Preoperative BMI and Hb levels are important predictors of massive bleeding in liver transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare intraoperative bleeding during liver transplant procedures and analyze the predictive role of preoperative laboratory indicators in significant intraoperative bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 271 cases of allogeneic liver transplant patients from January 2018 to June 2023. Patients were categorized into the massive bleeding (MB) group and the non-massive bleeding (non-MB) group based on the occurrence of significant intraoperative bleeding. Preoperative laboratory parameters between the MB and non-MB groups were compared, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. ROC curves were performed to analyze the value of these parameters in distinguishing the MB and non-MB groups. RESULTS: In the MB group, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PLT), fibrinogen (Fib), and total protein (TP) levels were significantly lower than those in the non-MB group (p < 0.05). Conversely, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), total bilirubin (TBIL), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, length of stay, and hospital stay were significantly higher in the MB group compared to the non-MB group (p < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that preoperative BMI and Hb were independent risk factors for massive bleeding during liver transplantation. ROC curve analysis for predicting massive intraoperative bleeding showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of Hb was considerable (AUC: 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative BMI and Hb levels are critical predictors of massive bleeding during liver transplantation, emphasizing the importance of proactive management based on these indicators for improved patient outcomes.

Prediction of acute myocardial infarction by multi-parameter coronary computed tomography angiography.

AIM: To investigate the performance of multi-parameter coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), including stenosis, plaque qualitative-quantitative characteristics, and fractional flow reserve derived from CCTA (FFRct), to predict acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and build a combined model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with AMI 90 days after CCTA and 120 matched patients without AMI were enrolled retrospectively. Multiple CCTA parameters were analysed and compared. Independent risk factors were obtained through univariate and multivariate regression analyses, after which a multi-parameter model was built. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients were analysed successfully. The multi-parameter CCTA model (area under the curve, 0.944; p<0.001) had a higher predictive value than each single parameter (p<0.001, all). Independent risk factors were intra-plaque dye penetration (IDP; odds ratio [OR], 8.373; p=0.002), lipid plaque volume (LPV; OR, 1.263; p<0.001), and FFRct ≤0.83 (OR, 8.092; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: This one-stop multi-parameter CCTA model, comprising IDP, LPV, and FFRct as independent risk factors, has good performance to predict AMI.

Factor VII promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through ERK-TSC signaling.

We previously demonstrated PAR2 starts upstreamed with tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII), inhibited autophagy via mTOR signaling in HCC. However, the mechanism underlying for merging functions of PAR2 with the coagulation system in HCC progression remained unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TF, FVII and PAR2 in tumor progression of HCC. The expressions of TF, FVII and PAR2 from HCC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical stains and western blotting. We found that the expression of FVII, but not TF and PAR2, directly related to the vascular invasion and the clinical staging. Importantly, a lower level of FVII expression was significantly associated with the longer disease-free survival. The addition of FVII but not TF induced the expression of PAR2 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas knockdown of FVII decreased PAR2 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HCC cell lines. Furthermore, levels of phosphor-TSC2 (Ser664) were increased after treatment with FVII and PAR2 agonist whereas these were significantly abolished in the presence of a potent and specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126. Moreover, mTOR knockdown highly reduced Hep3B migration, which could be reverted by FVII but not TF and PAR2. These results indicated that FVII/PAR2 signaling through MEK/ERK and TSC2 axis for mTOR activation has potent effects on the migration of HCC cells. In addition, FVII/PAR2 signaling elicits an mTOR-independent signaling, which promotes hepatoma cell migration in consistent with the clinical observations. Our study indicates that levels of FVII, but not TF, are associated with tumor migration and invasiveness in HCC, and provides clues that evaluation of FVII expression in HCC may be useful as a prognostic indicator in patients with HCC and may form an alternative target for further therapy.

Interconnections between autophagy and the coagulation cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Autophagy has an important role in tumor biology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent studies demonstrated that tissue factor (TF) combined with coagulation factor VII (FVII) has a pathological role by activating a G-protein-coupled receptor called protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) for tumor growth. The present study aimed to investigate the interactions of autophagy and the coagulation cascade in HCC. Seventy HCC patients who underwent curative liver resection were recruited. Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were performed to determine TF, FVII, PAR2 and light chain 3 (LC3A/B) expressions in tumors and their contiguous normal regions. We found that the levels of autophagic marker LC3A/B-II and coagulation proteins (TF, FVII and PAR2) were inversely correlated in human HCC tissues. Treatments with TF, FVII or PAR2 agonist downregulated LC3A/B-II with an increased level of mTOR in Hep3B cells; in contrast, knockdown of TF, FVII or PAR2 increased LC3A/B. Furthermore, mTOR silencing restored the impaired expression of LC3A/B-II in TF-, FVII- or PAR2-treated Hep3B cells and activated autophagy. Last, as an in vivo correlate, we administered TF, FVII or PAR2 agonist in a NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency xenograft model and showed decreased LC3A/B protein levels in HepG2 tumors with treatments. Overall, our present study demonstrated that TF, FVII and PAR2 regulated autophagy mainly via mTOR signaling. The interaction of coagulation and autophagic pathways may provide potential targets for further therapeutic application in HCC.

Regulation of heme oxygenase 1 expression by miR-27b with stem cell therapy for liver regeneration in rats.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have been considered to be attractive and readily available adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and are becoming increasingly popular for use in regenerating cell therapy. However, recent evidence attributed a fibrotic potential to MSCs which differentiated into myofibroblasts with highly increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression while transplanted into an injured/regenerating liver in mice. In this study, we studied the role of miR-27b in ASCs and their regenerative potential after partial liver resection in rats. ASCs transfected with control siRNA or miR-27b were intravenously injected into autologous rats undergoing 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Our data showed that the regenerative capacities of ASCs with overexpressed miR-27b were significantly higher compared with control ASCs. However, the enhanced regeneration, hepatic differentiation, and suppressed liver inflammation, as well as fibrotic activity, were significantly reverted by ZnPP coadministration (heme oxygenase-1 [HO-1] inhibitor) indicating an important role of HO-1 in the regenerating and cytoprotective activities of miR-27b-transfected ASCs. We demonstrated that administration of autologous ASCs overexpressed with miR-27b enhances rapid and early liver regeneration and, importantly, preserves function after PH. The ASCs with miR-27b overexpression might offer a viable therapeutic option to facilitate rapid recovery after liver resection.

DNA microarray analysis of gene expression in endothelial cells in response to 24-h shear stress.

The recently developed DNA microarray technology provides a powerful and efficient tool to rapidly compare the differential expression of a large number of genes. Using the DNA microarray approach, we investigated gene expression profiles in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in response to 24 h of laminar shear stress at 12 dyn/cm(2). This relatively long-term shearing of cultured HAECs led to the modulation of the expression of a number of genes. Several genes related to inflammation and EC proliferation were downregulated, suggesting that 24-h shearing may keep ECs in a relatively noninflammatory and nonproliferative state compared with static cells. Some genes were significantly upregulated by the 24-h shear stress; these includes genes involved in EC survival and angiogenesis (Tie2 and Flk-1) and vascular remodeling (matrix metalloproteinase 1). These results provide information on the profile of gene expression in shear-adapted ECs, which is the case for the native ECs in the straight part of the aorta in vivo.

The effects of age and hindlimb supension on the levels of expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin in rat fast and slow skeletal muscles.

In this study we tested the hypothesis that, compared to young adult rats, senescent rats have a reduced ability to respond to muscle unloading. Unloading of the muscles was induced by hindlimb suspension (HS) of young adult and senescent rats for 21 days. Plantaris muscles from young adult rats had significantly higher levels of myogenin mRNA and protein (890 % and 314 %, respectively, P < 0.05) than plantaris muscles from senescent rats and also a higher MyoD mRNA level (280 %, P < 0.05), but ageing did not increase MyoD protein levels. Although HS did not increase plantaris mRNA or protein levels of myogenin or MyoD in senescent rats (P = 0.22), myogenin mRNA and protein levels increased by 850 % and 580 % respectively, and MyoD mRNA and protein levels by 235 % and 1600 %, respectively in young adult rats (P < 0.05). Soleus muscles from senescent rats had 150 % and 85 % greater myogenin and MyoD mRNA levels, respectively (P < 0.05), than soleus muscles from young adult rats, whereas protein levels of myogenin were similar (P > 0.05) and MyoD protein levels were 60 % lower in the muscle of senescent rats (P < 0.05). In young rats, soleus muscle mRNA levels of myogenin and MyoD were not altered by HS but myogenin protein levels decreased by 57 % (P < 0.05) whereas MyoD protein levels increased by 187 % (P < 0.05). In senescent rats, HS decreased soleus muscle myogenin mRNA and protein levels by 42 % and 26 % respectively (P < 0.05), but MyoD protein and mRNA levels were not changed. MRF4 levels were not affected by ageing in either muscle. These data suggest that ageing reduces the ability of fast muscles to increase myogenin protein levels, and prevents both fast and slow muscles from increasing MyoD protein levels during muscle unloading. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.4, 509-517.

Clenbuterol reduces soleus muscle fatigue during disuse in aged rats.

High levels of clenbuterol have been shown to preserve muscle mass and function during disuse. In this study we report that a low dose of clenbuterol (10 microg/kg per day) lessened the loss of in situ soleus muscle isometric force normalized to wet muscle weight (P(o)/g wet weight) by 8% and reduced isometric fatigue by approximately 30% in senescent rats after 21 days of hindlimb suspension (HS). Clenbuterol did not reduce the loss of relative force in the soleus of adult rats or the plantaris of old or adult rats. Furthermore, clenbuterol failed to improve muscle force or isometric fatigue in the soleus of adult rats or in the plantaris of either age group after HS. We conclude that low levels of clenbuterol reduce muscle fatigue in slow muscles during disuse and this beta-agonist may also have therapeutic value for reducing fatigue in slow muscles (e.g., postural muscles) in the elderly during disuse.

A physiological level of clenbuterol does not prevent atrophy or loss of force in skeletal muscle of old rats.

Supraphysiological levels of clenbuterol (CL) reduce muscle degradation in both young and old animals; however, these pharmacological levels induce side effects that are unacceptable in the elderly. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a "physiological" dose of CL (10 microg. kg(-1). day(-1)) would attenuate the loss of in situ isometric force and mass in muscles of senescent rats during hindlimb suspension (HS). Adult (3 mo) and senescent (38 mo) Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats received CL or a placebo during 21 days of normal-weight-bearing or HS conditions (8 rats/age group). HS reduced soleus muscle weight-to-body weight ratio by 31%, muscle cross-sectional area by 37%, and maximal isometric tetanic force (P(o)) by 76% in senescent rats. CL attenuated the loss of P(o) and muscle weight by 17 and 8%, respectively, in the soleus of senescent rats relative to HS+placebo conditions, but it did not improve muscle weight normalized for body weight. CL did not reduce the decrease in soleus P(o) or mass after HS in adult rats. CL failed to reduce the loss of plantaris weight (-20%) and P(o) (-46%) in senescent rats after HS. Our data support the conclusion that physiological levels of CL do not improve fast muscle atrophy and only modestly reduce slow muscle atrophy, and, therefore, it is largely an ineffective countermeasure for preventing muscle wasting from HS in senescent rats.

The narrow sheath duplicate genes: sectors of dual aneuploidy reveal ancestrally conserved gene functions during maize leaf development.

The narrow sheath mutant of maize displays a leaf and plant stature phenotype controlled by the duplicate factor mutations narrow sheath1 and narrow sheath2. Mutant leaves fail to develop a lateral domain that includes the leaf margins. Genetic data are presented to show that the narrow sheath mutations map to duplicated chromosomal regions, reflecting an ancestral duplication of the maize genome. Genetic and cytogenetic evidence indicates that the original mutation at narrow sheath2 is associated with a chromosomal inversion on the long arm of chromosome 4. Meristematic sectors of dual aneuploidy were generated, producing plants genetically mosaic for NARROW SHEATH function. These mosaic plants exhibited characteristic half-plant phenotypes, in which leaves from one side of the plant were of nonmutant morphology and leaves from the opposite side were of narrow sheath mutant phenotype. The data suggest that the narrow sheath duplicate genes may perform ancestrally conserved, redundant functions in the development of a lateral domain in the maize leaf.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase varies with age in glycolytic muscles of rats.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels in hindlimb muscles of adult and senescent Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats were investigated. Soleus muscles from adult and senescent rats had similar levels of GAPDH. In contrast, muscles containing a large proportion of glycolytic fibers had lower GAPDH levels in senescent rats relative to these muscles in adult rats; this was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels. These data indicate that skeletal muscle glycolytic capacity of fast muscles is diminished with age and that it may be caused by changes at the level of transcription. Also, because GAPDH mRNA levels change with age in several rat muscles, GAPDH mRNA is not always a proper internal control for mRNA analyses of aging skeletal muscle.

Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-mediated oxidative stress are essential for the enhanced expression of grp78 induced by the protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A.

We have reported that treatment with okadaic acid, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor, has the ability to enhance the synthesis of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78). This article reports our investigation of another protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A, demonstrating the signaling pathways elicited by the protein phosphatase inhibitors that lead to the induction of grp78. Our data showed that the induction process is abolished by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38(MAPK)). Phosphorylation-activation of p38(MAPK) in the treated cells was indicated by its own phosphorylation, as shown by double Western blotting analyses and directly confirmed by the in vitro kinase assay using MAPK-activated protein kinase-2, a well-known downstream effector of p38(MAPK), as a substrate. The involvement of p38(MAPK) in this process is further substantiated by using transient transfection assays with a plasmid, pGRP78-Luc, which contains a 0.72-kbp stretch of the grp78 promoter. By exploiting the same transfection assay, we demonstrated that the up-regulation of the grp78 promoter by the protein phosphatase inhibitors is suppressed in the presence of the cytoplasmic calcium chelator bis(aminophenoxy)ethane N,N'-tetraacetic acid, the mitochondria calcium uniporter inhibitor ruthenium red as well as the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. Taken together, our results lead us to conclude that treatment with the protein phosphatase inhibitors would activate the signaling pathways involving p38(MAPK) and mitochondrial calcium-mediated oxidative stress and that these pathways must act in concert in order to confer the induction of grp78 by okadaic acid and calyculin A.

Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and Shc.

Shear stress, the tangential component of hemodynamic forces, activates many signal transduction pathways in vascular endothelial cells. The conversion of mechanical stimulation into chemical signals is still unclear. We report here that shear stress (12 dynes/cm2) induced a rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of Flk-1 and its concomitant association with the adaptor protein Shc; these are accompanied by a concurrent clustering of Flk-1, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Our results also show that shear stress induced an association of alphavbeta3 and beta1 integrins with Shc, and an attendant association of Shc with Grb2. These associations are sustained, in contrast to the transient Flk-1. Shc association in response to shear stress and the transient association between alphavbeta3 integrin and Shc caused by cell attachment to substratum. Shc-SH2, an expression plasmid encoding the SH2 domain of Shc, attenuated shear stress activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and the gene transcription mediated by the activator protein-1/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive element complex. Our results indicate that receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins can serve as mechanosensors to transduce mechanical stimuli into chemical signals via their association with Shc.

Involvement of heat shock elements and basal transcription elements in the differential induction of the 70-kDa heat shock protein and its cognate by cadmium chloride in 9L rat brain tumor cells.

Exposure of 9L rat brain tumor cells to 40-100 microM CdCl2 for 2 h leads to an induction of a wide spectrum of heat shock proteins (HSPs). We have demonstrated that induction of the 70-kDa HSP (HSP70) and enhanced expression of its cognate (HSC70) by cadmium are concentration dependent and that the induction kinetics of these HSP70s are different. The increased synthesis of the HSP70s is accompanied by the increase in hsp70 and hsc70 mRNA levels, indicative of transcriptional regulation of the heat shock genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using probes encompassing heat shock element (HSE), TATA, GC, and CCAAT boxes derived from the promoter regions of the heat shock genes shows distinguished binding patterns between hsp70 and hsc70 genes in both control and cadmium-treated cells. The results indicate that, in addition to the HSEs, the basal transcription elements are important in the regulation of the heat shock genes. The binding patterns of the corresponding transcription factors of these elements are examined by EMSA by using extended promoter fragments from respective heat shock genes with sequential addition of excess oligonucleotides encompassing individual transcription elements. Taken together, our results show that the differential induction of hsp70 and hsc70 involves multiple transcription factors that interact with HSE, TATA, GC, and CCAAT boxes.

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase in taxol-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells.

The induction of apoptosis by Taxol was investigated in human leukemic U937 cells. Treatment of U937 cells with 20 nM Taxol for 24 h induced apoptosis in 30-40% of cells, which resulted in an 80% growth inhibition 3 days after treatment. Synchronous cells at different cell cycle stages exhibited different sensitivities toward Taxol, and their reversion by certain protein kinase inhibitors was also phase specific. Kinetic studies of cell cycle progress reveal that Taxol accelerates the progression of the cell cycle, which facilitates the process of apoptosis, especially for cells initially in the G1 phase. This acceleration may result from transient activation of p42/ 44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, because inhibition of upstream MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK1/2) by PD98059 reversed this effect. However, the delayed S-G2-M-phase progression by PD98059 was insignificant. The results suggest that MAP kinase may not only mediate cell cycle progress but may also participate in the apoptosis pathway for cells originally in S phase.

Taxol induces concomitant hyperphosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments in 9L rat brain tumor cells.

Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent, has been extensively investigated for its antitumor activity. The cytotoxic effect of taxol is generally attributed to its antimicrotubule activity and is believed to be cell cycle dependent. Herein, we report that taxol induces hyperphosphorylation and reorganization of the vimentin intermediate filament in 9L rat brain tumor cells, in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of vimentin was maximum at 10(-6) M of taxol treatment for 8 h and diminished at higher (10(-5) M) concentration. Enhanced phosphorylation of vimentin was detectable at 2 h treatment with 10(-6) M taxol and was maximum after 12 h of treatment. Taxol-induced phosphorylation of vimentin was largely abolished in cells pretreated with staurosporine and bisindolymaleimide but was unaffected by H-89, KT-5926, SB203580, genistein, and olomoucine. Thus, protein kinase C may be involved in this process. Hyperphosphorylation of vimentin was accompanied by rounding up of cells as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, there was a concomitant reorganization of the vimentin intermediate filament in the taxol-treated cells, whereas the microtubules and the actin microfilaments were less affected. Taken together, our data demonstrate that taxol induces hyperphosphorylation of vimentin with concomitant reorganization of the vimentin intermediate filament and that this process may be mediated via a protein kinase C signaling pathway.

Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the rapid induction of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein in 9L rat brain tumor cells.

We have previously shown that treatment with okadaic acid (OA) followed by heat shock (HS) (termed OA --> HS treatment) leads to rapid transactivation of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein gene (grp78) in 9L rat brain tumor cells. A cAMP-responsive element-like (CRE-like, TGACGTGA) promoter sequence and a protein kinase A signaling pathway are involved in this induction, and activation of both CRE binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) is required in the above process. Herein, we report that transactivation of grp78, as well as phosphorylation/activation of ATF-2, can be completely annihilated by SB203580, a highly specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38(MAPK)). Activation of p38(MAPK) by OA --> HS is also substantiated by its own phosphorylation as well as the phosphorylation and activation of MAPK activating protein kinase-2 in cells subjected to this treatment. The involvement of p38(MAPK) in the activation of ATF-2, which leads to the transactivation of rat grp78, is confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a probe containing the CRE-like sequence as well as by transient transfection assays with a plasmid containing a 710-base pair stretch of the grp78 promoter. Together with our previous studies, these results led us to conclude that phosphorylation/activation of CREB upon OA --> HS treatment is mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, whereas that of ATF-2 is mediated by p38(MAPK). The transcription factors may bind to each other to form heterodimers that in turn transactivate grp78 by binding to the CRE-like element. This suggests that distinct signaling pathways converge on CREB-ATF-2, where each subunit is individually activated by a specific class of protein kinases. This may allow modulation of grp78 transactivation by diverse external stimuli.

Rapid induction of the Grp78 gene by cooperative actions of okadaic acid and heat-shock in 9L rat brain tumor cells--involvement of a cAMP responsive element-like promoter sequence and a protein kinase A signaling pathway.

We have demonstrated that treatment with 200 nM okadaic acid (OA) for 1 h followed by a 15-min heat shock (HS) at 45 degrees C (termed OA-->HS treatment) leads to a rapid transactivation of grp78, the gene for the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, in 9L rat brain tumor cells. The level of Grp78 mRNA rose 15-fold in 60 min after the combined treatment. Nuclear extracts from cells subjected to OA-->HS treatment, compared to those of treatment with OA or HS alone, exhibited an increased binding activity toward an oligonucleotide probe containing the cAMP-responsive element-like (CRE-like, TGACGTGA) regulatory element in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). The binding resulted in the formation of two protein-EMSA probe complexes exhibiting different association and dissociation rates in kinetic studies. The protein factors in the upper band (complex I) and lower band (complex II) were identified as the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) and the CRE binding factor 1 (CREB-1), respectively, by antibody interference assays. In addition, the identity of CREB-1 was confirmed by supershift analysis. The binding activity, as well as the transactivation of the grp78 gene, can be abolished by a 1-h treatment with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor but not with protein kinase C or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitors. Accumulation of steady-state level of ATF-2 was observed and was also modulated by treatment with H-89, a PKA inhibitor. From these results, we conclude that the CRE-like element plays an important role in the rapid transactivation of the grp78 gene and that the PKA signaling pathway is involved. In addition, PKA-mediated transcriptional regulation of grp78 in OA-->HS treatment is through regulation of protein phosphorylation as well as de novo synthesis of ATF-2.

Modulation of protein phosphorylation and stress protein expression by okadaic acid on heat shock cells.

We have demonstrated that pretreatment but not post-treatment with okadaic acid (OA) can aggravate cytotoxicity as well as alter the kinetics of stress protein expression and protein phosphorylation in heat shocked cells. Compared to heat shock, cells recovering from 1 hr pretreatment of OA at 200 nM and cotreated with heat shock at 45 degrees C for the last 15 min of incubation (OA-->HS treatment) exhibited enhanced induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 110. In addition to enhanced expression, the attenuation of HSC70 and HSP90 after the induction peaks was also delayed in OA-->HS-treated cells. The above treatment also resulted in the rapid induction of the 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), which expression remained constant in cells recovering from treatment with 200 nM OA for 1 hr, heat shocked at 45 degrees C for 15 min, or in combined treatment in reversed order (HS-->OA treatment). Enhanced phosphorylation of vimentin and proteins with molecular weights of 65, 40, and 33 kDa and decreased phosphorylation of a protein with a molecular weight of 29 kDa were also observed in cells recovering from OA-->HS treatment. Again, protein phosphorylation in cells recovering from HS-->OA treatment did not differ from those in cells treated only with heat shock. Since the alteration in the kinetics of stress protein expression and protein phosphorylation was tightly correlated, we concluded that there is a critical link between induction of the stress proteins and phosphorylation of specific proteins. Furthermore, the rapid induction of GRP78 under the experimental condition offered a novel avenue for studying the regulation of its expression.