A slow-release dexamethasone implant for cancer-associated retinopathy / Implante de liberacao lenta de dexametasona para retinopatia associada ao cancer

ABSTRACT This case report aims to show the anatomical and functional results of a patient diagnosed as having cancer-associated retinopathy treated with a controlled-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex). Anatomical outcomes were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography; and functional outcomes, by measuring visual acuity, microperimetry, and mutifocal electroretinography. The follow-up period was 1 year.

RESUMO Este relato de caso tem como objetivo mostrar os resultados anatômicos e funcionais de um paciente com diagnóstico de retinopatia associada ao câncer tratado com implante de liberação controlada de dexametasona (Ozurdex®). Os resultados anatômicos foram avaliados por SD-OCT e os resultados funcionais por medida de acuidade visual, microperimetria e eletrorretinograma multifocal. O período de acompanhamento foi de um ano.

A slow-release dexamethasone implant for cancer-associated retinopathy.

This case report aims to show the anatomical and functional results of a patient diagnosed as having cancer-associated retinopathy treated with a controlled-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex). Anatomical outcomes were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography; and functional outcomes, by measuring visual acuity, microperimetry, and mutifocal electroretinography. The follow-up period was 1 year.

Gas tamponade followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic pit.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to describe anatomic and visual outcomes associated with perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic disc pit. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study. Medical records of all patients treated at a tertiary retina referral center were evaluated between 2011 and 2018 for congenital optic disc pit-associated macular detachment with 0.3 ml 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by retinal laser photocoagulation along the temporal optic disc margin as the initial treatment. RESULTS: Six patients with optic disc pit-associated macular detachment were identified, with postoperative follow-up ranging from 13 to 52 months (mean: 28 months). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed complete fluid resolution without recurrence in five of the six cases. Four cases showed complete reabsorption after Intravitreal perfluoropropane plus laser, one patient needed an extra procedure (pars plana vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling and pedicle flap inversion over the temporal optic disc margin) to achieve complete fluid reabsorption, and one patient had persistent intraretinal fluid and denied additional surgeries. The time between the initial procedure and total fluid reabsorption varied from 6.5 to 41 months (mean: 19.5 months). Best-corrected visual acuity improved after surgery on the last follow-up visit in all cases. CONCLUSION: 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by photocoagulation along temporal optic disc margin was associated with anatomic and visual improvement in most cases, representing an alternative treatment approach for optic disc pit-associated macular detachment.

Gas tamponade followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic pit / Tamponamento com gás seguido de laser para descolamento de retina secundário à fosseta de disco óptico

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to describe anatomic and visual outcomes associated with perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by laser treatment for macular retinal detachment secondary to optic disc pit. Methods: A single-center, retrospective study. Medical records of all patients treated at a tertiary retina referral center were evaluated between 2011 and 2018 for congenital optic disc pit-associated macular detachment with 0.3 ml 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by retinal laser photocoagulation along the temporal optic disc margin as the initial treatment. Results: Six patients with optic disc pit-associated macular detachment were identified, with postoperative follow-up ranging from 13 to 52 months (mean: 28 months). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed complete fluid resolution without recurrence in five of the six cases. Four cases showed complete reabsorption after Intravitreal perfluoropropane plus laser, one patient needed an extra procedure (pars plana vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling and pedicle flap inversion over the temporal optic disc margin) to achieve complete fluid reabsorption, and one patient had persistent intraretinal fluid and denied additional surgeries. The time between the initial procedure and total fluid reabsorption varied from 6.5 to 41 months (mean: 19.5 months). Best-corrected visual acuity improved after surgery on the last follow-up visit in all cases. Conclusion: 100% perfluoropropane intravitreal injection followed by photocoagulation along temporal optic disc margin was associated with anatomic and visual improvement in most cases, representing an alternative treatment approach for optic disc pit-associated macular detachment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados anatômicos e visuais associados à injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano seguida de tratamento a laser para descolamento de retina macular secundário à fosseta do disco óptico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em um único centro. Foram revisados os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico congênito em um centro de referência terciário de retina entre 2011 e 2018. Todos receberam como estratégia de tratamento inicial injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano 100% seguido por fotocoagulação a laser ao longo da margem temporal do disco óptico. Resultados: Foram identificados seis pacientes com descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico durante o período do estudo. O seguimento pós-operatório variou de 13 a 52 meses, com média de 28 meses. SD-OCT demonstrou resolução completa do fluido em cindo dos seis casos, sem recorrência. Quatro casos apresentaram reabsorção completa após perfluoropropano intravítreo associado a laser, e um paciente necessitou de procedimento adicional (vitrectomia via pars plana com peeling da membrana limitante interna e inversão do retalho do pedículo sobre a margem temporal do disco óptico) para obter reabsorção completa de fluidos. Um paciente apresentou fluido intrarretiniano persistente e negou tratamentos adicionais. O tempo entre o procedimento inicial e a resolução completa do fluido variou entre 6,5 a 41 meses, com média de 19,5 meses. A acuidade visual corrigida melhorou após a cirurgia, considerando a última consulta de acompanhamento em todos os casos. Conclusão: A injeção intravítrea de perfluoropropano 100% seguida de fotocoagulação ao longo da margem temporal da margem do disco óptico foi associada à melhora anatômica e visual na maioria dos casos e representa uma abordagem terapêutica alternativa para o descolamento macular associado a fosseta do disco óptico.

Safety of intravitreal metoprolol in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate ocular safety of intravitreal metoprolol in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. METHODS: Five eyes of five patients diagnosed with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) previously treated unsuccessfully with oral spironolactone, micropulse laser and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents were enrolled and received off-label intravitreal metoprolol (50 µg/0.05 ml). Baseline and follow-up examinations included measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, anterior chamber cellular/flare scores, vitritis classification, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography and electroretinography (ERG), recorded by means of DTL electrodes and following the standard suggested by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). The total follow-up period was 4 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between baseline and follow-up ERG parameters: scotopic or photopic, a- and b-wave amplitude and implicit time, nor oscillatory potentials amplitude, or whatsoever. No intraocular inflammation sign was observed. In addition, BCVA showed small improvement in 4 or kept baseline values in 1 patient. The subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid volume reduced in all patients at 1 month after treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients with refractory cCSC treated with intravitreal 50 µg/0.05 ml metoprolol showed no signs of acute ocular toxicity, along with intraretinal fluid reduction and slight BCVA improvement 1 month after injection. This data suggest that intravitreal metoprolol may be a safe alternative for cCSC.

ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT OF CIRCUMSCRIBED CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMA USING INTRAVITREAL METOPROLOL.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To describe a patient with visually symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) treated successfully with intravitreal beta-blocker. METHODS: This is an interventional single case report of a 63 year-old man with a juxtafoveal CCH and extensive subretinal fluid (SRF) unsuccessfully treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF. Off-label intravitreal use of metoprolol (50µg/0.05 ml) was then performed. Main outcome measures were resolution or decreased subretinal fluid on OCT, visual stability or improvement, lack of retinal/ocular toxicity. RESULTS: Following 2 intravitreal injections of metoprolol (1 month apart), significant response was observed with decrease of SRF and visual improvement to 20/400 during a 9-week follow-up after the injections. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that intravitreal metoprolol can be a safe alternative treatment for patients with CCH. This off-label therapy could represent another option for patients with this condition.

Scleral fixation using a hydrophilic four-haptic lens and polytetrafluoroethylene suture.

To assess the safety of scleral fixation using the Akreos AO60 intraocular lens (IOL) and Gore-Tex suture. Prospective evaluation of 20 patients who underwent scleral fixation of an Akreos AO60 with Gore-Tex. Patients presenting with aphakia or dislocated IOL without capsular support were enrolled in the study. Main outcome measures included visual acuity, endothelial cell density, and postoperative complications over 6 months of follow-up. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) uncorrected logMAR visual acuity improved from 1.92 ± 0.23 (20/1600 Snellen equivalent) preoperatively to 0.80 ± 0.56 (20/125) at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.001). Mean ± SD best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) logMAR was 0.43 ± 0.23 preoperatively and 0.37 ± 0.24 (20/50) at 3-6 months postoperatively (p = 0.312). The mean ± SD endothelial cell density was 1740.50 ± 522.92 cells/mm2 and 1187.19 ± 493.00 cells/mm2 (p < 0.001) pre and postoperatively, respectively. Mean ± SD postoperative spherical equivalent was - 1.12 ± 1.50D. Postoperative complications included exposure of suture in 40% of the patients, hypotony in 15%, ocular hypertension in 10%, transient vitreous hemorrhage in 10%, retinal detachment in 5%, and transient lens opacification in 5%. Scleral fixation with an Akreos AO60 and Gore-Tex appears generally safe. However, given the high incidence of suture erosion observed, the use of scleral flaps or rotating and burying the knots is recommended in order to reduce the risk of this complication.

Intravitreal metoprolol for circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas: a phase I clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Choroidal hemangioma is a visual threatening condition for which treatments is neither uniform nor widely available. New management options are necessary. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and early outcome of intravitreal metoprolol tartrate in five patients with CCH. METHODS: Five eyes of five patients diagnosed with subfoveal or peripapillary CCH and unsuccessfully treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents were enrolled and received off-label intravitreal injections of metoprolol (50µg/0.05 ml). Baseline and follow-up evaluations included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement, assessment of anterior chamber cellular score/flare and vitritis, retinography, fundus autofluorescence, and ERG. Patients were followed for a period of 30 days. Statistical analysis involved comparison of pre- and post-treatment findings using a paired t-test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in all ERG parameters regarding a- and b-wave amplitude and implicit time, and oscillatory potentials' maximal amplitude. There were no significant changes in visual acuity. None of the patients developed clinical signs of intraocular inflammation. The subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid improved in 3 out of 5 patients 4 weeks after the metoprolol injection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CCH treated with a single injection of 50µg/0.05ml intravitreal metoprolol injections showed no signs of acute ocular toxicity. This pilot study did not assess long-term retinal toxicity, different concentrations, drug resistance, and complications from repeated-intravitreal injections.

Delayed trigeminocardiac reflex after maxillofacial surgery: case report / Reflexo trigêmino-cardíaco tardio após cirurgia buco-maxilo-facial: relato de caso

Abstract Background: Trigeminocardiac reflex is a physiological phenomenon that may occur in head and neck surgery, and is usually benign. However, it may present with exaggerated responses with severe morbidity. Case report: Male patient, 26 years old, candidate for surgical treatment of zygomatic-orbital complex fracture. The surgery with bilateral nasal packing placed at the end of the procedure was uneventful. After being admitted to the post-anesthesia care unity, the patient complained of shortness of breath and nausea. Pulse oximetry fell below 90% in ambient air, and 100% O2 was then offered through a Hudson mask. He showed no improvement in oximetry and presented with worsening dyspnea, diffuse wheezing, reduced heart rate, and blood pressure. Atropine was given, which raised the heart rate, but without resolution of hypotension and bronchospasm. Our suspicion was of a trigeminal-cardiac reflex, and then the removal of the nasal packing was done with complete remission of the signs and symptoms. Discussion: Florian Kratschmer (1870) was the first to describe the influences of nasal mucosal reflexes on respiration and circulation, which became known as Kratschmer's reflex. It is a reflex arc whose afferent originates in the nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve. The clinical presentation of trigeminocardiac reflex is the occurrence of sudden bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility. Conclusion: Trigeminocardiac reflex may be a protective neurogenic, oxygen-conserving response with low morbidity, however, exacerbated in certain situations. The interaction between surgeon and anesthesiologist, together with a careful monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate are fundamental for diagnosis and treatment.

Resumo Justificativa: O reflexo trigêmino-cardíaco é um fenômeno fisiológico passível de ocorrer em cirurgias da cabeça e pescoço, e normalmente é benigno. Contudo, pode apresentar respostas exageradas, com grave morbidade. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 26 anos, candidato a tratamento cirúrgico de fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário. Ato cirúrgico sem intercorrências com tamponamento nasal bilateral ao final. Após admitido na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, queixou-se de "falta de ar" e náusea. A oximetria de pulso caiu abaixo 90% em ar ambiente e foi ofertado então O2 a 100% sob máscara de Hudson. Não houve melhora da oximetria e apresentou piora da dispneia, com sibilos difusos, redução da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial. Administrada atropina, que elevou a frequência cardíaca, mas sem resolução da hipotensão arterial e broncoespasmo. Aventamos a hipótese de reflexo trigêmino-cardíaco e então foi feita a remoção do tamponamento nasal com remissão completa dos sinais e sintomas. Discussão: Florian Kratschmer (1870) foi o primeiro a descrever as influências de reflexos da mucosa nasal na respiração e na circulação, o que ficou conhecido como reflexo de Kratschmer. Trata-se de um arco reflexo cuja aferência é originária nas terminações nervosas do nervo trigêmeo. A apresentação clínica do reflexo trigêmino-cardíaco é a ocorrência de súbita bradicardia, hipotensão, apneia e hipermotilidade gástrica. Conclusão: O reflexo trigêmino-cardíaco pode ser uma resposta neurogênica protetora, oxigênio-conservadora, de baixa morbidade, contudo exacerbada em determinadas situações. A interação entre cirurgião e anestesiologista, aliada à monitoração criteriosa da pressão arterial e do ritmo cardíaco, é fundamental para o diagnóstico e o tratamento.

Negative pressure pulmonary edema: report of case series and review of the literature / Edema pulmonar por pressão negativa: relato de casos e revisão da literatura

Abstract Background and objectives: Negative pressure pulmonary edema occurs by increased intrathoracic negative pressure following inspiration against obstructed upper airway. The pressure generated is transmitted to the pulmonary capillaries and exceeds the pressure of hydrostatic equilibrium, causing fluid extravasation into the pulmonary parenchyma and alveoli. In anesthesiology, common situations such as laryngospasm and upper airway obstruction can trigger this complication, which presents considerable morbidity and requires immediate diagnosis and propaedeutics. Upper airway patency, noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure, supplemental oxygen and, if necessary, reintubation with mechanical ventilation are the basis of therapy. Case report: Case 1: Male, 52 years old, undergoing appendectomy under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase, presented with laryngospasm after extubation, followed by pulmonary edema. Case 2: Female, 23 years old, undergoing breast reduction under general anesthesia with oro-tracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase,presented with inspiration against closed glottis after extubation, was treated with non-invasiveventilation with positive pressure; after 1 hour, she had pulmonary edema. Case 3: Male, 44 yearsold, undergoing ureterolithotripsy under general anesthesia, without neuromuscular blocker,presented with laryngospasm after laryngeal mask removal evolving with pulmonary edema. Case 4: Male, 7 years old, undergoing crude fracture reduction under general anesthesia withorotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, presented with laryngospasmreversed with non-invasive ventilation with positive pressure after extubation, followed bypulmonary edema. Conclusions: The anesthesiologists should prevent the patient from perform a forced inspirationagainst closed glottis, in addition to being able to recognize and treat cases of negative pressurepulmonary edema.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O edema pulmonar por pressão negativa ocorre por aumento da pressão negativa intratorácica após inspiração contra via aérea superior obstruída. A pressão gerada é transmitida aos capilares pulmonares e supera a pressão de equilíbrio hidrostático, o que causa extravasamento de líquido para o parênquima pulmonar e alvéolos. Em anestesiologia, situações comuns como laringoespasmo e obstrução de via aérea superior podem desencadear essa complicação, que apresenta considerável morbidade e exige diagnóstico e propedêutica imediatos. A desobstrução das vias aéreas superiores, ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva, oxigênio suplementar e, se necessário reintubação com ventilação mecânica são a base da terapia. Relato de caso: Caso 1: Masculino, 52 anos, submetido a apendicectomia sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, uso de bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante, revertido com anticolinesterásico; apresentou laringoespasmo após extubação, seguido de edema pulmonar. Caso 2: Feminino, 23 anos, submetida a mamoplastia redutora sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante revertido com anticolinesterásico, apresentou inspiração contra glote fechada após extubação, tratada com ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva; após uma hora apresentou edema pulmonar. Caso 3: Masculino, 44 anos, submetido a ureterolitotripsia sob anestesia geral, sem bloqueador neuromuscular, apresentou laringoespasmo após retirada de máscara laríngea e evoluiu com edema pulmonar. Caso 4: Masculino, sete anos, submetido a redução cruenta de fratura sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, uso de bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante; apresentou laringo-espasmo revertido com ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva após extubação, seguidode edema pulmonar. Conclusões: O anestesiologista deve evitar que o paciente faça inspiração forçada contra glotefechada, além de ser capaz de reconhecer e tratar os casos de edema pulmonar por pressãonegativa.

[Delayed trigeminocardiac reflex after maxillofacial surgery: case report]. / Reflexo trigêmino­cardíaco tardio após cirurgia buco­maxilo­facial: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND: Trigeminocardiac reflex is a physiological phenomenon that may occur in head and neck surgery, and is usually benign. However, it may present with exaggerated responses with severe morbidity. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 26 years old, candidate for surgical treatment of zygomatic-orbital complex fracture. The surgery with bilateral nasal packing placed at the end of the procedure was uneventful. After being admitted to the post-anesthesia care unity, the patient complained of shortness of breath and nausea. Pulse oximetry fell below 90% in ambient air, and 100% O2 was then offered through a Hudson mask. He showed no improvement in oximetry and developed a worsening dyspnea, diffuse wheezing, reduced heart rate, and blood pressure. Atropine was given, which raised the heart rate, but without resolution of hypotension and bronchospasm. Our suspicion was of a trigeminal-cardiac reflex, and then the removal of the nasal packing was done with complete remission of the signs and symptoms. DISCUSSION: Florian Kratschmer (1870) was the first to describe the influences of nasal mucosal reflexes on respiration and circulation, which became known as Kratschmer's reflex. It is a reflex arc whose afferent originates in the nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve. The clinical presentation of trigeminocardiac reflex is the occurrence of sudden bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility. CONCLUSION: Trigeminocardiac reflex may be a protective neurogenic, oxygen-conserving response with low morbidity, however, exacerbated in certain situations. The interaction between surgeon and anesthesiologist, together with a careful monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate are fundamental for diagnosis and treatment.

[Negative pressure pulmonary edema: report of case series and review of the literature]. / Edema pulmonar por pressão negativa: relato de casos e revisão da literatura.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Negative pressure pulmonary edema occurs by increased intrathoracic negative pressure following inspiration against obstructed upper airway. The pressure generated is transmitted to the pulmonary capillaries and exceeds the pressure of hydrostatic equilibrium, causing fluid extravasation into the pulmonary parenchyma and alveoli. In anesthesiology, common situations such as laryngospasm and upper airway obstruction can trigger this complication, which presents considerable morbidity and requires immediate diagnosis and propaedeutics. Upper airway patency, noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure, supplemental oxygen and, if necessary, reintubation with mechanical ventilation are the basis of therapy. CASE REPORT: Case 1: Male, 52 years old, undergoing appendectomy under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase, presented with laryngospasm after extubation, followed by pulmonary edema. Case 2: Female, 23 years old, undergoing breast reduction under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase, presented with inspiration against closed glottis after extubation, was treated with non-invasive ventilation with positive pressure; after 1 hour, she had pulmonary edema. Case 3: Male, 44 years old, undergoing ureterolithotripsy under general anesthesia, without neuromuscular blocker, presented with laryngospasm after laryngeal mask removal evolving with pulmonary edema. Case 4: Male, 7 years old, undergoing crude fracture reduction under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, presented with laryngospasm reversed with non-invasive ventilation with positive pressure after extubation, followed by pulmonary edema. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthesiologists should prevent the patient from perform a forced inspiration against closed glottis, in addition to being able to recognize and treat cases of negative pressure pulmonary edema.

Sección completa de asa duodeno-yeyunal por adenocarcinoma asociado a enfermedad Celíaca / Complete section of duodeno-jejunal loop due ot adenocarcinoma associated with celiac disease

La enfermedad celíaca es un trastorno sistémico autoinmunitario provocado por el gluten de la dieta en personas genéticamente susceptibles. Su tratamiento es la dieta libre de gluten; aun así, en algunos pacientes, la respuesta es pobre y evolucionan con persistencia o recurrencia de los síntomas, mientras que un menor porcentaje manifiesta complicaciones raras como las neoplasias. El adenocarcinoma es el tumor maligno de intestino delgado más frecuente luego del linfoma en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca. Se describe el caso de un abdomen agudo por sección completa de asa duodeno-yeyunal, una presentación atípica e infrecuente del adenocarcinoma en pacientes con esta enfermedad.

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder caused by diet gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The treatment is a gluten-free diet; even so, in some patients the response is poor and they progress with persistence or recurrence of symptoms, and a lower percentage manifests rare complications such as neoplasia. Adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant small bowel tumor after lymphoma in patients with celiac disease. We describe the case of an acute abdomen due to a complete duodeno-jejunal loop section, an uncommon and atypical presentation of adenocarcinoma in patients with this disease.

Eye-Sparing Treatment for Diffuse Invasive Conjunctival Melanoma.

The management of patients with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma focuses on local tumor control and screening for metastasis. Despite the lack of consensus on the benefit of sentinel lymph node biopsy for these neoplasms, the information obtained by histopathology is useful for tumor staging and treatment planning. Due to the lack of evidence of survival improvement, orbital exenteration is being performed with diminishing frequency. We describe a patient with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma and lymph node involvement treated by tumor debulking, brachytherapy (custom unshielded radioactive device), and adjuvant ipilimumab who has had a favorable outcome without emergence of local tumor relapse or distant metastasis during 16 months of follow up.

A perspectiva da vulnerabilidade na avaliação do pé diabético sob a ótica de enfermeiros / The perspective of vulnerability in the diabetic foot evaluation from the viewpoint of nurses / Perspectiva de la vulnerabilidad en la evaluación del pie diabético según la visión de enfermeros

The aim of this study was to describe the social determinants of health, identified by nurses as relevant to the establishment of vulnerabilities of people with diabetes mellitus. A descriptive exploratory study was conducted, and its methodology was divided into two phases: identification of social determinants of health that can impact the development of diabetic foot; and evaluation of the social determinants of health by nurses. The research was conducted between August and November 2014, with nurses working in Curitiba and its metropolitan region. Of 68 social determinants of health, 20 were considered influential to the development of diabetic foot. Of these, only three belong to social vulnerability. In conclusion, the social dimension of vulnerability is still poorly recognized by nurses as capable of influencing the development of diabetic foot (AU).

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as condições determinantes sociais em saúde, identificadas por enfermeiros como relevantes para o estabelecimento de vulnerabilidades da pessoa com Diabetes Mellitus. Pesquisa exploratória descritiva cuja metodologia foi dividida em duas fases: identificação das condições determinantes sociais em saúde capazes de influenciar no desenvolvimento do pé diabético; e avaliação das condições determinantes sociais em saúde por enfermeiros. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de agosto e novembro de 2014, com enfermeiros atuantes no município de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. Das 68 condições determinantes sociais em saúde, 20 foram consideradas influentes para o desenvolvimento do pé diabético. Destas, apenas 3 pertencem à vulnerabilidade social. Conclui-se que a dimensão social da vulnerabilidade ainda é fracamente reconhecida pelos enfermeiros como capaz de influenciar no desenvolvimento do pé diabético (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las condiciones sociales determinantes en salud, identificadas por enfermeros como de relevancia para el establecimiento de vulnerabilidades de la persona con Diabetes Mellitus. Investigación exploratoria con metodología dividida en dos fases: identificación de las condiciones sociales determinantes en salud capaces de influir en el desarrollo del pie diabético; y evaluación de las condiciones sociales determinantes en salud por los enfermeros. La investigación se realizó entre agosto y noviembre de 2014, con enfermeros actuantes en el municipio de Curitiba y Región Metropolitana. De las 68 condiciones sociales determinantes en salud, 20 fueron consideradas influyentes para el desarrollo del pie diabético. De ellas, solamente 3 forman parte de la vulnerabilidad social. Se concluye en que la dimensión social de la vulnerabilidad es aún francamente reconocida por los enfermeros como capaz de influir en el desarrollo del pie diabético (AU).

A tutoria como estratégia educacional no ensino médico / Mentoring as an educational approach in medical education

A relação de tutoria é anterior à invenção da linguagem escrita. Desde seu surgimento, ocorreram mudanças em sua estrutura, mas não se perdeu a essência de promover o desenvolvimento do aprendiz. A tutoria é um processo de aprendizado individualizado, numa relação dinâmica, tendo hoje grande importância como ferramenta de ensino em cursos de graduação e treinamentos profissionais. Na educação médica, está relacionada positivamente à percepção de suporte acadêmico, à satisfação com a carreira, à produção científica, à diminuição do risco de burn-out e ao desenvolvimento de relações dentro da profissão. Entretanto, existem limitações, como o pequeno número de tutores preparados, a falta de tempo dos participantes e o restrito apoio institucional. Este trabalho revê os conceitos sobre tutoria, a função dos integrantes e a relação estabelecida entre eles, e avalia a importância, as expectativas e as limitações da tutoria na educação médica, em especial nas escolas de Medicina do Brasil. Foi realizada revisão de artigos científicos do período 2005-2011, no banco de dados PubMed, além de referências citadas nos artigos selecionados.

The mentoring relationship dates back to prior to the invention of written language. There have been changes in its structure, but it has not lost the essence of promoting the development of the apprentice. Mentoring is a personalized learning process, in a dynamic relationship, which has great importance as a learning instrument in undergraduate courses and professional training. In medical education, it is positively related to scholarly support, career satisfaction, academic production and a reduced risk of burn-out. However, it is still limited by the small number of trained mentors, participants’ lack of time and lack of institutional support. This paper reviews the concepts of mentoring, the attributes of mentors and apprentices and their relationship, and assesses the importance, the expectations and the limitations of mentoring in medical education, especially in Brazilian public medical schools. A review of scientific articles on the PubMed database and published between 2005 and 2011 was performed, as well as other publications cited in the selected articles.

Detecção de peptídeos importantes para o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina no immunoblot / Detection of important peptides for bovine cysticercosis diagnosis in immunoblot

A dificuldade de se localizar cisticercos em bovinos com infecção discreta torna o diagnóstico tradicional da cisticercose bovina em matadouros um recurso de baixa sensibilidade, o que gera uma demanda de diagnóstico por métodos alternativos como o immunoblot. Para tanto, neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de immunoblot a fim de analisar os peptídeos responsáveis pela reação do antígeno vesicular de Taenia crassiceps. Foram utilizadas 28 amostras de soro de bovinos comprovadamente negativos e 28 amostras coletadas de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com ovos de Taenia saginata. Os resultados dos ensaios de immunoblot com as amostras de soros-controle mencionadas indicaram que os peptídeos de 4-6, 14 e 18kDa destacaram-se entre os demais, mostrando altas taxas de desempenho no diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina e uma aparência diferenciada, com área e largura maiores, ao contrário dos peptídeos de média e alta massa molecular, que se apresentaram sob a forma de linha e com reações inespecíficas. O immunoblot mostrou ter um potencial como uma alternativa de diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina, incluindo sua aplicação em animais vivos, como método auxiliar de diagnóstico em estudos epidemiológicos da doença.

The diagnosis of cysticercosis in bovines that presents discreet infection is committed by the conventional methodology of detection employed in slaughterhouses. This deficiency leads to the development of alternative methods, such as immunoblot, in order to improve the detection of this disease. An immunoblot assay was developed to detect peptides from Taenia crassiceps antigenand it was used to test 56 samples of bovine serum (28 confirmed as negative and 28 from experimentally infected animals with Taenia saginata eggs). The peptides 4-6, 14 and 18 kDa showed better performance in bovine cysticercosis diagnosis due to an enhanced appearance, once they showed higher area and wide, contrasting with medium and high molecular weight peptides, that showed unspecific reactions and discreet appearance. The obtained results indicated that immunoblot can represent a potential alternative in bovine cysticercosis diagnosis, including its use in live animals, improving the detection of this disease even in epidemiological studies.

Fisiologia e farmacologia da placenta: efeitos da anestesia sobre o útero,placenta e feto / Placental physiology and pharmacology: effects of anesthesiaon the uterus, placenta and fetus

Justificativa e objetivos: o objetivo desta revisão é proporcionar ao leitor informações úteis para a condução adequada da anestesia obstétrica. Conteúdo: inicialmente, discorre-se sobre a fisiologia e as funções da placenta e os principais determinantes do fluxo útero-placentário. Os mecanismos de passagem transplacentária de fármacos são elucidados com destaque para a difusão simples, que se fundamenta na lei de Fick.A correlação de técnicas e drogas anestésicas com a segurança materna, circulação útero-placentária e o bem-estar fetal é pormenorizada nos seguimentos da anestesia regional, relacionada ao uso de anestésicos locais e opioides e da anestesia geral, com o uso de anestésicos venosos, inalatórios e bloqueadores neuromusculares. Conclusão: o progresso e novos conhecimentos sobre as técnicas anestésicas em obstetrícia são de suma importância para a segurança materno-fetal.

Background and objectives: The objective of this review is to provide the reader with useful information for the proper conduct of obstetric anesthesia. Contents: Initially, the authors discuss about the physiology and functions of the placenta and the major determinants of utero-placental flow. The mechanisms of transplacental transfer of drugs are elucidated with emphasis on simple diffusion, which is based in the Fick's law. The correlation of anesthetic drugs and techniques with maternal safety, uteroplacental circulation and fetal well-being is detailed in regional anesthesia, related to the use oflocal anesthetics and opioids, and in general anesthesia, related to the use of inhaled and intravenous anesthetics, and also neuromuscular blockers. Conclusion: Progress and new knowledge about anesthetic techniques in obstetrics are important to provide a good level of security to the mother and fetus.

Histeria: da clínica de Freud à clínica de nossos dias

Cem anos se passaram desde o surgimento da psicanálise. Profundas transformações culturais, econômicas e sociais conduziram a novas formas de estar no mundo. As diferenças entre os aspectos culturais das duas épocas levaram a diferenças também nas manifestações do mal-estar psíquico. Nosso estudo desenvolveu-se no sentido do rastreamento do conceito de histeria nos primeiros textos freudianos. A seguir, buscamos destacar a concepção do segundo modelo pulsional na obra de Freud como operador que permite releitura da histeria, trazendo novo instrumental teórico que nos possibilita revisitá-la, lançando luz sobre fenômenos mais obscuros dessa neurose, especialmente o masoquismo. Na parte final de nosso estudo, partindo da contribuição de autores contemporâneos, especialmente a obra de Birman, abordamos o conceito de feminilidade no contexto da teoria sexual freudiana. Articulada ao desamparo, a feminilidade põe em evidência a inexistência do falo como eixo de constituição da subjetividade. Ressaltamos o contraponto do referencial fálico e de suas ambições de onipotência e completude, mostrando que, em oposição à totalidade e dominação fálicas, a feminilidade destaca a singularidade e a diferença, e uma abertura para alteridade. São essas questões que fundamentam nossa pesquisa e nos levam a apontar algumas possibilidades de abertura e transformação ao dispositivo psicanalítico no tratamento da histeria, através da feminilidade e da histericização, possibilitando ao indivíduo a queda do narcisismo fálico, revelando assim a feminilidade do erotismo e possibilitando abertura para novos destinos em seu modo de estar no mundo (AU)

Esplenectomia vídeo-laparoscópica para púrpura trombocitopênica imune: técnica e resultados / Laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura: technique and results of a prospective study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da esplenectomia vídeo-laparoscópica para pacientes portadores de Púrpura Trombocitopênica Imune. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo de 17 pacientes portadores de Púrpura Trombocitopênica Imune submetidos a esplenectomia vídeo-laparoscópica com uso de três trocartes e ligadura com fio do hilo esplênico, no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro de 2001 a julho de 2003. Foram avaliadas as taxas de conversão, transfusão e de remissão da doença, os tempos operatório, anestésico e de internação, além das incidências de complicações e de baços acessórios. RESULTADOS: Nos 17 pacientes submetidos à técnica, não houve conversão para cirurgia aberta. Complicações ocorreram em três pacientes (17,6 por cento): um hematoma subcutâneo, um tecido esplênico residual, um pseudocisto pancreático. Reoperação foi necessária em um paciente, 24 meses após a esplenectomia, para retirada de tecido esplênico residual, sem plaquetopenia. Foi necessária a colocação adicional de um trocarte de 5mm em quatro pacientes. Não houve óbitos. O tempo operatório médio foi de 132,9min e o tempo médio de internação de 2,53 dias. Foi necessária transfusão de plaquetas em dois pacientes (11,8 por cento). Baço acessório foi encontrado em quatro pacientes (23,5 por cento). Responderam favoravelmente à esplenectomia 13 pacientes (76,5 por cento), ocorrendo nenhuma resposta ou não duradoura em quatro pacientes (23,5 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Cuidados no per- operatório são importantes para evitar a disseminação de tecido esplênico, a não identificação de baços acessórios e a técnica mais anatômica para evitar lesões pancreáticas, hemorragia e conversão. Os pacientes com PTI respondem em proporções semelhantes à cirurgia aberta comparados com dados da literatura, com menor índice de complicações e menor tempo de internação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a esplenectomia laparoscópica é segura e efetiva,...

BACKGROUND: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common indication for splenectomy. In order to evaluate the results of Laparoscopic Splenectomy, 17 patients with ITP were submitted to this procedure in a prospective study. METHODS: Using three trocars through a posterior approach and simple inabsorbable ligatures, without using hemoclips and vascular stapplers, splenectomy was carried out in a prospective series of 17 patients. RESULTS: All patients were successfully managed laparoscopically, with no conversion to open surgery. Complications ocurred in three patients: one wound haematoma, one residual splenic tissue requiring reoperation, and one pancreatic pseudocyst that was treated by conservative measures. An additional fourth trocar was needed in four patients. Mean operative time was 132.9min, mean postoperative stay was 2.53 days. Intraoperative platelet transfusion was needed in two patients (11.8 percent) and accessory spleen was detected in four (23.5 percent). Favourable sustained response to splenectomy was obtained in 13 patients (76.5 percent), with partial or no response in four (23.5 percent). CONCLUSION: Careful anatomical dissection technique and search for accessory tissue is needed to avoid splenosis and therapy failure. Detection of accessory spleens by this method is precise and reliable. Patients with PTI have the same remission rates of open surgery, with less complications and shortened postoperative stay. The results suggest that Laparoscopic Splenectomy is effective and safe, and has become the golden standard for the treatment of ITP with surgical indication.