Mapping internal temperatures during high-rate battery applications.

Electric vehicles demand high charge and discharge rates creating potentially dangerous temperature rises. Lithium-ion cells are sealed during their manufacture, making internal temperatures challenging to probe1. Tracking current collector expansion using X-ray diffraction (XRD) permits non-destructive internal temperature measurements2; however, cylindrical cells are known to experience complex internal strain3,4. Here, we characterize the state of charge, mechanical strain and temperature within lithium-ion 18650 cells operated at high rates (above 3C) by means of two advanced synchrotron XRD methods: first, as entire cross-sectional temperature maps during open-circuit cooling and second, single-point temperatures during charge-discharge cycling. We observed that a 20-minute discharge on an energy-optimized cell (3.5 Ah) resulted in internal temperatures above 70 °C, whereas a faster 12-minute discharge on a power-optimized cell (1.5 Ah) resulted in substantially lower temperatures (below 50 °C). However, when comparing the two cells under the same electrical current, the peak temperatures were similar, for example, a 6 A discharge resulted in 40 °C peak temperatures for both cell types. We observe that the operando temperature rise is due to heat accumulation, strongly influenced by the charging protocol, for example, constant current and/or constant voltage; mechanisms that worsen with cycling because degradation increases the cell resistance. Design mitigations for temperature-related battery issues should now be explored using this new methodology to provide opportunities for improved thermal management during high-rate electric vehicle applications.

Outstation for x-ray powder diffraction at the Italian beamline at the European synchrotron.

LISA [Linea Italiana per la Spettroscopia di Assorbimento X, Italian beamline for X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)] is the Italian CRG (Collaborating Research Group) beamline at the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) dedicated to XAS [d'Acapito et al., J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26, 551-558 (2019)]. In this work, a methodical test of the LISA beamline in performing diffraction measurements is carried out. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements would complement absorption spectroscopy techniques with the long-range characterization of the material under investigation, while XAS provides the short-range element selective information.

Classification of non-unions of the proximal humerus.

A classification of non-unions of the proximal humerus is proposed based on a group of 21 cases. Suggestions for treatment are given.

Surgical treatment of acute and chronic posterior fracture-dislocation of the shoulder.

Seventy-three shoulders (66 patients) with posterior fracture-dislocation of the shoulder were treated. Thirty patients were treated during the acute phase. One case was classified as subspinous, and 56 were considered subacromial; 4 cases had posterior fracture-dislocation in three parts, 3 in four parts, and 9 at the anatomic neck. Treatment consisted of closed reduction and immobilization in the emergency department, McLaughlin's procedure, hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder, open reduction with internal fixation, arthroplastic resection, and arthrodesis. Ten shoulders were treated conservatively. The University of California-Los Angeles rating score was used to analyze 56 shoulders during a mean follow-up period of 32.7 months. Good and excellent results can be achieved in those cases that are treated up to 2 years of the lesion; after 2 years results tend to be fair. We do not suggest total shoulder arthroplasty as a treatment option for those surgeons without the necessary expertise.

Subscapularis muscle enervation: the effect of arm position.

Extensive subscapularis muscle release is common in major shoulder reconstructive surgery, and manipulation of the muscle's anterior surface may damage its enervation. The subscapularis nerves and their points of entry into the muscle have rarely been described. The objective of this study was to define these points of entry into the subscapularis muscle and the possible modifications that may occur in such points according to the common positions in which the arm is placed during shoulder surgery, that is, internal, neutral, and external rotation. Twenty-five cadaver's shoulders were studied by an extensive anterior approach. The nerves were dissected and marked at their points of entry into the muscle. Measurements were taken of the distances of these nerves in the three previously mentioned arm positions. The points of entry of the subscapularis nerves into the muscle may be very close to the surgical field (as close as 1 cm from the glenoid border). Therefore extensive release of the anterior surface of the subscapularis muscle may cause damage to the subscapularis nerves. The risk can be potentially increased by the position of the arm, especially for the upper nerve when the arm is in external rotation.

Tratamento cirúrgico da luxaçäo recidivante anterior do ombro pela técnica da capsuloplastia associada com a reparaçäo da lesäo de Bankart / Surgical treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder using the capsular shift technique associated to Bankart's lesion repair

Entre julho de 1987 e fevereiro de 1993, 178 pacientes foram operados pelo Grupo de Ombro do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Santa Casa de Misericørdia de Sao Paulo ("Pavilhäo Fernandinho Simonsen") para o tratamento da instabilidade âtero-inferior, involuntária do ombro. Os autores analisam e discutem os resultados de 92 ombros em 92 pacientes comseguimento mínimo de 24 meses e médio de 32 meses. A técnica utilizada foi a da capsuloplastia ântero-inferior, como descrita por Neer em 1980, associada a uma eventual correçäo da "lesao de Bankart", quando esta está presente. Obtiveram índices de bons resultados de 93,5 por cento, com relaçäo à satisfaçäo dos pacientes e prevençäo das recidivas de luxaçao. Concluem que a técnica utilizada, apesar de ser um pouco trabalhosa e exigir alguns instrumentos especiais, tem como grande cr,dito a reconstruçäo da anatomia normal do ombro, o que leva a índices bastante satisfatørios de contensäo da instabilidade e pouca ou nenhuma limitaçäo da amplitude final de movimentos do ombro, principalmente rotaçäo externa.