomic and physiological bases underlying the probiotic mechanisms of beneficial commensals. In this study, we explored the ability of a novel oral bacterial isolate, Streptococcus A12, to compete with the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans using various gene products with diverse functions. A12 displayed enhanced competitiveness by (i) disrupting intercellular communication pathways of S. mutans, (ii) sensing and resisting antimicrobial peptides, and (iii) producing factors involved in the production of a putative antimicrobial compound. Research on the probiotic mechanisms employed by Streptococcus A12 is providing essential insights into how beneficial bacteria may help maintain oral health, which will aid in the development of biomarkers and therapeutics that can improve the practice of clinical dentistry.

Pre-operative pressure pain thresholds do not meaningfully explain satisfaction or improvement in pain after knee replacement: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Pain sensitization could be a risk factor for poor outcomes after knee replacement surgery (KR) for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). We aimed to evaluate the association between pre-operative central and peripheral pain sensitization measured using a digital pressure algometer and KR outcomes. METHODS: Consecutive patients with severe KOA listed for KR were recruited. Sociodemographic and symptoms data were collected prior to surgery. Pre-operative pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured using a digital pressure algometer at the index knee and forearm. Patient satisfaction at 6 and 12 months after KR was assessed using a 4-point Likert scale, and dichotomized to satisfied and dissatisfied to KR. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) Pain and function was assessed. The associations between pre-operative PPTs with KR outcomes at 6 and 12 months were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 243 patients recruited, response rate at 6 and 12 months were 95.5% and 96.7%. The dissatisfaction rates were 8.2% and 5.1% at 6 and 12 months. There was no statistically significant association between pre-operative index knee or forearm PPTs and patient satisfaction. PPTs measured at the knee, but not the forearm, were weakly associated with change in the WOMAC pain score at 12 months, after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative central sensitization, measured by handheld digital algometry, was not statistically significantly associated with satisfaction or change in pain after KR. Pre-operative peripheral sensitization was associated with change in pain symptoms after KR; however, this association was weak and unlikely to be a meaningful predictor of KR outcome in clinical practice.

Biology of Oral Streptococci.

Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus are the first inhabitants of the oral cavity, which can be acquired right after birth and thus play an important role in the assembly of the oral microbiota. In this article, we discuss the different oral environments inhabited by streptococci and the species that occupy each niche. Special attention is given to the taxonomy of Streptococcus, because this genus is now divided into eight distinct groups, and oral species are found in six of them. Oral streptococci produce an arsenal of adhesive molecules that allow them to efficiently colonize different tissues in the mouth. Also, they have a remarkable ability to metabolize carbohydrates via fermentation, thereby generating acids as byproducts. Excessive acidification of the oral environment by aciduric species such as Streptococcus mutans is directly associated with the development of dental caries. However, less acid-tolerant species such as Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus gordonii produce large amounts of alkali, displaying an important role in the acid-base physiology of the oral cavity. Another important characteristic of certain oral streptococci is their ability to generate hydrogen peroxide that can inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Thus, oral streptococci can also be beneficial to the host by producing molecules that are inhibitory to pathogenic species. Lastly, commensal and pathogenic streptococci residing in the oral cavity can eventually gain access to the bloodstream and cause systemic infections such as infective endocarditis.

Liquid gated ZnO nanorod FET sensor for ultrasensitive detection of Hepatitis B surface antigen with vertical electrode configuration.

Detection of the Hepatitis-B surface antigen at the attomolar level is demonstrated using antibody functionalized liquid gated ZnO nanorods field effect transistor (FET) biosensor with vertical electrode configuration. The sensor is operated in heterodyne mode at high frequency to overcome the problem of Debye screening effect in physiological analyte. Enhanced penetration of the electric field lines through the nanorods enables significant improvement in the limit of detection and sensitivity compared to that of the conventional lateral electrode configuration. The combined effect of the probable change in the threshold voltage and the carrier mobility for vertical electrode configuration lead to a sensitivity of around 75% at 1 fM (which is an enhancement by 200%) and a detection limit of 20 aM with a dynamic range from 20 aM to 1 pM. The detection limit which is achieved with the proposed label free sensor in physiological analyte using antibodies is lowered by more than three orders of magnitude compared to the existing reports.

Strong-Isospin-Breaking Correction to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment from Lattice QCD at the Physical Point.

All lattice-QCD calculations of the hadronic-vacuum-polarization contribution to the muon's anomalous magnetic moment to date have been performed with degenerate up- and down-quark masses. Here we calculate directly the strong-isospin-breaking correction to a_{µ}^{HVP} for the first time with physical values of m_{u} and m_{d} and dynamical u, d, s, and c quarks, thereby removing this important source of systematic uncertainty. We obtain a relative shift to be applied to lattice-QCD results obtained with degenerate light-quark masses of δa_{µ}^{HVP,m_{u}≠m_{d}}=+1.5(7)%, in agreement with estimates from phenomenology.

Colchicine lack of effectiveness in symptom and inflammation modification in knee osteoarthritis (COLKOA): a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Uric acid may activate an innate immune response in osteoarthritis (OA), contributing to disease pathology and progression. We evaluated the effectiveness of colchicine on pain and function in symptomatic knee OA (KOA) and the underlying mechanism of action. METHODS: Colchicine effectiveness in symptoms and inflammation modification in knee osteoarthritis (COLKOA) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial comparing 16 weeks of treatment with 0.5 mg twice-daily oral colchicine to placebo for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The primary endpoint was ≥30% improvement in total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score at week 16. Secondary endpoints included improvement in pain (0-10 Likert scales); WOMAC pain; patient global assessment (0-100); physical function; the OARSI-OMERACT response; quality of life; and change in serum, urine, synovial fluid (SF) biomarkers of cartilage metabolism and inflammation, and plasma/SF colchicine concentrations. RESULTS: Of 109 randomly assigned participants, 39% (95% confidence interval (CI) 27-52%) and 49% (95% CI 36-62%) in the colchicine and placebo arms respectively met the primary endpoint at study end (P = 0.284, odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.31-1.41). No strong evidence of treatment differences was identified on clinical secondary endpoints. Treatment significantly reduced mean serum hs-CRP (P = 0.008) and SF CTXI (P = 0.002); treatment tended to reduce inflammatory markers (SF IL-6, IL8, TNFα, CD14 and IL-18), but these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Colchicine (0.5 mg twice-daily orally) reduced inflammation and high bone turnover biomarkers known to be associated with OA severity and progression risk, but did not reduce KOA symptoms over a 16-week study period. A longer-term study to evaluate for slow-acting disease modifying effects is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02176460. Date of registration: June 26, 2014.

Desorption of water from hydrophilic MCM-41 mesopores: positron annihilation, FTIR and MD simulation studies.

The desorption mechanism of water from the hydrophilic mesopores of MCM-41 was studied using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy supplemented with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. PALS results indicated that water molecules do not undergo sequential evaporation in a simple layer-by-layer manner during desorption from MCM-41 mesopores. The results suggested that the water column inside the uniform cylindrical mesopore become stretched during desorption and induces cavitation (as seen in the case of ink-bottle type pores) inside it, keeping a dense water layer at the hydrophilic pore wall, as well as a water plug at both the open ends of the cylindrical pore, until the water was reduced to a certain volume fraction where the pore catastrophically empties. Before being emptied, the water molecules formed clusters inside the mesopores. The formation of molecular clusters below a certain level of hydration was corroborated by the MD simulation study. The results are discussed.

A randomized trial of TLR-2 agonist CADI-05 targeting desmocollin-3 for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Background: Randomized controlled trial to evaluate synergy between taxane plus platinum chemotherapy and CADI-05, a Toll like receptor-2 agonist targeting desmocollin-3 as a first-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods: Patients with advanced NSCLC (stage IIIB or IV) were randomized to cisplatin-paclitaxel (chemotherapy group, N = 112) or cisplatin-paclitaxel plus CADI-05 (chemoimmunotherapy group, N = 109). CADI-05 was administered a week before chemotherapy and on days 8 and 15 of each cycle and every month subsequently for 12 months or disease progression. Overall survival was compared using a log-rank test. Computed tomography was carried out at baseline, end of two cycles and four cycles. Response rate was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria by an independent radiologist. Results: As per intention-to-treat analysis, no survival benefit was observed between two groups [208 versus 196 days; hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-1.19; P = 0.3804]. In a subgroup analysis, improvement in median survival by 127 days was observed in squamous NSCC with chemoimmunotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI 0.32-0.95; P = 0.046). In patients receiving planned four cycles of chemotherapy, there was improved median overall survival by 66 days (299 versus 233 days; hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.98; P = 0.04) in the chemoimmunotherapy group compared with the chemotherapy group. This was associated with the improved survival by 17.48% at the end of 1 year, in the chemoimmunotherapy group. Systemic adverse events were identical in both the groups. Conclusion: There was no survival benefit with the addition of CADI-05 to the combination of cisplatin-paclitaxel in patients with advanced NSCLC; however, the squamous cell subset did demonstrate a survival advantage.

Natural killer cells contribute to hepatic injury and help in viral persistence during progression of hepatitis B e-antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B e-antigen negative (e(-)) chronic HBV infection (CHI) encompasses a heterogeneous clinical spectrum ranging from inactive carrier (IC) state to e(-) chronic hepatitis B (CHB), cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation. In the backdrop of dysfunctional virus-specific T cells, natural killer (NK) cells are emerging as innate effectors in CHI. We characterized CD3(-) CD56(+) NK cells in clinically well-defined, treatment-naive e(-) patients in IC, e(-)CHB or decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC) phase to appraise their role in disease progression. The NK cell frequencies increased progressively with disease severity (IC 8.2%, e(-)CHB 13.2% and LC 14.4%). Higher proportion of NK cells from LC/e(-)CHB expressed CD69, NKp46, NKp44, TRAIL and perforin, the last two being prominent features of CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) NK subsets, respectively. The frequencies of CD3(-) CD56(+) NK cells together with TRAIL(+) CD56(bright) and Perforin(+) CD56(dim) NK cells correlated positively with serum alanine transaminase levels in e(-)CHB/LC. K562 cell-stimulated NK cells from e(-)CHB/LC exhibited significantly greater degranulation but diminished interferon-γ production than IC. Further, Perforin(+) NK cell frequency inversely correlated with autologous CD4(+) T-cell count in e(-) patients and ligands of NK receptors were over-expressed in CD4(+) T cells from e(-)CHB/LC relative to IC. Co-culture of sorted CD56(dim) NK cells and CD4(+) T cells from e(-)CHB showed enhanced CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis, which was reduced by perforin inhibitor, concanamycin A, suggesting a possible perforin-dependent NK cell-mediated CD4(+) T-cell depletion. Moreover, greater incidence of perforin-expressing NK cells and decline in CD4(+) T cells were noticed intrahepatically in e(-)CHB than IC. Collectively, NK cells contribute to the progression of e(-)CHI by enhanced TRAIL- and perforin-dependent cytolytic activity and by restraining anti-viral immunity through reduced interferon-γ secretion and perforin-mediated CD4(+) T-cell lysis.

Assessment of phenol infiltration resilience in soil media by HYDRUS-1D transport model for a waste discharge site.

The movement of contaminants through soil imparts a variety of geo-environmental problem inclusive of lithospheric pollution. Near-surface aquifers are often vulnerable to contamination from surface source if overlying soil possesses poor resilience or contaminant attenuation capacity. The prediction of contaminant transport through soil is urged to protect groundwater from sources of pollutants. Using field simulation through column experiments and mathematical modeling like HYDRUS-1D, assessment of soil resilience and movement of contaminants through the subsurface to reach aquifers can be predicted. An outfall site of effluents of a coke oven plant comprising of alarming concentration of phenol (4-12.2 mg/L) have been considered for studying groundwater condition and quality, in situ soil characterization, and effluent characterization. Hydrogeological feature suggests the presence of near-surface aquifers at the effluent discharge site. Analysis of groundwater of nearby locality reveals the phenol concentration (0.11-0.75 mg/L) exceeded the prescribed limit of WHO specification (0.002 mg/L). The in situ soil, used in column experiment, possess higher saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS = 5.25 × 10(-4) cm/s). The soil containing 47 % silt, 11 % clay, and 1.54% organic carbon content was found to be a poor absorber of phenol (24 mg/kg). The linear phenol adsorption isotherm model showed the best fit (R(2) = 0.977, RMSE = 1.057) to the test results. Column experiments revealed that the phenol removal percent and the length of the mass transfer zone increased with increasing bed heights. The overall phenol adsorption efficiency was found to be 42-49%. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) predicted by HYDRUS-1D model appears to be close fitting with the BTCs derived from the column experiments. The phenol BTC predicted by the HYDRUS-1D model for 1.2 m depth subsurface soil, i.e., up to the depth of groundwater in the study area, showed that the exhaustion point was reached within 12 days of elapsed time. This clearly demonstrated poor attenuation capacity of the soil to retard migration of phenol to the groundwater from the surface outfall site. Suitable liner, based on these data, may be designed to inhibit subsurface transport of phenol and thereby to protect precious groundwater from contamination.

Isolation, culture optimization and physico-chemical characterization of laccase enzyme from Pleurotus fossulatus.

Pleurotus fossulatus (Cooke) Sace is member of oyster mushroom can produced extracellular laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.10.3.2) in submerged fermentation. To analyze the optimum production for laccase P. fossulatus was cultured both in stationary and shaking condition in different media. Partial purification of laccase was done after 0-80% ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by DEAE (Diethylaminoethyl) Sephadex (A-50) anion exchange chromatography. Potato-sucrose peptone (PSP) medium and Potato-dextrose (PD) medium showed highest laccase production in shaking and stationary conditions, respectively. Though the time required for optimum laccase production in stationary condition was much more than the shaking condition but the amount of laccase was about 2.75t greater in former condition. The laccase produced in stationary condition was more stable than the enzyme produced in shaking condition. The partially purified enzyme showed highest affinity towards o-dianisidine than guaiacol and ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as evidenced by their K(m). The physico-chemical properties of the laccase suggested the significance of this enzyme in industrial applications.

Water stress amelioration and plant growth promotion in wheat plants by osmotic stress tolerant bacteria.

Soil microorganisms with potential for alleviation of abiotic stresses in combination with plant growth promotion would be extremely useful tools in sustainable agriculture. To this end, the present study was initiated where forty-five salt tolerant bacterial isolates with ability to grow in high salt medium were obtained from the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum and Imperata cylindrica. These bacteria were tested for plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria traits in vitro such as phosphate solubilization, siderophore, ACC deaminase and IAA production. Of the forty-five isolates, W10 from wheat rhizosphere and IP8 from blady grass rhizosphere, which tested positive in all the tests were identified by morpholological, biochemical and 16SrDNA sequencing as Bacillus safensis and Ochrobactrum pseudogregnonense respectively and selected for in vivo studies. Both the bacteria could promote growth in six varieties of wheat tested in terms of increase in root and shoot biomass, height of plants, yield, as well as increase in chlorophyll content. Besides, the wheat plants could withstand water stress more efficiently in presence of the bacteria as indicated by delay in appearance of wilting symptoms increases in relative water content of treated water stressed plants in comparison to untreated stressed ones, and elevated antioxidant responses. Enhanced antioxidant responses were evident as elevated activities of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as increased accumulation of antioxidants such as carotenoids and ascorbate. Results clearly indicate that the ability of wheat plants to withstand water stress is enhanced by application of these bacteria which also function as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

Enteric fever in an HIV/AIDS patient: Atypical manifestations.

Bloodstream infections with Salmonella typhi, is uncommon in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. The symptoms in such patients are often non-specific and have a rather insidious onset and progression. We report a patient with sepsis and lower limb gangrene due to Salmonella typhi infection in an HIV-infected patient.

An effective graph-based clustering technique to identify coherent patterns from gene expression data.

This paper presents an effective parameter-less graph based clustering technique (GCEPD). GCEPD produces highly coherent clusters in terms of various cluster validity measures. The technique finds highly coherent patterns containing genes with high biological relevance. Experiments with real life datasets establish that the method produces clusters that are significantly better than other similar algorithms in terms of various quality measures.