Thromboelastography and Its Use in Pediatric Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Thromboelastography's (TEG's) use in pediatric trauma patients is not widely studied. Identifying clotting cascade defects can direct decision making regarding blood product transfusion. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective review of all level 1 pediatric trauma patients. Data collected included demographics, diagnoses, Injury Severity Score, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), mortality, TEG values, and blood products received. We identified TEG values associated with mortality, ICU LOS, and need for blood product transfusion. RESULTS: A total of 237 trauma 1 patients were identified. After exclusions, 148 patients were included for analysis. Most patients were below TEG transfusion cut points. Patients with elevated reaction time, K value, and fibrinolysis at 30 minutes had increased odds of mortality with odds ratios of 1.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-2.40), 1.94 (95% CI, 1.23-3.05), and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28), respectively. For ICU LOS, elevated reaction time, K value, and fibrinolysis at 30 minutes, α angle, and maximum amplitude demonstrated hazard ratios of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.88), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.64-1.0), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88-0.99), 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.08), and 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01-1.06), respectively. There was no association between TEG and blood product transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulopathic patients based on TEG had higher mortality. All TEG values, as they moved toward transfusion-trigger cut points, were associated with increased mortality.

Diagnostic error in the pediatric hospital: a narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic error is a prevalent type of medical error that is associated with considerable patient harm and increased medical costs. The majority of literature guiding the current understanding of diagnostic error in the hospital setting is from adult studies. However, there is research to suggest this type of error is also prevalent in the pediatric specialty. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to define the current understanding of diagnostic error in the pediatric hospital through a structured literature review. METHODS: We searched PubMed and identified studies focusing on three aspects of diagnostic error in pediatric hospitals: the incidence or prevalence, contributing factors, and related interventions. We used a tiered review, and a standardized electronic form to extract data from included articles. RESULTS: Fifty-nine abstracts were screened and 23 full-text studies were included in the final review. Seventeen of the 23 studies focused on the incidence or prevalence, with only 3 studies investigating the utility of interventions. Most studies took place in an intensive care unit or emergency department with very few studies including only patients on the general wards. Overall, the prevalence of diagnostic error in pediatric hospitals varied greatly and depended on the measurement technique and specific hospital setting. Both healthcare system factors and individual cognitive factors were found to contribute to diagnostic error, with there being limited evidence to guide how best to mitigate the influence of these factors on the diagnostic process. CONCLUSION: The general knowledge of diagnostic error in pediatric hospital settings is limited. Future work should incorporate structured frameworks to measure diagnostic errors and examine clinicians' diagnostic processes in real-time to help guide effective hospital-wide interventions.

Using patient complaints to drive healthcare improvement: a narrative overview.

Patient complaints are directly related to patient experience and safety. While complaints have the potential to be a major driving force in quality improvement, there is little evidence-based structure to use as a guide. The existing literature draws attention to the significant variability in complaint reporting and analysis systems as major barriers. Furthermore, weak change strategies are frequently implemented in response to complaints. This often prevents further investigation into larger systems issues that could be addressed with quality improvement initiatives. Several recent studies describe success with the use of a standardized tool to classify patient complaints, which highlights attempts at overcoming these barriers. There are opportunities to more effectively use patient complaints to drive improvement including a cultural shift with supportive leadership, transparency with the complaint process, and the use of a standardized tool to better organize and process complaints.

Implementation of a Weight-Based High-Flow Nasal Cannula Protocol for Children With Bronchiolitis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the implementation of a weight-based high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) protocol for infants with bronchiolitis was associated with improved outcomes, including decreased ICU use. METHODS: We implemented a weight-based HFNC protocol across a tertiary care children's hospital and 2 community hospitals that admit pediatric patients on HFNC. We included all patients who were <2 years old and had a discharge diagnosis of bronchiolitis or viral pneumonia during the preimplementation (November 2013 to April 2018) and postimplementation (November 2018 to April 2020) respiratory seasons. Data were analyzed by using an interrupted time series approach. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients treated in the ICU. Patients with a complex chronic condition were excluded. RESULTS: Implementation of the weight-based HFNC protocol was associated with an immediate absolute decrease in ICU use of 4.0%. We also observed a 6.2% per year decrease in the slope of ICU admissions pre- versus postintervention. This was associated with an immediate reduction in median cost per bronchiolitis encounter of $661, a 2.3% immediate absolute reduction in the proportion of patients who received noninvasive ventilation, and a 3.4% immediate absolute reduction in the proportion of patients who received HFNC. CONCLUSIONS: A multicenter, weight-based HFNC protocol was associated with decreased ICU use and noninvasive ventilation use. In hospitals where HFNC is used in non-ICU units, weight-based approaches may lead to improved resource use.

Pediatric inpatient hospital care.

Pediatrics is a field of medical specialty that focuses on children and their potential to successfully grow and develop into healthy adults. The articles in this special edition of Hospital Practice span a range of issues that affect children and their health care in the inpatient hospital setting, including equity and bias mitigation in health care, efficiency in patient rounding, using patient and family complaints to drive improvement efforts, the diagnostic process and avoiding fundamental diagnostic errors, pediatric palliative care, rapidly identifying and treating sepsis in children, the care and management of children on home ventilation, instituting a rapid response team in the pediatric environment, and quality rating systems for children's hospitals.

Children's hospital quality ratings: where are we and can we do better?

OBJECTIVE: Hospital quality ratings are intended to guide patients and payers to the highest quality hospitals. Their success in achieving this goal has been limited by inconsistencies between ratings and questionable data collection methods. Despite these shortcomings, their popularity and importance are increasing. The purpose of this review is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the US News and World Report (USNWR) Best Children's Hospitals Report and Leapfrog Pediatric Care Survey and discuss improvement opportunities. METHODS: A structured literature review was performed analyzing hospital quality surveys. Previously published criteria were used to compare the USNWR Best Children's Hospitals Report and Leapfrog Pediatric Care Survey. RESULTS: This narrative review highlights the strengths and weakness of both the USNWR Best Children's Hospitals Report and the Leapfrog Pediatric Care Survey, including a letter grade comparison. CONCLUSION: Existing children's hospital rating systems are lacking. We suggest specific improvements that may better enable these reports to influence the quality of pediatric care.

Oculocardiac Reflex in A 15-Year-Old With Orbital Fractures and Epidural Hematoma.

ABSTRACT: The oculocardiac reflex has been well described in the literature and was first defined in 1908 by Aschner. The phenomenon involves the afferent limb of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve as well as the efferent pathway involving the vagal nerve leading to negative chronotropic effects. It results in a decrease in heart rate and oftentimes a decrease in blood pressure associated with compression of the eye or traction of the extraocular muscles. This reflex has clinical significance in both the operating room during ophthalmic procedures and in the emergency department in patients having sustained craniofacial trauma. The typical dysrhythmia described in literature is sinus bradycardia. Our patient, however, had a ventricular escape rhythm with a complete left bundle branch block pattern.

A Retrospective Review of Physician-related Patient Complaints from a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Trends in patient concerns can identify systematic problems in health care delivery that may not be detected when addressing individual concerns. It can be difficult identifying trends without using a standardized taxonomy. The study objectives were to describe patient complaints from a tertiary care pediatric hospital and categorize them using a standardized complaint taxonomy. METHODS: Physician-based patient complaints were compiled from April 2011 to May 2014 from a tertiary pediatric hospital. These complaints were coded independently by 2 reviewers using the Reader taxonomy, a published standardized taxonomy. Complaints were placed into 3 domains: clinical, management, and relationships then organized into categories. Inter-rater reliability for domain classification between the 2 reviewers was calculated using Cohen's unweighted κ. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patient complaints were identified, representing approximately 1 per 10,000 physician-patient encounters. Half (48/87) were related to care in the emergency department. When adjusted for volume, pediatric hospital medicine had the highest number of complaints, with 12.1 per 10,000 encounters. The majority of patient complaints, 66% (57/87), were of the clinical domain (κ = 0.61). Sixty percent (52/87) were in the relationship domain (κ = 0.68), and 16% (14/87) were in the management domain (κ = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: We found a low overall complaint rate. Our results indicate that interventions to improve patient experience should initially be targeted at emergency and hospital medicine on the clinical and relationship domains. The inter-rater reliability of the Reader taxonomy was moderate with implications for processing patient complaints at a hospital level.

Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis-A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the presentation and treatment of children diagnosed with bacterial tracheitis at our institution and to review the available literature focusing on key presenting symptoms and clinical outcomes of children diagnosed with bacterial tracheitis. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with literature review. SETTING: Tertiary children's hospital and available literature. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case series of children with bacterial tracheitis retrospectively reviewed at a tertiary children's hospital. Those with a tracheostomy or those who developed bacterial tracheitis as a complication of prolonged intubation were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-six children were identified (mean ± SD age, 6.7 ± 4.5 years). The most common presenting symptom was cough (85%), followed by stridor (77%) and voice changes/hoarseness (67%). A concurrent viral illness was found for 55%, and the most common bacteria cultured was methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatric intensive care admission occurred for 69%, and 43% required intubation. No patient required tracheostomy. One patient (2.7%) died secondary to airway obstruction and subsequent respiratory arrest. Four patients had recurrence of bacterial tracheitis 4 to 12 months following their initial presentation. CONCLUSION: Bacterial tracheitis is an uncommon condition with an atypical presentation and variable clinical course but serious consequences if left unrecognized. Staphylococcus is the most common bacteria identified, and many patients will have a prodromal viral illness. Changes in patient epidemiology and presentation may have occurred over time.

Ondansetron Oral Dissolve Tab vs. Oral Solution in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department with Gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: Ondansetron is often used in the emergency department (ED) to promote oral rehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE), yet medication solutions administered orally may be poorly tolerated in this population. OBJECTIVES: We compared the tolerability of ondansetron oral dissolve tab (ODT) to oral solution (OS) in children presenting to the ED with AGE. METHODS: Using alternate-day controlled clinical trial design, children aged 3 months to 10 years received either ondansetron ODT or OS. Our primary outcome was early vomiting (within 15 min of drug administration). The secondary outcome was intravenous (i.v.) fluid administration. RESULTS: There were 462/534 eligible children who met study criteria. Demographics, severity, and duration of illness were similar between groups. Using intention-to-treat analysis, early vomiting occurred in 8/209 ODT vs. 19/253 OS children (3.8% vs. 7.5%; odds ratio [OR] 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18-1.21). Using as-treated analysis, 6/222 (2.7%) children receiving ODT experienced early vomiting, compared with 21/221 (9.5%) of the OS group (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09-0.70). The proportion of children discharged without i.v. fluids was not different (intention-to-treat: ODT = 91.4% (191/209), OS = 94.1% (238/253), OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.69-3.28; as-treated: ODT = 92.3% (205/222), OS = 93.2% (206/221), OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.40-1.93). CONCLUSIONS: Using a conservative intention-to-treat analysis, we found that children presenting to an ED with AGE did not have statistically less early vomiting with ondansetron ODT as compared with OS. However, our as-treated analysis demonstrates that children receiving ondansetron ODT experienced early vomiting approximately one-third as often as those receiving OS. The rate of i.v. fluid administration was no different between groups regardless of the type of analysis used.

Developing measures of quality for the emergency department management of pediatric suicide-related behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: Given the public health importance of suicide-related behaviors and the corresponding gap in the performance measurement literature, we sought to identify key candidate process indicators (quality of care measures) and structural measures (organizational resources and attributes) important for emergency department (ED) management of pediatric suicide-related behaviors. METHODS: We reviewed nationally endorsed guidelines and published research to establish an inventory of measures. Next, we surveyed expert pediatric ED clinicians to assess the level of agreement on the relevance (to patient care) and variability (across hospitals) of 42 candidate process indicators and whether 10 hospital and regional structural measures might impact these processes. RESULTS: Twenty-three clinicians from 14 pediatric tertiary-care hospitals responded (93% of hospitals contacted). Candidate process indicators identified as both most relevant to patient care (≥87% agreed or strongly agreed) and most variable across hospitals (≥78% agreed or strongly agreed) were wait time for medical assessment; referral to crisis intervention worker/program; mental health, psychosocial, or risk assessment requested; any inpatient admission; psychiatric inpatient admission; postdischarge treatment plan; wait time for first follow-up appointment; follow-up obtained; and type of follow-up obtained. Key hospital and regional structural measures (≥87% agreed or strongly agreed) were specialist staffing and type of specialist staffing in or available to the ED; regional policies, protocols, or procedures; and inpatient psychiatric services. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted candidate performance measures for the ED management of pediatric suicide-related behaviors. The 9 candidate process indicators (covering triage, assessment, admission, discharge, and follow-up) and 4 hospital and regional structural measures merit further development.