Mitochondrial KATP channel-mediated autophagy contributes to angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study aimed to investigate whether the mitochondrial KATP channel contributes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular dysfunction, the development of hypertension, and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: ApoE (-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet were chronically infused with Ang II for eight weeks and concomitantly treated with losartan (ARB), apocynin, or 5-hydroxy decanoate (5-HD), or 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Systolic blood pressure was measured, and pathological changes of aortic or liver tissue were observed. Nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) levels and vasorelaxation rate were measured, and protein and mRNA expressions were examined by western blot and RT-PCR. Ang II-induced development of hypertension was suppressed not only by ARB, and apocynin but also by 5-HD or 3-MA. Ang II infusion decreased aortic NO production and relaxation, as well as SOD2 activity in liver, which were improved by all treatments. In addition, Ang II-induced activation of autophagy was suppressed by 5-HD in aortic tissue, furthermore, Ang II increases the atherosclerotic index in plasma and exacerbates the development of atherosclerosis by increases of fat deposition in the aorta and liver. Lipid metabolism-related mRNA expressions (LXR-α, LDLR, SRBI, Acca, and FASN) were changed by Ang II. Similarly, not only ARB, and apocynin, but also 5-HD and 3-MA suppressed Ang II-induced these changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our present findings evidence that mitochondrial KATP channel-mediated autophagy contributes to Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction, development of hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

Shape-Tunable BaTiO3 Crystals Presenting Facet-Dependent Optical and Piezoelectric Properties.

BaTiO3 octahedra, edge-, and corner-truncated cubes, and cubes with four tunable sizes from 132 to 438 nm are synthesized by a solvothermal growth approach. Acetic acid treatment can cleanly remove BaCO3 impurity. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra help to confirm the particles have a tetragonal crystal structure. The crystals also exhibit size- and facet-dependent bandgap shifts. BaTiO3 octahedra show larger piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric effects than truncated cubes and cubes. The measured dielectric constant differences should be associated with their various facet-dependent behaviors. Piezoelectric nanogenerators fabricated from BaTiO3 octahedra consistently show the best performance than those containing truncated cubes and cubes. In particular, a nanogenerator with 30 wt.%-incorporated octahedra displays an open-circuit voltage of 23 V and short-circuit current of 324 nA. The device performance is also highly stable. The maximum output power reaches 3.9 µW at 60 MΩ. The fabricated nanogenerator can provide sufficient electricity to power light-emitting diodes. This work further demonstrates that various physical properties of semiconductor crystals show surface dependence.

Gao-Zi-Yao improves learning and memory function in old spontaneous hypertensive rats.

AIMS: Gao-Zi-Yao has long been a unique way for treating various diseases. The present study is to explore the effect of Gao-Zi-Yao on learning and memory function in old spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and its possible mechanism. METHOD: Male old SHR were received different doses of Gao-Zi-Yao for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were monitored. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, and tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α were measured. Morris water maze was performed to test the learning and memory function of the rats. Number of neurons in hippocampus was counted by Nissl staining. Western blot was applied to detect the expressions of learning and memory function related proteins, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B (NMDAR 2B), glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), phosphorylated-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMK II), and phosphorylated-cAMP responsive element-binding protein (p-CREB) in rat hippocampus. RESULTS: Data showed that Gao-Zi-Yao reduced SBP in old SHR, elevated NO level, and suppressed levels of IL-1ß, IL-2, TNF-α. The results of Morris water maze experiment showed that Gao-Zi-Yao dose-dependently improved learning and memory function. Number of neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region of the old SHR was increased by Gao-Zi-Yao treatment. In addition, Gao-Zi-Yao elevated the protein expressions of NMDAR 2B, GluR1, p-CaMK II, and p-CREB in hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Gao-Zi-Yao decreases SBP and improves the learning and memory function of the old SHR by regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and neuron number in hippocampal DG area and the expression of learning and memory function related proteins.

Effects of Bushen-Tiaojing-Fang on the pregnancy outcomes of infertile patients with repeated controlled ovarian stimulation.

Bushen-Tiaojing-Fang (BSTJF) is commonly used to treat infertility. This study investigated the effects of BSTJF on the pregnancy outcomes of patients with repeated controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), on mitochondrial function, and on oxidative stress in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and follicular fluid (FF). The samples and clinical data of 97 patients, including 35 in the control group, 29 in the placebo group and 33 in the BSTJF group, were collected for this study. The mitochondrial ultrastructure, ATP content, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) number, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels, and mRNA expression levels of Mn-SOD, GSH-Px, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. The high-grade embryo (P < 0.001), implantation (P = 0.033), and clinical pregnancy (P = 0.031) rates, as well as the ATP content (P = 0.014), mtDNA number (P = 0.035), GSH-Px activity (P = 0.004 in GCs and P = 0.008 in FF) and mRNA expression levels (P = 0.019), were significantly lower in the placebo group than in the control group, whereas the 8-OHdG content was significantly (P = 0.006 in FF) higher in the placebo group than in the control group. Compared with those in the placebo group, the high-grade embryo rate (P = 0.007), antioxidant enzyme activity (P = 0.037 and 0.036 in Mn-SOD; P = 0.047 and 0.030 in GSH-Px) and mRNA level (P < 0.001 in Nrf2, P = 0.039 in Mn-SOD and P = 0.002 in GSH-Px) were significantly higher in the BSTJF group, as were changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, ATP (P = 0.040) and mtDNA number (P = 0.013). In conclusion, BSTJF can improve oxidative stress in patients with repeated COS and pregnancy outcomes.

Autophagy contributes to angiotensin II induced dysfunction of HUVECs.

BACKGROUND: Signal transduction of Angiotensin II (Ang II) induced autophagy and its role in Ang II-induced dysfunction of HUVECs are still unclear. METHODS: HUVECs are stimulated with different doses of Ang II (10-9-10-5 mol/L) for different time (6-48 hours). Autophagy-related protein markers: LC3, Beclin-1 and SQSTM1/p62 are measured by western blot. RESULTS: Incubation with Ang II increases autophagic flux (Beclin-1, autophagosomes formation, and degradation of SQSTM1/p62, LC3-I). Increased autophagic levels are inhibited by pretreatment with Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker (Candesartan), NADPH Oxidase inhibitor (apocycin), mitochondrial KATP channels inhibitor (5-hydroxydecanoate, 5HD). 3-Methyladenine (inhibitors of autophagy) and rapamycin (activator of autophagy) respectively inhibits or activates Ang II-induced autophagy levels. Ang II decreases phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO production in HUVECs. L-NAME (NOS inhibitor) totally mimics the actions of Ang II on eNOS, NO production and autophagy levels. Rapamycin further decreases NO production combined with Ang II. Silence Atg5 completely reverses Ang II-activated autophagy levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that Ang II stimulation increases autophagy levels via AT1 receptor, NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial KATP channel, eNOS, Atg5 signal pathway in HUVECs, and activation of autophagy contributes to Ang II induced dysfunction of HUVECs.

Analysis of Japanese Assistive Devices Social Security Policy / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To sort out the assistive device social security policy of Japan. Methods:The assistive devices social security policy for the older adults and the disabled in Japan was summarized in term of four dimensions: who, what, how to deliver and how to fund. Results:Japanese assistive device social security policy covered most of disabled groups according to the legal protections, delivering a variety of assistive devices products and services. Meanwhile, it has tried to avoid over expenditure through ways of lump-sum control, unit price and quantity control, users self-pay and strict evaluation system. For the service delivery system, the evaluators were strictly neutral, while the providers were in market. The funding came from user-payments, public finance and insurances, etc. Conclusion:Japan has established a mature social security policy system and service system for assistive devices, which can be used as a reference for China.

[Guilingji Capsules reduce 900 MHz collphone electromagnetic radiation-induced testicular oxidative damage and downregulate Prdx2 protein expression in the rat testis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from 900 MHz cellphone frequency with testicular oxidative damage and its influence on the Prdx2 protein expression in the rat testis, and to explore the mechanism of Guilingji Capsules (GC) alleviating oxidative damage to the testis tissue. METHODS: Fifty healthy SD male rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number, sham-EMR, 4-h EMR, 8-h EMR, 4-h EMR+GC and 8-h EMR+GC and exposed to 900 MHz EMR (370 µW/cm2) for 0, 4 or 8 hours daily for 15 successive days. The rats of the latter two groups were treated intragastrically with GC suspension and those of the first three groups with pure water after exposure to EMR each day. After 15 days of exposure and treatment, all the rats were sacrificed and their testis tissue collected for observation of the histomorphological and ultrastructural changes by HE staining and transmission electron microscopy, measurement of the levels of serum glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) with thiobarbiuric acid and determination of the Prdx2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the rats in the sham-EMR group, those in the 4-h and 8-h EMR groups showed different degrees of histomorphological and ultrastructural changes in the testis tissue, significantly decreased levels of GSH (ï¼»80.62 ± 10.99ï¼½ vs ï¼»69.58 ± 4.18ï¼½ and ï¼»66.17 ± 8.45ï¼½ mg/L, P < 0.05) and SOD (ï¼»172.29 ± 10.98ï¼½ vs ï¼»158.92 ± 6.46ï¼½ and ï¼»148.91 ± 8.60ï¼½ U/ml, P < 0.05) and increased level of MDA (ï¼»7.51 ± 1.73ï¼½ vs ï¼»9.84 ± 1.03ï¼½ and ï¼»11.22 ± 2.13ï¼½ umol/ml, P < 0.05), even more significantly in the 8-h than in the 4-h EMR group (P < 0.05). In comparison with the sham-EMR group, the expression of the Prdx2 protein was markedly downregulated in the 4-h and 8-h EMR groups (0.56 ± 0.03 vs 0.49 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.01, P < 0.05), but again upregulated in the 4-h and 8-h EMR+GC groups (0.55±0.03 and 0.37±0.04) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Electromagnetic radiation from cellphones can cause ultrastructural damage to the testis tissue of male rats, while Guilingji Capsules can alleviate it, presumably by upregulating the Prdx2 protein expression in the testis tissue and reducing testicular oxidative damage.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulation Huangqi Jianzhong Tang Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction in Rats.

Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (HQJZT) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula consisting of seven different herbs: Radix Astragali, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Fructus Jujubae, Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, and Saccharum Granorum. The present study aims to evaluate the possible effects of HQJZT on cardiac function in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and related mechanism. AMI model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by one-week HQJZT treatment. Survival rate was calculated. Rat heart function was assessed by heart performance analysis system. 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to observe myocardial infarct size. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and western blot were applied to evaluate tissue apoptotic level. Treatment with high dose of HQJZT improved cardiac function, reduced infarct size, number of apoptotic cells and expression of apoptotic proteins, Bax (a proapoptotic protein), and increased expression of antiapoptotic protein, Bcl2. However, enalapril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) treatment did not show marked improvement of these parameters. Our present data suggest that HQJZT has potential therapeutic effects to improve cardiac function by regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Antihypertensive properties of a traditional Chinese medicine GAO-ZI-YAO in elderly spontaneous hypertensive rats.

AIM: The present study aims to investigate the antihypertensive effect and the underlying mechanism of GAO-ZI-YAO, one of the traditional Chinese medicines, in elderly spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS: 12-month-old male SHRs were randomly divided into five groups on the basis of treatment with different doses of GAO-ZI-YAO or angiotensin II receptor-1 blocker (ARB, Irbesartan) for four weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (Ang II), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α were measured. The pathological changes of ventricular muscle and thoracic aorta were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E). RESULTS: GAO-ZI-YAO treatment reduced SBP in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by the inhibition of the development of cardiovascular remodeling. Although GAO-ZI-YAO treatment markedly increased serum levels of NO and suppressed serum levels of Ang II, this medicine did not affect the serum levels of ET-1 and VEGF. In addition, GAO-ZI-YAO also inhibited inflammatory response parameters (inflammatory cell infiltration in cardiac tissues and serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: GAO-ZI-YAO exerts antihypertensive and anti-cardiovascular-remodeling effects in elderly SHR, which may be through regulation of NO, Ang II production, and inflammation.

Sodium Tanshinone II Sulfonate A Ameliorates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a prevalent disease globally. Sodium tanshinone II sulfonate A (STS) has been used in clinical treatment of PH. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium STS treatment on hypoxia-induced PH and related mechanisms. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in a hypoxic chamber with an oxygen concentration of 10 ± 1% for 8 h a day over 21 days. Rats were treated with either STS (low-dose: 10 mg/kg or high-dose: 30 mg/kg) or LY294002 (which is an inhibitor of PI3K). Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured, right ventricular hypertrophy parameters were monitored, lung edema parameters were measured, and pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Protein expressions of apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagy pathways in rat lung tissue were examined by western blot. Levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in lung tissues of rats were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Results of our study demonstrate that persistent exposure to hypoxic conditions increased PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, parameters of lung vascular proliferation and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, hypoxic conditions activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibited autophagy, and elevated abundance of inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. Treatment with STS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, lung vascular proliferation and reversed hypoxia induced lung tissue protein expression and pro-inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. In addition, hypoxia-induced increases in PAP, cardiac hypertrophy, and lung expression of the proteins PI3K/Akt/mTOR/autophagy pathway were partially reversed by treatment with LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: STS alleviates hypoxia-induced PH by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, up-regulating autophagy, and inhibiting inflammatory responses.

Highly Enantioselective Construction of Strained Spiro[2,3]hexanes through a Michael Addition/Ring Expansion/Cyclization Cascade.

We herein report a general organocatalytic enantioselective strategy for the construction of highly strained spiro[2,3]hexane skeletons from methylenecyclopropanes and a broad selection of α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes. The reaction proceeds through a Michael addition followed by ring expansion of methylenecyclopropanes and nucleophilic attack of an enamine to realize the construction of spiro[2,3]hexanes. Key to the success of this approach are the utilization of an electron-deficient difluoro-substituted secondary amine catalyst and the intrinsic reactivity of methylenecyclopropanes.

Advanced glycosylated end products restrain the osteogenic differentiation of the periodontal ligament stem cell.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Many studies have confirmed that periodontal disease interacts with diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine whether the advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs), which are generated by diabetics, have important effects on the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study PDLSCs were isolated from the periodontal ligaments of extracted third molar teeth. The subjects were divided into two groups, which included the normal control group (N-PDLSCs) and the AGEs-stimulating group (A-PDLSCs). Changes of receptor of AGEs (RAGE) and cumulative ROS in PDLSCs were monitored by western blot and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: In the study AGEs noticeably inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, with significant lower calcification nodules detected in A-PDLSCs (P < 0.01). RAGE expression level and ROS accumulation in A-PDLSCs were clearly higher than those in N-PDLSCs (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our conclusions were that AGEs may cause the apoptosis of stem cells, which could lead to the disorder of bone differentiation function of PDLSCs.

Open-Ring Butenolides from a Marine-Derived Anti-Neuroinflammatory Fungus Aspergillus terreus Y10.

To investigate structurally novel and anti-neuroinflammatory natural compounds from marine-derived microorganisms, the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus terreus Y10, a fungus separated from the sediment of the coast in the South China Sea, were studied. Three new compounds (2⁻4), with novel open-ring butenolide skeletons, were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture medium. In addition, a typical new butenolide, asperteretal F (1), was found to dose-dependently inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) generation with an IC50 of 7.6 µg/mL. The present study shows the existence of open-ring butenolides, and suggests that butenolides such as asperteretal F (1) are a promising new anti-neuroinflammatroy candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.

Effects of Tiaozhi Granule on Regulation of Autophagy Levels in HUVECs.

Sera from the rats with Tiaozhi granule treatment were collected. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with different dosage of sera with Tiaozhi granule for 48 hours. Rapamycin or angiotensin II was applied to activate autophagy in HUVECs with or without different dosages of sera of Tiaozhi granule. The mRNA expressions of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1, and mammal target of rapamycin (mTOR) were detected by real-time PCR. Autophagic flux markers (protein expression of LC3, Beclin-1, and p62) were examined by western blot analyses. The number of autophagosomes was visualized by immunofluorescence analysis with LC3-II labelling. Results showed that Tiaozhi granule sera increase cell autophagic levels by increase of mRNA of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1, and mTOR and increase of autophagic flux and also number of autophagosomes. However, in response to rapamycin or Ang II stimulation, activated autophagic levels were alleviated by Tiaozhi granule sera by reduction of mRNA of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1, mTOR, autophagic flux, and also number of autophagosomes. Our present data demonstrate that Tiaozhi granule plays a dual role in response to different cell conditions, which is to increase cell autophagy under physiological condition and to suppress cell excessive autophagy under pathological condition.

Construction of Professional Training System of Assistive Technology:in Perspective of ICF / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore a training system of high level professionals with international vision and meeting the develop-ment of assistive technology in China. Methods The training system was constructed in the theory framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health,and work process-oriented. Results and Conclusion A curriculum system with tree-type modes and a practice system with three-level and multi-form of assistive technology specialty were constructed,that was recognized by industry and society in the developing.

Cardioprotective Effects of Serca2a Overexpression Against Ischemiareperfusion- induced Injuries in Rats.

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to assess how genetically increased Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Serca2a) expression affects cardiac injury after Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) exposure and the related mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats were subjected to Left Anterior Descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion for 30 min followed by a 24-hour reperfusion. Cardiac function analysis revealed that cardiac function dramatically improved in Serca2a transgenic rats, (Serca2aTG) rats, compared to Wild Type (WT) rats. Serca2aTG rats developed a significantly smaller myocardial infarction size compared to those in WT group. The expression of the Bcl-2 was lower in Serca2aTG rats compared with WT rats; but, Bcl-2 expression was markedly increased in Serca2aTG rats compared with WT after I/R. In addition, Bax was markedly downregulated in Serca2aTG rats compared to WT group after I/R. Meanwhile, autophagy marker LC-3B was increased in Serca2aTG group, and p62 was only increased in WT group but not in Serca2aTG group in response to I/R. Electron microscope observation confirmed that there were more autophagosomes in Serca2aTG group than in WT rats after I/R. CONCLUSION: our findings demonstrated that the overexpression of Serca2a plays an important role in myocardial protection from I/R injury and postischemic functional recovery, which may be via antinecrotic, anti-apoptotic and pro-autophagy signal pathways. Our research provides solid basic data and new perspective on clinical treatment in heart failure patients with long-term over-expression of Serca2a.

The modified Yi qi decoction protects cardiac ischemia-reperfusion induced injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects and involved mechanisms of the modified Yi Qi decoction (MYQ) in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) induced injury. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 30-min coronary arterial occlusion followed by reperfusion, low or high dose decoction of MYQ was administrated orally for 1 week or 1 month. RESULTS: Both in 1 week and 1 month IR rat groups, cardiac function indexes were significantly impaired compared with sham group rats, accompanied with higher ratio of infarct size to risk size, decreased expressions of sodium calcium exchanger (NCX1) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Serca2a), and different expressions of autophagic proteins, Beclin-1 and LC3. Treatment with MYQ (low or high dose) for 1 week showed no marked beneficial effects on cardiac function and cardiac injury (ratio of infarct size to risk size), although expressions of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, NCX1 and Serca2a were increased. Treatment with MYQ (low or high dose) for 1 month showed significantly improved effects on cardiac function and cardiac injury (ratio of infarct size to risk size), accompanied with increase of Bcl-2, NCX1 and Serca2a expressions, and decrease of Bax (a pro-apoptotic protein) and Beclin-1 expressions. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that MYQ have potential therapeutic effects on IR-induced cardiac injury, which may be through regulation of apoptotic proteins, cytosolic Ca2+ handling proteins and autophagic proteins signal pathways.

Protective effects of tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate on ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in rats.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the protective effect of tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate (TSS) on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced cardiac injury, and the underlying mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 30-min coronary arterial occlusion followed by 24 hours' reperfusion. Half an hour before the left coronary artery ligation, rats were pretreated with TSS in three different dosages (15, 30, 70 mg/kg, IP). Twenty-four hours later, cardiac function was measured and the ratio of infarct size to area at risk (AAR) was calculated. Western blotting examined the expression of the inflammatory mediator high-mobility group box1 (HMGB-1), anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, pro-apoptotic mediators such as Bax and Caspase-3, markers of autophagy such as ratio of LC3B/LC3A and Beclin-1 expression. RESULTS: Our results showed that TSS dose-dependently improves cardiac function, accompanied with decrease of HMGB1 level, increase of LC3B/LC3A ratio and increase of Beclin-1 expression. TSS treatment down-regulates Bax and Caspase-3 expression, while up-regulating Bcl-2 levels. CONCLUSION: TSS ameliorates I/R induced myocardial injury and improves cardiac function via reducing inflammation and apoptosis, while enhancing autophagy.

[Retention and resuspension of atmospheric particles with two common urban greening trees]. / ä¸¤ç§å¸¸è§ç»¿åŒ–æ ‘ç§å¯¹å¤§æ°”é¢—ç²’ç‰©çš„æ»žç•™ä¸Žå†æ‚¬æµ®.

The purification mechanisms of plant leaves with atmospheric particles include adsorption, resuspension, rainwater leaching and absorption. However, few studies focused on the resuspension process of atmospheric particles suspending on the surface of leaves, and the correlation between content of adsorbed particles and content of elements in the leaves. Therefore, two common greening tree species, Platanus acerifolia and Magnolia grandiflora, were selected to analyze the atmospheric particles contents on the leaf surface, the leaf mineral element content, and the resuspension ratios. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of P. acerifolia (4.98 g·m-2) was higher than that of M. grandiflora (2.65 g·m-2), which might be connected with rough leaves and dense hairs. The selected 15 elements were all detected by ICP on the leaf surface and in the leaves of two species. In general, the elemental values of the leaf surface were positively related with those in the leaves. However, the two plants showed different selective absorption capacities because positive relation between element adsorption and absorption was only found for Cr, Fe and V for P. ace-rifolia, while such relation was only not found for K, Mn, Si, Ti and Zn for M. grandiflora. The results implied that the absorption was of high selectivity to different elements. Moreover, both increase in wind speed and exposure duration in the wind significantly enhanced resuspension ratios of atmospheric particles. We suggested that resuspension should be taken into account of assessing the relationship between the atmospheric particles deposition and associated plants' function in the future.

Effects of Extracts from Tiaozhi Granule and Its Components on Expression of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I.

Sera from the rats with different drug treatments (atorvastatin, Tiaozhi granule, or its extracts) were collected. LO-2 cells or HepG2 cells were pretreated with different sera as the following groups randomly: (1) blank control group, (2) positive control group (atorvastatin group), (3) Tiaozhi granule water extract groups, (4) Tiaozhi granule alcohol extract groups, and (5) alcohol extracts for each component: Pollen Typhae Angustifoliae, Curcuma longa L., and Rhizoma Alismatis. LO-2 cells were cotransfected with plasmid carrying SR-BI and pRL-TK promoter genes. Promoter activity was measured by the luciferase reporter gene assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of SR-BI were examined using real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Our results show that promoter activity and mRNA and protein expression levels of the SR-BI were significantly upregulated by Tiaozhi granules alcohol or water extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Pollen Typhae Angustifoliae alcohol extract with a high dosage could also increase SR-BI activity and expression, but not the extracts from Curcuma longa L. and Rhizoma Alismatis. Both Tiaozhi granule alcohol and water extracts can upregulate SR-BI gene expression. Among the components, Pollen Typhae Angustifoliae are important for the regulatory effect coordinating with Curcuma longa L. and Rhizoma Alismatis.