[Kirschner wire retractor-assisted reduction and inverted insertion of elastic nail in the treatment of children's irreducible subradial 1/3 fractures].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of Kirschner wire retractor-assisted reduction and inverted insertion of elastic nail in the treatment of children's irreducible subradial 1/3 fractures. METHODS: A total of 34 children with irreducible subradial 1/3 fractures treated by surgery from August 2016 to December 2020 were retrospective analyzed. Among them, 16 cases underwent Kirschner wire retractor-assisted closed reduction and percutaneous elastic intramedullary nailing with inverted insertion(observation group), 10 males and 6 females, aged from 4 to 10 years old with an average of(6.0±0.4)years;18 cases underwent open reduction and plate internal fixation (control group), 11 males and 7 females, the age from 3 to 10 years with an average of(7.0±0.5) years. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, incision length, fracture healing time and complications of the two groups were observed and the wrist function was evaluated by Cooney wrist joint score. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 3-12 years old with an average of (11.40±0.48) months in the observation group and 4-13 months with an average of (11.50±0.39) months in the control group. Bone healing was achieved in all patients, and there was no incision infection in both groups. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay and incision length in observation groups were lower than those of control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the fracture healing time between two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative healing and recovery of wrist function between groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with open reduction and plate internal fixation, Kirschner wire retractor-assisted reduction and percutaneous elastic intramedullary nail fixation for irreducible subradial radial 1/3 fractures has the advantages of less trauma, shorter operation time, less blood loss, and satisfactory short-term clinical results.

Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the parallel detection of harmful algal bloom-forming species distributed along the Chinese coast.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have adverse effects on the marine ecological environment, public health, and marine economy. Thus, methods for the accurate and rapid identification of harmful algal species are urgently needed for the effective monitoring of the occurrence of HABS. A method for the parallel detection of harmful algal species must be established because various HAB-forming algal species coexist in the marine environment. This work developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) method that can simultaneously detect six common HAB-forming microalgal species distributed along the coast of China: Karlodinium veneficum (Kv), Chattonella marina (Cm), Skeletonema spp., Scrippsiella trochoidea (St), Karenia mikimotoi (Km), and Prorocentrum donghaiense (Pd). Specific mPCR primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer rDNA or large subunit rDNA gene of the target algal species. The mPCR conditions were optimized. Each mPCR primer was subjected to a cross-reactivity test with other microalgae to confirm the specificity of the developed mPCR system. The results of the system stability test indicated that the background concentration of DNA tested did not affect the performance of the established mPCR system. The results of the sensitivity test showed that the detection limit of the proposed mPCR system for Kv, Cm, Km, and Pd was 0.6 ng µL-1 and that for Skeletonema spp. and St was 0.06 ng µL-1. Additional mPCR analysis with spiked field samples revealed that the detection limit of the mPCR system for Km, Pd, and Kv was 60 cells, whereas that for Cm, Skeletonema spp., and St was 6 cells. The convenience and accuracy of the established mPCR assay were further validated through tests with field samples. The proposed mPCR assay is characterized by parallel analysis, strong specificity, and stability and can be used to supplement morphology-based detection methods for algal species.

Phycosphere Microbial Succession Patterns and Assembly Mechanisms in a Marine Dinoflagellate Bloom.

Given the ecological significance of microorganisms in algal blooming events, it is critical to understand the mechanisms regarding their distribution under different conditions. We tested the hypothesis that microbial community succession is strongly associated with algal bloom stages, and that the assembly mechanisms are cocontrolled by deterministic and stochastic processes. Community structures and underlying ecological processes of microbial populations (attached and free-living bacteria) at three algal bloom stages (pre-, during, and postbloom) over a complete dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea bloom were investigated. Both attached and free-living taxa had a strong response to the bloom event, and the latter was more sensitive than the former. The contribution of environmental parameters to microbial variability was 40.2%. Interaction analysis showed that complex positive or negative correlation networks exist in phycosphere microbes. These relationships were the potential drivers of mutualist and competitive interactions that impacted bacterial succession. Null model analysis showed that the attached bacterial community primarily exhibited deterministic processes at pre- and during-bloom stages, while dispersal-related processes contributed to a greater extent at the postbloom stage. In the free-living bacterial community, homogeneous selection and dispersal limitation dominated in the initial phase, which gave way to more deterministic processes at the two later stages. Relative contribution analyses further demonstrated that the community turnover of attached bacteria was mainly driven by environmental selection, while stochastic factors had partial effects on the assembly of free-living bacteria. Taken together, these data demonstrated that a robust link exists between bacterioplankton community structure and bloom progression, and phycosphere microbial succession trajectories are cogoverned by both deterministic and random processes.IMPORTANCE Disentangling the mechanisms shaping bacterioplankton communities during a marine ecological event is a core concern for ecologists. Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is a typical ecological disaster, and its formation is significantly influenced by alga-bacterium interactions. Microbial community shifts during the HAB process are relatively well known. However, the assembly processes of microbial communities in an HAB are not fully understood, especially the relative influences of deterministic and stochastic processes. We therefore analyzed the relative contributions of deterministic and stochastic processes during an HAB event. Both free-living and attached bacterial groups had a dramatic response to the HAB, and the relative importance of determinism versus stochasticity varied between the two bacterial groups at various bloom stages. Environmental factors and biotic interactions were the main drivers impacting the microbial shift process. Our results strengthen the understanding of the ecological mechanisms controlling microbial community patterns during the HAB process.

Rapid and sensitive detection of Amphidinium carterae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a chromatographic lateral-flow dipstick.

Frequent outbreaks of toxic algal blooms devastate marine ecosystems, marine fisheries, and public health. Monitoring toxic algae is crucial to reduce losses caused by imminent algal blooms. However, traditional detection techniques relying on morphological examination are tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, the development of convenient strategies to detect toxin-producing microalgae is necessary. In this study, a novel method for the rapid, sensitive detection of Amphidinium carterae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with a chromatographic lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) was established. The partial internal transcribed spacer gene was PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced to design four LAMP primers and a detection probe for A. carterae detection. The LAMP detection conditions were optimized, and the optimum parameters were determined to be the following: dNTP concentration, 1.2 mM; betaine concentration, 1.2 M; magnesium ion concentration, 8 mM; ratio of inner primer to outer primer, 8:1; amplification temperature, 59 °C; and amplification time, 60 min. The specificity of LAMP-LFD was confirmed by cross-reactivity tests with other algal species. LAMP-LFD was 100 times more sensitive than regular PCR and similarly sensitive as LAMP and SYBR Green I. LAMP-LFD can be completed within 70 min and did not require special detection equipment. The convenience of the established LAMP-LFD assay was further validated by tests with simulated field-water samples. In conclusion, the developed LAMP-LFD assay can be used as a reliable and simple method of detecting A. carterae.

Distribution Patterns of Microbial Community Structure Along a 7000-Mile Latitudinal Transect from the Mediterranean Sea Across the Atlantic Ocean to the Brazilian Coastal Sea.

A central goal in marine microecology is to understand the ecological factors shaping spatiotemporal microbial patterns and the underlying processes. We hypothesized that abiotic and/or biotic interactions are probably more important for explaining the distribution patterns of marine bacterioplankton than environmental filtering. In this study, surface seawater samples were collected about 7000 miles from the Mediterranean Sea, transecting the North Atlantic Ocean, to the Brazilian marginal sea. In bacterial biosphere, SAR11, SAR86, Rhodobacteraceae, and Rhodospiriaceae were predominant in the Mediterranean Sea; Prochlorococcus was more frequent in Atlantic Ocean; whereas in the Brazilian coastal sea, the main bacterial members were Synechococcus and SAR11. With respect to archaea, Euryarchaeota were predominant in the Atlantic Ocean and Thaumarchaeota in the Mediterranean Sea. With respect to the eukaryotes, Syndiniales, Spumellaria, Cryomonadida, and Chlorodendrales were predominant in the open ocean, while diatoms and microzooplankton were dominant in the coastal sea. Distinct clusters of prokaryotes and eukaryotes displayed clear spatial heterogeneity. Among the environmental parameters measured, temperature and salinity were key factors controlling bacterial and archaeal community structure, respectively, whereas N/P/Si contributed to eukaryotic variation. The relative contribution of environmental parameters to the microbial distribution pattern was 45.2%. Interaction analysis showed that Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia were the keystone taxa within the positive-correlation network, while Thermoplasmata was the main contributor in the negative-correlation network. Our study demonstrated that microbial communities are co-governed by environmental filtering and biotic interactions, which are the main deterministic driving factors modulating the spatiotemporal patterns of marine plankton synergistically at the regional or global levels.

[Case-control study on reduction for external and posterior malleolar fractures combined with compressive articular surface through tibiafibular fractures region].

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical outcomes of external and posterior malleolar fractures associated with compressive articular surface through posteriorlateral incision and posteriormedial incision. METHODS: From January 2012 to January 2015, 52 patients with external and posterior malleolar fractures associated with compressive articular surface were treated by interfix. Among them, 24 patients were treated through posteriourlateral incision, including 16 males and 8 females, aged from 20 to 65 years old with an average of(35.2±6.4);28 patients were treated through posteromedi and posterior lateral incision, including 18 males and 10 females, aged from 22 to 62 years old with an average of(36.4±4.8). Operation time, blood loss, length of incision, times of X-ray exposure and complications between two groups were recorded and compared, AOFAS scores were applied for evaluate clinical outcomes. RESULTS: All patients were followed up, group A were followed up from 13 to 55 months with an average of (27.5±2.5) months;group B were followed up from 12 to 54 months with an average of (28.5±2.4) months. All fractures were obtained good reduction, and the healing time ranged from 10 to 16 weeks with an average of 12 weeks. Two patients in group B occurred incision infection, and 1 patient occurred screw loosening; while no incision infection occurred in group A, and 1 patient occurred screw loosening. There were statistical significance in operation time, blood loss, times of X-ray exposure and complications between two group;while no significant difference in ankle AOFAS score between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with reduction through achilles tendon, reduction for external and posterior malleolar fractures combined with compressive articular surface through tibiafibular fractures region has advantages of less blood loss, shorter operation time, less times of X-ray exposure, good recovery of ankle joint function, especially in treating external and posterior malleolar combined with compressive articular surface which could not obtained good reduction through normal pathway.

Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus PC465 isolated from the gut of Fenneropenaeus chinensis improves the health status and resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus.

This study conducted a 30-day feeding trial and a subsequent 20-day anti-virus infection trial to determine the effects of probiotic Bacillus PC465 on the growth, health status, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp samples were fed with three practical diets prepared from shrimp feed containing varying probiotic doses [0 (control), 10(7), and 10(9) CFU g(-1)]. Probiotic supplementation significantly increased the weight gain and survival of L. vannamei (p < 0.05). The effect of 10(9) CFU g(-1) on the growth rate was higher than that of 10(7) CFU g(-1). Compared with those in the control group, the activities of digestive enzymes, such as amylase, protease, and lipase, in the shrimp mid-gut significantly increased in the probiotic-fed groups on days 15 and 30, except lipase on day 30. The influence of 10(9) CFU g(-1) on enzyme activities was also greater than that of 10(7) CFU g(-1). Scanning electron microscopy revealed folds and large ravines across the interior surface of the mid-gut, and the number of these folds and ravines increased significantly after the probiotic was administered. The probiotic treatment significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the transcription of penaeidin 3a (Pen-3a), peroxinectin, C-type lectin 3 (Lec-3), and thioredoxin (Trx) in the hemocytes of L. vannamei. Likewise, probiotic treatment increased the transcription of hemocyanin in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei. The probiotic treatment also significantly increased the transcription of prophenoloxidase (proPO) but decreased the transcription of crustin in hemocytes. By contrast, the same treatment failed to increase the transcription of Ras-related protein (Rab-6) in hemocytes. The number of species and biomass of Bacillus in the mid-gut were higher in the probiotic-fed group than in the control group. The total biomass of microbes was higher in the shrimp fed with 10(7) CFU g(-1) than in the shrimp fed with 10(9) CFU g(-1) and the control group on days 15 and 30 post-feeding. In two white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections, the weight gain, survival, and WSSV copies within the gills of the probiotic-treated shrimp significantly differed (p < 0.05) from those of the control group. Relatively efficient protection was associated with probiotic feeding. Results suggested that Bacillus PC465 feeding improves the growth performance, survival, digestion, and nutrient absorption of L. vannamei. Probiotic treatment also enhances the microbial structures in the gut, promotes the immune status of shrimp, and provides protection against viral infection. The supplementation with 10(9) CFU g(-1) can also improve the growth and survival of L. vannamei.

[A new type sternoclavicular hook plate for unstable sternoclavicular joint dislocation and fracture].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of a new type sternoclavicular hook plate fixation in treating unstable sternoclavicular joint dislocation and fracture. METHODS: From June 2011 to December 2013, 32 patients with sternoclavicular joint dislocation and fracture were treated with a new type sternoclavicular hook plate fixation, including 24 males and 8 females with an average age of 42 years ranging from 25 to 76 years;12 patients were anterior dislocation, 5 pations were posterior dislocation, 10 patients were internal extremity of clavicle fracture and 5 patients were sternoclavicular joint dislocation combined with fracture. The anterior fracture dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint adopted standard sternoclavicular joint hook plate, and the posterior dislocation was at the distal end of the hook of the steel plate, that is, the front part of the handle of the breast was added with a nut and a gasket to prevent the re-dislocation after operation. The results were evaluated according to Rockwood score. RESULTS: No complication happened in all patients. X-ray and CT showed that the dislocation and fracture of the sternoclavicular joint was well reduced and the plate was on right position. All patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months with an average of 10 months. At 6 to 3 months after operation, the fracture was healing without re-dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint, the medial end of the clavicle anatomical structure were restored, functional satisfaction, in which 9 patients with the swelling around sternoclavicular joint, but no pain and other symptoms. The total Rockwood score was 12.78±1.43; the results were excellent in 24 cases, good in 8 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the new type of locking hook plate for the treatment of unstable fracture of the sternoclavicular joint, internal fixation is reliable, high security, easy to operate, to provide a reliable method for the treatment of such trauma.

Effects of Ras homolog gene family, member C gene silencing combined with rapamycin on hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of inhibiting the Ras homolog gene family, member C (RhoC)/Rho kinase and phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways on hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth. The RhoC gene was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) and mTOR was inhibited by rapamycin (RAPA). Subsequently, an MTT assay for cell growth detection, western blot analysis for gene expression analysis, silver nitrate staining for cell proliferation, Wright's staining for analysis of the apoptotic rate analysis, soft agar clonogenic assay for the determination of cell growth characteristics and a Transwell assay for cell migration were performed. RhoC expression in hepatoma cell lines was lower than that in the HL7702 normal human liver cell line. The level of cell proliferation in the RNAi + RAPA group was lower than that in the RNAi, RAPA and Scramble groups. The levels of cyclin­dependent kinase 2 in the RNAi + RAPA group were lower than those in the other groups, while the levels of P16 in the RNAi + RAPA group were higher than those in the other experimental groups. No significant difference was found between the RNAi + RAPA and the normal HL7702 group. The number of silver nitrate­stained particles was reduced in the RNAi + RAPA group compared with that in the other groups. No significant difference was found between the RNAi + RAPA and HL7702 groups. Wright's staining for apoptosis demonstrated that apoptosis in the Scramble group was rare, while the RAPA and RNAi groups contained a large number of apoptotic cells, which displayed nuclear condensation, fragmentation, deepened staining, as well as a wrinkled membrane. B­cell lymphoma­2 (Bcl­2) expression in the RNAi + RAPA group was lower than that in the other groups, while the gene expression of Bcl­2­associated X protein in the RNAi + RAPA group was increased compared with that in the other groups. No cell colony formation was observed in the soft agar cloning experiment in the RNAi + RAPA and HL7702 group, while in the other groups, visible cell clones appeared. In the Transwell assay the number of migrated cells in the RNAi + RAPA group was lower than that in the other groups. The gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP­9 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the RNAi + RAPA group was lower than that in the other experimental groups. In conclusion, RhoC gene silencing combined with RAPA was able to significantly inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Application of reverse dot blot hybridization to simultaneous detection and identification of harmful algae.

Warning and monitoring projects of harmful algal blooms require simple and rapid methods for simultaneous and accurate detection and identification of causative algae present in the environmental samples. Here, reverse dot blot hybridization (RDBH) was employed to simultaneously detect several harmful algae by using five representative bloom-forming microalgae along the Chinese coast. A set of specific probes for RDBH were developed by PCR, cloning, and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), alignment analysis, and probe design. Each probe was oligo (dT)-tailed and spotted onto positively charged nylon membrane to make up a low-density oligonucleotide array. Universal primers designed within the conserved regions were used to amplify the ITS sequences by using genomic DNA of target as templates. The digoxigenin (Dig)-labeled PCR products were denatured and then hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. The array produced a unique hybridization pattern for each target species differentiating them from each other. The preparations of oligonucleotide array and hybridization conditions were optimized. The developed RDBH demonstrated a detection limit up to 10 cells. The detection performance of RDBH was relatively stable and not affected by non-target species and the fixation time of target species over at least 30 days. The RDBH could recover all the target species from the simulated field samples and target species confirmed by the subsequent microscopy examination in the environmental samples. These results indicate that RDBH can be a new technical platform for parallel discrimination of harmful algae and is promising for environmental monitoring of these microorganisms.

The invention of an iliosacral screw fixation guide and its preliminary clinical application.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce an iliosacral screw fixation guide and evaluate its efficacy in fixation of sacroiliac joint fracture-dislocations. METHODS: Between January 2011 and May 2011, eight patients (five men, three women) with sacroiliac joint fracture-dislocation underwent percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation with the assistance of this minimally invasive guide and under CT guidance. The patients, aged from 26 to 56 years (mean 32 years), had vertically unstable pelvic fractures. Before surgery, six patients who had displacement of >2 cm in their sacroiliac joints underwent skeletal traction on the femoral condyle. The inserted sites were marked out on the affected side of their buttocks after the best screw trajectory had been determined under CT control. The gear that controls the direction of the minimally invasive guide was adjusted according to the inserting angle determined by CT scans. A K-wire was inserted into the sacroiliac joint along the pilot sleeve of the guide, and a hollow screw (diameter 7.3 mm) was implanted into the sacroiliac joint along the K-wire. RESULTS: All eight operations were successful on the first attempt. The operations lasted from 10 to 20 minutes (mean 14 minutes). Immediate CT scans confirmed that all the screws had been placed in the desired positions, none had penetrated the bones and the configuration of the sacroiliac joints had been satisfactorily restored and firmly fixed. No patient experienced numbness or radiating pain in the lower limbs during surgery. There were no postoperative vascular or neurological complications. CONCLUSION: The minimally invasive guide can eliminate discrepancies resulting from the surgeon's own sensory input when inserting screws under the guidance of CT, making percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation more accurate, safe and simple.

[Case-control study on conservative and operative therapy in the treatment of intra-articular fracture of calcaneus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the traumatic mechanism and the effectiveness of conservative and operative therapy for intra-articular fracture of calcaneus. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (52 feet) with intra-articular fractures were divided into two groups named as conservative group and operative group. There were 30 patients in the conservative group, including 26 males and 4 females, ranging in age from 2 to 73 years, with an average of (49.2 +/- 8.5) years. The patients in conservative group were treated with manual reduction, external fixation and functional exercise at early time. Among 18 patients in the operative group, 14 patients were male and 4 patients were female, ranging in age from 26 to 66 years,with an average of (50.1 +/- 19.3) years. The patients in the operative group were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The height and width of calcaneus, Böhler and Gissane angles were measured before and after treatment. The assessment in the function of ankle joints was scored according to AOFAS scoring system. RESULTS: All the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 8 to 18 months,with a mean of 12 months. The time of weight-bearing ranged from 3 to 6 months, averaged 4 months. The fractures were fused completely on average of 12 months. The height and width of calcaneus, Böhler and Gissane angles had no statistically significance between two groups. According to AOFAS criteria,in the conservative group, 18 patients reached an excellent result, 6 good, 5 poor and 1 bad; in operative group, 4 patients reached an excellent result, 7 good, 6 poor and 1 bad. The therapeutic effect of conservative group was better than that of operative group. CONCLUSION: Operative therapy in intra-articular fracture of calcaneus with steel plate can directly perceive the restoration (or roughly restoration sometimes) of the anatomical shapes of calcaneus, while conservative therapy has advantages such as restoration of the anatomical shapes of calcaneus, early functional practice, early healing, and avoiding operational complications as well.

[Fenestration operation for treatment of acetabular parastyle fracture combined with articular facet compression and collapse of acetabular top involving weight-bearing dome].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the fenestration operation for treatment of acetabular parastyle fracture combined with articular facet compression and collapse of acetabular top involving weight-bearing dome. METHODS: From July 2005 to February 2007, 52 cases of acetabular parastyle fracture combined with articular facet compression and collapse of acetabular top involving weight-bearing dome were treated by two methods. Among them, 24 cases were treated by fenestration operation for articular facet reduction, bone grafing, anatomical reconstruction of the acetabular parastyle with internal fixation, included 17 males and 7 females with an average age of (35.2 +/- 6.4) years old; the other 28 cases were treated only anatomical reconstruction of the acetabular parastyle with internal fixation, included 19 males and 9 females with an average age of (36.4 +/- 4.8) years old. All the patients were evaluated with modified d'Aubigne-Postel clinical evaluation standard. RESULTS: All patients gained bone healing. There were only 1 patient occurenced femoral nerve injury and recovered 2 months later. There were no other complications. All patients were followed up from 12 to 51 months (averaged in 31.5 months). According to modified d'Aubigne-Postel clinical evaluation standard, there were statistic difference between the two groups of patients in pain, walking, range of motion and total score. In fenestration operation group, the results were excellent in 13 patients, good in 9, fair in 1, poor in 1; in parastyle reduction group,the results were excellent in 9 patients, good in 11, fair in 6, poor in 2 (u=0.613, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Fenestration operation for treatment of acetabular parastyle fracture combined with articular facet compression and collapse of acetabular top involving weight-bearing dome is a feasible method for the recovery of hip joint function.

Microdissection of guinea pig extraocular muscles.

The guinea pig, a widely used experimental animal, has been used in myopia research in recent years. The structure of the extraocular muscles is important in research on eyeball movement, regulation of movement, binocular vision and surgical intervention. In this study, the anatomy and the structure of the extraocular muscles of guinea pigs were investigated. Five guinea pig eyes were dissected under a surgical microscope immediately after sacrifice, and an additional five were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and dissected under a surgical microscope 1 week after sacrifice. The guinea pig eye has seven extraocular muscles: two medial rectus muscles, one superior rectus muscle, one inferior rectus muscle, one superior oblique muscle and one inferior oblique muscle. The retractor bulbi muscle fibers surround the optic nerve longitudinally and insert circumferentially into the posterior pole of the eyeball. The lateral rectus was not found. Our results showed that there is a disparity between the structure of guinea pig extraocular muscles and that of humans.

Huperzine R, a novel 15-carbon Lycopodium alkaloid from Huperzia serrata.

Huperzine R (2), a novel 15-carbon Lycopodium alkaloid, was isolated from the whole plant of Huperzia serrata, and the relative configuration was established using spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques.

Three new phlegmariurine B type lycopodium alkaloids from Huperzia serrata.

Phlegmariurine B (1), a known alkaloid, along with three new analogous compounds, 2alpha-hydroxyphlegmariurine B (2), 2-oxoyphlegmariurine B (3) and 11-oxophlegmariurine B (4), were isolated from the CHCl3 fraction of total alkaloids of whole plant of the Chinese medicinal herb Huperzia serrata. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis.