Predictors for Early Liver Cancer Survival After Ablation and Surgical Resection: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare Study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify independent predictors of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality after ablation or surgical resection (SR) for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), after adjusting for key confounders. METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare, HCCs less than 5 cm treated with ablation or SR in 2009 to 2016 (n = 956) were identified. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models for all-cause and cancer-specific mortality were performed including demographics, clinical factors (tumor size, medical comorbidities, and liver disease factors), social determinants of health, and treatment characteristics. We also determined the most influential predictors of survival using a random forest analysis. RESULTS: Larger tumor size (3-5 cm) is predictive of all-cause (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31, P = .002) and cancer-specific mortality (HR 1.59, P < .001). Furthermore, chronic kidney disease is predictive of all-cause mortality (HR 1.43, P = .013), though it is not predictive of cancer-specific death. Multiple liver disease factors are predictive of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality including portal hypertension and esophageal varices (HRs > 1, P < .05). Though Asian race is protective in univariate models, in fully adjusted, multivariable models, Asian race is not a significant protective factor. Likewise, other social determinants of health are not significantly predictive of all-cause or cancer-specific mortality. Finally, treatment with SR, in later procedure years or at high-volume centers, is protective for all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. In machine learning models, year procedure was performed, ascites, portal hypertension, and treatment choice were the most influential factors. DISCUSSION: Treatment characteristics, liver disease factors, and tumor size are more important predictors of all-cause and cancer-specific death than social determinants of health for small HCCs.

A History and Modern Framework for Quality Improvement in Interventional Radiology.

Quality improvement (QI) initiatives have benefited patients as well as the broader practice of medicine. Large-scale QI has been facilitated by multi-institutional data registries, many of which were formed out of national or international medical society initiatives. With broad participation, QI registries have provided benefits that include but are not limited to establishing treatment guidelines, facilitating research related to uncommon procedures and conditions, and demonstrating the fiscal and clinical value of procedures for both medical providers and health systems. Because of the benefits offered by these databases, Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and SIR Foundation have committed to the development of an interventional radiology (IR) clinical data registry known as VIRTEX. A large IR database with participation from a multitude of practice environments has the potential to have a significant positive impact on the specialty through data-driven advances in patient safety and outcomes, clinical research, and reimbursement. This article reviews the current landscape of societal QI programs, presents a vision for a large-scale IR clinical data registry supported by SIR, and discusses the anticipated results that such a framework can produce.

Beyond Survival: Adverse Events and Care Delivery Outcomes after Early Liver Cancer Treatment in a Nationally Representative Cohort.

PURPOSE: To compare secondary outcomes after ablation (AB), surgical resection (SR), and liver transplant (LT) for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), including resource utilization and adverse event (AE) rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER)-Medicare, HCCs <5 cm that were treated with AB, SR, or LT in 2009-2016 (n = 1,067) were identified using Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes through Medicare claims. Index procedure length of stay, need for intensive care unit (ICU) level care, readmission rates, and AE rates at 30 and 90 days were compared using chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests. Examined AEs included hemorrhage, abscess formation, biliary injury, pneumonia, sepsis, liver disease-related AEs, liver failure, and anesthesia-related AEs, identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth/10th Revision, codes. RESULTS: The median length of stay for initial treatment was 1 day, 6 days, and 7 days for AB, SR, and LT, respectively (P < .001). During initial hospital stay, 5.0%, 40.8%, and 63.4% of AB, SR, and LT cohorts, respectively, received ICU-level care (P < .001). By 30 and 90 days, there were significant differences among the AB, SR, and LT cohorts in the rate of postprocedural hemorrhage, abscess formation, biliary injury, pneumonia, sepsis, liver disease-related AEs, and anesthesia-related AEs (P < .05). By 90 days, the readmission rates after AB, SR, and LT were 18.6%, 28.2%, and 40.6% (P < .001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AB results in significantly less healthcare utilization during the initial 90 days after procedure compared with that after SR and LT due to shorter length of stay, lower intensity care, fewer readmissions, and fewer AEs.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Central Venous Access Device and Site Selection.

The use of central venous access devices is ubiquitous in both inpatient and outpatient settings, whether for critical care, oncology, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition, or diagnostic purposes. Radiology has a well-established role in the placement of these devices due to demonstrated benefits of radiologic placement in multiple clinical settings. A wide variety of devices are available for central venous access and optimal device selection is a common clinical challenge. Central venous access devices may be nontunneled, tunneled, or implantable. They may be centrally or peripherally inserted by way of veins in the neck, extremities, or elsewhere. Each device and access site presents specific risks that should be considered in each clinical scenario to minimize the risk of harm. The risk of infection and mechanical injury should be minimized in all patients. In hemodialysis patients, preservation of future access is an additional important consideration. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Mesenteric Ischemia: 2022 Update.

Mesenteric ischemia is a serious medical condition characterized by insufficient vascular supply to the small bowel. In the acute setting, endovascular interventions, including embolectomy, transcatheter thrombolysis, and angioplasty with or without stent placement, are recommended as initial therapeutic options. For nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, transarterial infusion of vasodilators, such as papaverine or prostaglandin E1, is the recommended initial treatment. In the chronic setting, endovascular means of revascularization, including angioplasty and stent placement, are generally recommend, with surgical options, such as bypass or endarterectomy, considered alternative options. Although the diagnosis of median arcuate ligament syndrome remains controversial, diagnostic angiography can be helpful in rendering a diagnosis, with the preferred treatment option being a surgical release. Systemic anticoagulation is recommended as initial therapy for venous mesenteric ischemia with acceptable rates of recanalization. If anticoagulation fails, transcatheter thrombolytic infusion can be considered with possible adjunctive placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt to augment antegrade flow. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Long-Term Survival After Surgery Versus Ablation for Early Liver Cancer in a Large, Nationally Representative Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To compare survival outcomes (all-cause, cancer-specific, and disease-free) for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), less than or equal to 5 cm, after ablation (AB) and surgical resection (SR) after adjusting for key confounders. Secondarily, to understand differential survival outcomes of liver transplant (TR) compared with SR and AB. METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare, HCCs less than 5 cm that were treated with AB, SR, or TR in 2009 to 2016 (n = 1,215) were identified using Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes through Medicare claims. The TR group was subdivided into two groups: TR with prior treatment and TR without prior treatment. All-cause survival, cancer-specific survival, and disease-free survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared between groups using log-rank tests and Cox regression analyses. Propensity score-matched comparison of AB and SR groups was performed, with groups matched on demographics, social determinants of health, medical comorbidities, and liver disease severity prognostic indicators. RESULTS: Median study follow-up time was 2.71 years (interquartile range 1.25-3.83). Unadjusted 1-, 3-, and 5-year cancer-specific survivals were 85.9%, 67.6%, and 56.3% for the AB group; 91.7%, 82.6%, and 81.7% for the SR group; 93.5%, 88.7%, and 79.4% for TR without prior treatment group; and 96.4%, 93.2%, and 93.2% for TR with prior treatment group (P < .0001). With SR as the reference group, the propensity-matched hazard ratios for AB were 2.04 (95% confidence interval: 1.51-2.77) for all-cause mortality, 2.44 (95% confidence interval: 1.56-3.80) for cancer-specific mortality, and 2.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.61-2.78) for disease recurrence. DISCUSSION: SR is superior to AB for small HCCs in a large, nationally representative, modern cohort, and in secondary analysis TR was superior to both.

New clinic workflow improves compliance for routine PCN exchanges.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a clinic workflow intervention on follow-up for routine ercutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) exchanges. METHODS: An intervention consisting of automated electronic tracking for all PCN placements and exchanges followed by phone call reminders to schedule a follow-up exchange 60 days post-procedure was introduced on March 19, 2019. All PCN exchanges performed from March 19, 2018 to September 18, 2019 were identified through a local electronic database search to assess the impact of intervention as a quality improvement project. Basic demographic information and procedure details were collected. Routine follow-up at our institution is recommended every 90 days. The exchange rates within 90 days were compared between groups using a Chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 160 PCN placements or exchanges were performed pre-intervention and 69 PCN exchanges were performed post-intervention. Pre-intervention, 75/160 (46.3%) were exchanged within 90 days compared to 47/69 (68.1%) exchanged within 90 days post-intervention. The remainder had delayed follow-up due to loss to follow-up or scheduling delays. Post-intervention, there was a significantly improved rate of compliance for PCN exchanges within the recommended 90 days at our institution (p-value = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Automated tracking and phone call follow-up at 60 days post-procedure is a simple and effective intervention that can improve compliance for routine PCN exchanges and reduce the number of patients that are lost to follow-up.

Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Portal Vein Embolization, Associated Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation, and Radiation Lobectomy Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To understand portal vein embolization (PVE), associated liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS) and radiation lobectomy (RL) outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Systematic reviews of future liver remnant (FLR) percent hypertrophy, proportion undergoing hepatectomy and proportion with major complications following PVE, ALPPS, and RL were performed by searching Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Separate meta-analyses using random-effects models with assessment of study heterogeneity and publication bias were performed whenever allowable by available data. RECENT FINDINGS: Of the 10,616 articles screened, 21 articles with 636 subjects, 4 articles with 65 subjects, and 4 articles with 195 subjects met the inclusion criteria for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for PVE, ALPPS, and RL, respectively. The pooled estimate of mean percent FLR hypertrophy was 30.9% (95%CI: 22-39%, Q = 4034.8, p < 0.0001) over 40.3 +/- 26.3 days for PVE, 54.9% (95%CI: 36-74%, Q = 73.8, p < 0.0001) over 11.1 +/- 3.1 days for ALPPS, and 29.0% (95%CI: 23-35%, Q = 56.2, p < 0.0001) over 138.5 +/- 56.5 days for RL. The pooled proportion undergoing hepatectomy was 91% (95%CI: 83-95%, Q = 43.9, p = 0.002) following PVE and 98% (95%CI: 50-100%, Q = 0.0, p = 1.0) following ALPPS. The pooled proportion with major complications was 5% (95%CI: 2-10%, Q = 7.3, p = 0.887) following PVE and 38% (95%CI: 18-63%, Q = 10.0, p = 0.019) following ALPPS. Though liver hypertrophy occurs following all three treatments in HCC patients, PVE balances effective hypertrophy with a short time frame and low major complication rate.

Utilization and Outcomes of Cholecystostomy and Cholecystectomy in Patients Admitted With Acute Cholecystitis: A Nationwide Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to report national utilization trends and outcomes after percutaneous cholecystostomy, cholecystectomy, or no intervention among patients admitted to hospitals with acute cholecystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried from 2005 to 2014. Admissions were identified and stratified into treatment groups of percutaneous cholecystostomy, cholecystectomy, and no intervention on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes. Outcomes, including length of stay, inpatient mortality, and complications including hemorrhage and bile peritonitis, were identified. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify mortality risk by treatment type after adjustment for baseline comorbidities and risk of mortality. RESULTS. Among 2,550,013 patients (58.6% women, 41.4% men; mean age, 55.9 years) admitted for acute cholecystitis over the study duration, 73,841 (2.9%) patients underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy, 2,005,728 (78.7%) underwent cholecystectomy, and 459,585 (18.0%) did not undergo either procedure. Use of percutaneous cholecystostomy increased from 2985 procedures in 2005 to 12,650 in 2014. The percutaneous cholecystostomy cohort had a higher mean age (70.6 years) than the other two groups (cholecystectomy, 53.8 years; no intervention, 62.5 years), a higher mean comorbidity index (cholecystostomy, 3.74; cholecystectomy, 1.77; no intervention, 2.65), and a higher mean risk of mortality index (cholecystostomy, 2.88; cholecystectomy, 1.45; no intervention, 2.07) (p < .05). Unadjusted inpatient all-cause mortality was 10.1% in the percutaneous cholecystostomy, 0.8% in the cholecystectomy, and 5.2% in the no intervention cohorts. After adjustment for baseline mortality risk, percutaneous cholecystostomy (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.81) and cholecystectomy (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.41-0.43) were associated with reduced mortality compared with no intervention. CONCLUSION. Use of percutaneous cholecystostomy is increasing among patients admitted with acute cholecystitis. After adjustment for baseline comorbidities, percutaneous cholecystostomy is associated with improved odds of survival compared with no intervention.

Hepatocellular carcinoma Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems treatment response assessment: Lessons learned and future directions.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with rising clinical and economic burden as incidence increases. There are a multitude of evolving treatment options, including locoregional therapies which can be used alone, in combination with each other, or in combination with systemic therapy. These treatment options have shown to be effective in achieving remission, controlling tumor progression, improving disease free and overall survival in patients who cannot undergo resection and providing a bridge to transplant by debulking tumor burden to downstage patients. Following locoregional therapy (LRT), it is crucial to provide treatment response assessment to guide management and liver transplant candidacy. Therefore, Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (LI-RADS) Treatment Response Algorithm (TRA) was created to provide a standardized assessment of HCC following LRT. LI-RADS TRA provides a step by step approach to evaluate each lesion independently for accurate tumor assessment. In this review, we provide an overview of different locoregional therapies for HCC, describe the expected post treatment imaging appearance following treatment, and review the LI-RADS TRA with guidance for its application in clinical practice. Unique to other publications, we will also review emerging literature supporting the use of LI-RADS for assessment of HCC treatment response after LRT.

Contemporary Trends and Comparative Outcomes With Adjunctive Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement in Patients Undergoing Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Deep Vein Thrombosis in the United States: Insights From the National Inpatient Sample.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the contemporary trends and comparative effectiveness of adjunctive inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) placement in patients undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) for treatment of proximal lower extremity or caval deep vein thrombosis. BACKGROUND: CDT is being increasingly used in the management of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Although a significant number of patients treated with CDT undergo adjunctive IVCF placement, the benefit of this practice remains unknown. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample database was used to identify all patients with proximal or caval deep vein thrombosis who underwent CDT (with and without adjunctive IVCF placement) in the United States between January 2005 and December 2013. A propensity score-matching algorithm was then used to derive 2 matched groups of patients (IVCF and no IVCF) for comparative outcomes (mortality and major and minor bleeding) and resource use analysis. RESULTS: Of the 7,119 patients treated with CDT, 2,421 (34%) received IVCFs. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality (0.7% vs 1.0%; p = 0.20), procedure-related hemorrhage (1.4% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.23), or intracranial hemorrhage (0.7% vs. 0.6%; p = 0.70) between the IVCF (n = 2,259) and no-IVCF (n = 2,259) groups, respectively. Patients undergoing IVCF placement had higher rates of hematoma (3.4% vs 2.1%; p = 0.009), higher in-hospital charges ($104,049 ± 75,572 vs. $92,881 ± 80,194; p < 0.001) and increased length of stay (7.3 ± 5.6 days vs. 6.9 ± 6.9 days; p = 0.046) compared with the no-IVCF group. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide observational study suggests that one-third of all patients undergoing CDT receive IVCFs. IVCF use was not associated with a decrease in in-hospital mortality but was associated with higher inpatient charges and longer length of stay.

Statewide Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement, Complications, and Retrievals: Epidemiology and Recent Trends.

BACKGROUND: Public awareness of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter-related controversies has been elevated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety communication in 2010. OBJECTIVES: To examine population level trends in IVC filter utilization, complications, retrieval rates, and subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE) risk. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Patients receiving IVC filters during 2005-2014 in New York State. MEASURES: IVC filter-specific complications, new PE occurrences and IVC filter retrievals were evaluated as time-to-event data using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Estimated cumulative risks were obtained at various timepoints during follow-up. RESULTS: There were 91,873 patients receiving IVC filters between 2005 and 2014 in New York State included in the study. The average patient age was 67 years and 46.6% were male. Age-adjusted rates of IVC filter placement increased from 48 cases/100,000 in 2005 to 52 cases/100,000 in 2009, and decreased afterwards to 36 cases/100,000 in 2014. The estimated risks of having an IVC filter-related complication and filter retrieval within 1 year was 1.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4%-1.6%] and 3.5% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.6%). One-year retrieval rate was higher post-2010 when compared with pre-2010 years (hazard ratio, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.50-2.91). Among the 58,176 patients who did not have PE events before or at the time of IVC filter placement, the estimated risk of developing subsequent PE at 1 year was 2.0% (95% CI, 1.9%-2.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that FDA communications may be effective in modifying statewide clinical practices. Given the 2% observed PE rate following prophylactic IVC filter placement, large scale pragmatic studies are needed to determine contemporary safety and effectiveness of IVC filters.

Interventional radiology fellowship website content: what is the relevance to potential applicants?

PURPOSE: To assess the accessibility and content of query Interventional Radiology (IR) fellowship program websites and determine the impact of these websites on applicants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All IR fellowship programs were individually evaluated, and all IR fellowship applicants to our institution were surveyed. RESULTS: In 2015, 44.3% of programs had an appropriate functional link to the fellowship website. Most provided a program description and application information. In our survey, applicants reported that website quality was moderately important to their overall impression of a fellowship. The most important aspects were didactics and facilities information. CONCLUSION: Fellowship website content and quality are important to applicants.

Online Patient Ratings of Hand Surgeons.

PURPOSE: To evaluate factors associated with positive online patient ratings and written comments regarding hand surgeons. METHODS: We randomly selected 250 hand surgeons from the American Society for Surgery of the Hand member directory. Surgeon demographic and rating data were collected from 3 physician review Web sites (www.HealthGrades.com, www.Vitals.com, and www.RateMDs.com). Written comments were categorized as being related to professional competence, communication, cost, overall recommendation, staff, and office practice. Online presence was defined by 5 criteria: professional Web site, Facebook page, Twitter page, and personal profiles on www.Healthgrades.com and/or www.Vitals.com. RESULTS: A total of 245 hand surgeons (98%) had at least one rating among the 3 Web sites. Mean number of ratings for each surgeon was 13.4, 8.3, and 1.9, respectively, and mean overall ratings were 4.0 out of 5, 3.3 out of 4, and 3.8 out of 5 stars on www.HealthGrades.com, www.Vitals.com, and www.RateMDs.com, respectively. Positive overall ratings were associated with a higher number of ratings, Castle Connolly status, and increased online presence. No consistent correlations were observed among online ratings and surgeon age, sex, years in practice, practice type (ie, private practice vs academics), and/or geographic region. Finally, positive written comments were more often related to factors dependent on perceived surgeon competence, whereas negative comments were related to factors independent of perceived competence. CONCLUSIONS: Physician review Web sites featured prominently on Google, and 98% of hand surgeons were rated online. This study characterized hand surgeon online patient ratings as well as identified factors associated with positive ratings and comments. In addition, these findings highlight how patients assess care quality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding hand surgeon online ratings and identifying factors associated with positive ratings are important for both patients and surgeons because of the recent growth in physician-rating Web sites.

Interventional radiology delivers high-value health care and is an Imaging 3.0 vanguard.

Given the changing climate of health care and the imperative to add value, radiologists must join forces with the rest of medicine to deliver better patient care in a more cost-effective, evidence-based manner. For several decades, interventional radiology has added value to the health care system through innovation and the provision of alternative and effective minimally invasive treatments, which have decreased morbidity, mortality, and overall cost. The clinical practice of interventional radiology embodies many of the features of Imaging 3.0, the program recently launched by the ACR. We provide a review of some of the major contributions made by interventional radiology and offer general principles from that experience, which are applicable to all radiologists.