Clinical and radiological features of a cluster of immunocompetent adolescents with varicella pneumonia: a descriptive study.

Background: Varicella pneumonia is one of the most common and severe complications of chickenpox infection. This study aimed to describe the clinical and radiological features of varicella pneumonia in a cluster of immunocompetent adolescents. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of adolescent patients diagnosed with varicella pneumonia at Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between February 2023 and May 2023. The clinical and imaging data were collected and analyzed. A total of 116 patients were divided into two groups by the absence (group 1, n=57) or presence (group 2, n=59) of lower respiratory symptoms for data comparison. Results: Among 116 patients (median age, 16 years; 60 males), rash (100%) was the most prevalent clinical symptom. The most common respiratory symptom and sign were fever (42.2%) and coarse breath sounds (41.4%). Chest computed tomography (CT) performed within five days of symptoms onset revealed multiple (89.7%), peripheral (51.7%), and ill-defined (73.3%) lung nodules in most patients, which gradually improved 6-10 days after symptom onset. Group 2 had higher levels of interleukin-6 (P<0.001), C-reactive protein (P=0.02), serum amyloid-A protein (P=0.002), longer hospital stays (P=0.04), more involved lung lobes (P=0.02), and a higher incidence of multiple nodules (P=0.043) than those of group 1. Conclusions: In immunocompetent adolescents, clustered varicella pneumonia often presents as mild and more uniform in clinical and radiological presentations than sporadic cases. The most common CT findings were multiple pulmonary nodules. Patients with lower respiratory symptoms exhibited more severe clinical and radiological manifestations. Generally, it is not recommended that patients undergo frequent CT scans in a short period.

Computed tomography angiography-confirmed aortic in-stents floating thrombus after endovascular stenting: a retrospective study.

Background: Aortic in-stents floating thrombus (ASFT) is a rare complication. The evolution of ASFT on computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging and the treatment options remain under investigations. The aim of this study was to analyze the imaging manifestations of ASFT on CTA, and to explore safe and effective treatment options. Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal study design was used. Clinical and imaging data were collected from patients with ASFT between January 2015 to December 2022 at the Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The imaging features of ASFT, including location, morphology, size, concomitant and dynamic changes during follow-up, were analyzed and classified into two types based on imaging manifestation. Type 1 showed a striated, irregular, or sheet-like appearance. Type 2 was a free-floating middle section in the cavity with attachment point to the thickened inner wall. The treatment protocol was also investigated. The Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for variable comparison. Results: A total of 1,626 cases were screened, out of which 10 cases were enrolled, resulting in an incidence rate of ASFT of 0.62% (10/1,626). The pre-surgery levels of fibrinogen (FIB), prothrombin time (PT), and D-dimer showed a higher trend, while only the D-dimer level increased significantly during the postoperative period (P<0.001). During the follow-up, CTA examination detected 21 ASFTs, including 18 ASFTs of type 1 and three ASFTs as type 2. One patient experienced spleen infarction when ASFT developed. During the follow-up period, thrombus disappeared in six patients, while the lesions remained stable in four patients. Renal infarction occurred in one case. No new-onset ASFTs or patient deaths were reported. Conclusions: ASFT is an extremely rare disease. The concomitant disorders and postoperative hemodynamic changes could be the cause. CTA examination presented as a safe and preferred imaging modality for evaluating the evolution and prognosis of ASFT. Conservative treatment may be a useful and effective option.

Long-term radiological and pulmonary function abnormalities at 3†years after COVID-19 hospitalisation: a longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal progression of residual lung abnormalities (ground-glass opacities, reticulation and fibrotic-like changes) and pulmonary function at 3 years following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study enrolled COVID-19 survivors who exhibited residual lung abnormalities upon discharge from two hospitals. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6 months, 12 months, 2 years and 3 years post-discharge, and included pulmonary function tests, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), chest computed tomography (CT) scans and symptom questionnaires. Non-COVID-19 controls were retrospectively recruited for comparative analysis. RESULTS: 728 COVID-19 survivors and 792 controls were included. From 6 months to 3 years, there was a gradual improvement in reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D LCO <80% predicted: 49% versus 38%; p=0.001), 6MWD (496 versus 510 m; p=0.002) and residual lung abnormalities (46% versus 36%; p<0.001), regardless of disease severity. Patients with residual lung abnormalities at 3 years more commonly had respiratory symptoms (32% versus 16%; p<0.001), lower 6MWD (494 versus 510 m; p=0.003) and abnormal D LCO (57% versus 27%; p<0.001) compared with those with complete resolution. Compared with controls, the proportions of D LCO impairment (38% versus 17%; p<0.001) and respiratory symptoms (23% versus 2.2%; p<0.001) were significantly higher in the matched COVID-19 survivors at the 3-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients exhibited improvement in radiological abnormalities and pulmonary function over time following COVID-19. However, more than a third continued to have persistent lung abnormalities at the 3-year mark, which were associated with respiratory symptoms and reduced diffusion capacity.

Quantitative assessment of airway wall thickness in COPD patients with interstitial lung abnormalities.

Background: Whether the airway is involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) is not well understood. Also the impact of ILA on lung function in COPD patients remains controversial. We aimed to assess the quantitative CT measurements of airway wall thickness (AWT) and lung function according to ILA status in COPD patients. Methods: 157 COPD patients discharged from our hospital from August 1, 2019 through August 31, 2022 who underwent chest CT imagings and pulmonary function tests were retrospectively enrolled. Linear regression analysis and multiple models were used to analyze associations between quantitative assessment of airway wall changes and the presence of ILA. Results: In 157 COPD patients, 23 patients (14.6%) had equivocal ILA, 42 patients (26.8%) had definite ILA. The definite ILA group had the highest measurements of Pi10 (square root of theoretical airway wall area with a lumen perimeter of 10 mm), segmental AWT and segmental WA% (percentage of wall area), whereas the no ILA group had the lowest measurements of Pi10, segmental AWT and segmental WA%. In the adjusted analyses (adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, smoking intensity, COPD GOLD stage, lung function, slice thickness and scanner type), compared to COPD patients without ILA, the measurements of Pi10, segmental AWT and segmental WA% were higher in definite ILA group with differences of 0.225 mm (p = 0.012), 0.152 mm (p < 0.001), 4.8% (p < 0.001) respectively. COPD patients with definite ILA tended to have higher FEV1% predicted, FVC% predicted and lower MMEF75/25% predicted, but there were no statistically differences among the three groups. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the higher AWT measures in COPD patients with ILA compared to the patients without ILA. These findings suggest that the airway may be involved in the pathogenesis of ILA.

Well-Aerated Lung and Mean Lung Density Quantified by CT at Discharge to Predict Pulmonary Diffusion Function 5 Months after COVID-19.

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the predictive values of quantitative CT indices of the total lung and lung lobe tissue at discharge for the pulmonary diffusion function of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at 5 months after symptom onset. Methods: A total of 90 patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 underwent CT scans at discharge, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed 5 months after symptom onset. The differences in quantitative CT and PFT results between Group 1 (patients with abnormal diffusion function) and Group 2 (patients with normal diffusion function) were compared by the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test or Mann−Whitney U test. Univariate analysis, stepwise linear regression and logistic regression were used to determine the predictors of diffusion function in convalescent patients. Results: A total of 37.80% (34/90) of patients presented diffusion dysfunction at 5 months after symptom onset. The mean lung density (MLD) of the total lung tissue in Group 1 was higher than that in Group 2, and the percentage of the well-aerated lung (WAL) tissue volume (WAL%) of Group 1 was lower than that of Group 2 (all p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise linear regression identified only WAL and WAL% of the left upper lobe (LUL) as parameters that positively correlated with the percent of the predicted value of diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (WAL: p = 0.002; WAL%: p = 0.004), and multiple stepwise logistic regression identified MLD and MLDLUL as independent predictors of diffusion dysfunction (MLD: OR (95%CI): 1.011 (1.001, 1.02), p = 0.035; MLDLUL: OR (95%CI): 1.016 (1.004, 1.027), p = 0.008). Conclusion: At five months after symptom onset, more than one-third of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients presented with diffusion dysfunction. The well-aerated lung and mean lung density quantified by CT at discharge could be predictors of diffusion function in convalesce.

Opportunistic osteoporosis screening using chest CT with artificial intelligence.

Osteoporosis has a high incidence and a low detection rate. If it is not detected in time, it will cause osteoporotic fracture and other serious consequences. This study showed that the attenuation values of vertebrae on chest CT could be used for opportunistic screening of osteoporosis. This will be beneficial to improve the detection rate of osteoporosis and reduce the incidence of adverse events caused by osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: To explore the value of the attenuation values of all thoracic vertebrae and the first lumbar vertebra measured by artificial intelligence on non-enhanced chest CT to do osteoporosis screening. METHODS: On base of images of chest CT, using artificial intelligence (AI) to measure the attenuation values (HU) of all thoracic and the first vertebrae of patients who underwent CT examination for lung cancer screening and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination during the same period. The patients were divided into three groups: normal group, osteopenia group, and osteoporosis group according to the results of DXA. Clinical baseline data and attenuation values were compared among the three groups. The correlation between attenuation values and BMD values was analyzed, and the predictive ability and diagnostic efficacy of attenuation values of thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae on osteopenia or osteoporosis risk were further evaluated. RESULTS: CT values of each thoracic vertebrae and the first lumbar vertebrae decreased with age, especially in menopausal women and presented high predictive ability and diagnostic efficacy for osteopenia or osteoporosis. After clinical data correction, with every 10 HU increase of CT values, the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis decreased by 32 ~ 44% and 61 ~ 80%, respectively. And the combined diagnostic efficacy of all thoracic vertebrae was higher than that of a single vertebra. The AUC of recognizing osteopenia or osteoporosis from normal group was 0.831and 0.972, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The routine chest CT with AI is of great value in opportunistic screening for osteopenia or osteoporosis, which can quickly screen the population at high risk of osteoporosis without increasing radiation dose, thus reducing the incidence of osteoporotic fracture.

Asynchronous changes of normal lung lobes during respiration based on quantitative computed tomography (CT).

Background: This study aimed to explore the coordinated and independent actions of lung lobes during respiration using quantitative computed tomography (CT) in order to increase our in vivo understanding of pulmonary anatomy. Methods: Cases for whom test results showed normal pulmonary function tests (PFTs) results, and normal paired inspiratory-expiratory chest CT findings, as assessed by 2 radiologists, were retrospectively included in this study. From the chest CT results, we measured quantitative indices of lung volume (LV) and mean lung density (MLD) for the total lung (TL), left lung (LL), right lung (RL), and 5 lobes in inspiratory and expiratory phases. The differences of these measures between bilateral lungs and among the lobes were evaluated to study whether they were consistent or different during respiration. Results: A total of 70 cases were included {median age of 49.5 [interquartile range (IQR), 38.0 to 60.3] years; 32 males; 38 females}. Overall, the inspiratory and expiratory volumes of the LL were smaller than those of the RL (both P<0.001). For the ventilation workload (λ, which indicates the ratio of lobar volume to total LV), the end-expiratory volume ratio (λex ) of the LL was 0.44 (IQR, 0.43 to 0.46), while the end-inspiratory volume ratio (λin ) had risen to 0.46 (IQR, 0.45 to 0.47) (P<0.001). Comparing the 5 lobes, not all lobes shared the same LV. However, the left lower lobe (LLL) and right lower lobe (RLL) showed some similarities. The λin-LLL and λin-RLL was higher than λex-LLL and λex-RLL , respectively (both P<0.001), while the ratios of the other lobes reduced. The pairwise mean absolute difference (PMAD) on λin and λex of the bilateral lower lobes was low in inspiration (0.0288) and expiration (0.0346). The MLD of bilateral lower lobes showed consistency in inspiration or in expiration (inspiration: P>0.999; expiration: P=0.975). In addition, the PMADs between the right middle lobe (RML) and other lobes were significantly larger than the PMAD between other pairs of lobes in both inspiration and expiration. Beyond that, the expiratory MLD of RML [-789.6 (IQR, -814 to -762.05) HU] was the lowest among the 5 lobes. Conclusions: We found that the LL assumes a higher workload during ventilation than it does during respiration. The 5 normal lobes were non-synchronous during respiration and contributed differently to ventilation. The bilateral lower lobes showed similarities and had a high-ventilation function, while and the LV and MLD of the RML showed the least changes within a respiration cycle.

High-Resolution DWI with Simultaneous Multi-Slice Readout-Segmented Echo Planar Imaging for the Evaluation of Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions.

To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of high-resolution readout-segmented echo planar imaging (rs-EPI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is used simultaneously with multi-slice (SMS) imaging (SMS rs-EPI) for the differentiation of breast malignant and benign lesions in comparison to conventional rs-EPI on a 3T MR scanner. A total of 102 patients with 113 breast lesions underwent bilateral breast MRI using a prototype SMS rs-EPI sequence and a conventional rs-EPI sequence. Subjective image quality was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor, 5 = excellent). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) value of the lesion were measured for comparison. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnosis performance of ADC, and the corresponding area under curve (AUC) was calculated. The image quality scores in anatomic distortion, lesion conspicuity, sharpness of anatomical details and overall image quality of SMS rs-EPI were significantly higher than those of conventional rs-EPI. CNR was enhanced in the high-resolution SMS rs-EPI acquisition (6.48 ± 1.71 vs. 4.23 ± 1.49; p < 0.001). The mean ADC value was comparable in SMS rs-EPI and conventional rs-EPI (benign 1.45 × 10-3 vs. 1.43 × 10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.702; malignant 0.91 × 10-3 vs. 0.89 × 10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.076). The AUC was 0.957 in SMS rs-EPI and 0.983 in conventional rs-EPI. SMS rs-EPI technique allows for higher spatial resolution and slight reduction of scan time in comparison to conventional rs-EPI, which has potential for better differentiation between malignant and benign lesions of the breast.

Evaluation of Breast Galactography Using Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: A Clinical Exploratory Study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the application value of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in breast galactography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 128 patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) were selected to undergo galactography. DBT and FFDM were performed for each patient after injecting the contrast agent; the radiation dose of DBT and FFDM was calculated, and the image quality was evaluated in consensus by two senior breast radiologists. Histopathologic data were found in 49 of the 128 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for both FFDM- and DBT-galactography were calculated using histopathologic results as a reference standard. Data were presented as percentages along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The average age of the 128 patients was 46.53 years. The average glandular dose (AGD) of DBT-galactography was slightly higher than that of FFDM-galactography (p < 0.001). DBT-galactography was 30.7% higher than FFDM-galactography in CC view, while DBT-galactography increased by 21.7% compared with FFDM-galactography in ML view. Regarding catheter anatomic distortion, structure detail, and overall image quality groups, DBT scores were higher than FFDM scores, and the differences were significant for all measures (p < 0.05). In 49 patients with pathological nipple discharge, we found that the DBT-galactography had higher sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV (93.3%, 75%, 97.7%, and 50%, respectively) than FFDM-galactography (91.1%, 50%, 95.3%, and 33.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to FFDM-galactography, within the acceptable radiation dose range, DBT-galactography increases the sensitivity and specificity of lesion detection by improving the image quality, providing more confidence for the diagnosis of clinical ductal lesions.

Radiomics Analysis of Multi-Phase DCE-MRI in Predicting Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the pretreatment dynamic contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and radiomics signatures were associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in breast cancer. METHOD: A retrospective review of 70 patients with breast invasive carcinomas proved by biopsy between June 2017 and October 2020 (26 patients were pathological complete response, and 44 patients were non-pathological complete response). Within the pre-contrast and five post-contrast dynamic series, a total of 1037 quantitative imaging features were extracted from in each phase. Additionally, the Δfeatures (the difference between the features before and after the comparison) were used for subsequent analysis. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression method was used to select features related to pCR, and then use these features to train multiple machine learning classifiers to predict the probability of pCR for a given patient. The area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to assess the predictive performances of the radiomics model for each of the five phases of time points. RESULT: Among the five phases, each individual phase performed with AUCs ranging from 0.845 to 0.919 in predicting pCR. The best single phases performance was given by the 3rd phase (AUC = 0.919, sensitivity 0.885, specificity 0.864). 5 of the features have significant differences between pCR and non-pCR groups in each phase, most features reach their maximum or minimum in the 2nd or 3rd phase. CONCLUSION: The radiomic features extracted from each phase of pre-treatment DCE-MRI possess discriminatory power to predict tumor response.

Total Lung and Lobar Quantitative Assessment Based on Paired Inspiratory-Expiratory Chest CT in Healthy Adults: Correlation with Pulmonary Ventilatory Function.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the quantitative volumetric data of the total lung and lobes in inspiration and expiration from healthy adults, and to explore the value of paired inspiratory-expiratory chest CT scan in pulmonary ventilatory function and further explore the influence of each lobe on ventilation. METHODS: A total of 65 adults (29 males and 36 females) with normal clinical pulmonary function test (PFT) and paired inspiratory-expiratory chest CT scan were retrospectively enrolled. The inspiratory and expiratory volumetric indexes of the total lung (TL) and 5 lobes (left upper lobe [LUL], left lower lobe [LLL], right upper lobe [RUL], right middle lobe [RML], and right lower lobe [RLL]) were obtained by Philips IntelliSpace Portal image postprocessing workstation, including inspiratory lung volume (LVin), expiratory lung volume (LVex), volume change (∆LV), and well-aerated lung volume (WAL, lung tissue with CT threshold between -950 and -750 HU in inspiratory scan). Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between CT quantitative indexes of the total lung and ventilatory function indexes (including total lung capacity [TLC], residual volume [RV], and force vital capacity [FVC]). Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the influence of each lobe on ventilation. RESULTS: At end-inspiratory phase, the LVin-TL was 4664.6 (4282.7, 5916.2) mL, the WALTL was 4173 (3639.6, 5250.9) mL; both showed excellent correlation with TLC (LVin-TL: r = 0.890, p < 0.001; WALTL: r = 0.879, p < 0.001). From multiple linear regression analysis with lobar CT indexes as variables, the LVin and WAL of these two lobes, LLL and RUL, showed a significant relationship with TLC. At end-expiratory phase, the LVex-TL was 2325.2 (1969.7, 2722.5) mL with good correlation with RV (r = 0.811, p < 0.001), of which the LVex of RUL and RML had a significant relationship with RV. For the volumetric change within breathing, the ∆LVTL was 2485.6 (2169.8, 3078.1) mL with good correlation with FVC (r = 0.719, p < 0.001), moreover, WALTL showed a better correlation with FVC (r = 0.817, p < 0.001) than that of ∆LVTL. Likewise, there was also a strong association between ∆LV, WAL of these two lobes (LLL and RUL), and FVC. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative indexes derived from paired inspiratory-expiratory chest CT could reflect the clinical pulmonary ventilatory function, LLL, and RUL give greater impact on ventilation. Thus, the pulmonary functional evaluation needs to be more precise and not limited to the total lung level.

CT-Based Radiomics Helps to Predict Residual Lung Lesions in COVID-19 Patients at Three Months after Discharge.

BACKGROUND: In this study, our focus was on pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to develop and validate CT-based radiomic models for predicting the presence of residual lung lesions in COVID-19 survivors at three months after discharge. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 162 COVID-19 confirmed patients in our hospital (84 patients with residual lung lesions and 78 patients without residual lung lesions, at three months after discharge). The patients were all randomly allocated to a training set (n = 114) or a test set (n = 48). Radiomic features were extracted from chest CT images in different regions (entire lung or lesion) and at different time points (at hospital admission or at discharge) to build different models, sequentially, or in combination, as follows: (1) Lesion_A model (based on the lesion region at admission CT); (2) Lesion_D model (based on the lesion region at discharge CT); (3) Δlesion model (based on the lesion region at admission CT and discharge CT); (4) Lung_A model (based on the lung region at admission CT); (5) Lung_D model (based on the lung region at discharge CT); (6) Δlung model (based on the lung region at admission CT and discharge CT). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the predictive performances of the radiomic models. RESULTS: Among the six models, the Lesion_D and the Δlesion models achieved better predictive efficacy, with AUCs of 0.907 and 0.927, sensitivity of 0.898 and 0.763, and specificity of 0.855 and 0.964 in the training set, and AUCs of 0.875 and 0.837, sensitivity of 0.920 and 0.680, and specificity of 0.826 and 0.913 in the test set, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CT-based radiomic models showed good predictive effects on the presence of residual lung lesions in COVID-19 survivors at three months after discharge, which may help doctors to plan follow-up work and to reduce the psychological burden of COVID-19 survivors.

Comparison of Residual Pulmonary Abnormalities 3 Months After Discharge in Patients Who Recovered From COVID-19 of Different Severity.

Background and Objectives: To investigate whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors who had different disease severities have different levels of pulmonary sequelae at 3 months post-discharge. Methods: COVID-19 patients discharged from four hospitals 3 months previously, recovered asymptomatic patients from an isolation hotel, and uninfected healthy controls (HCs) from the community were prospectively recruited. Participants were recruited at Wuhan Union Hospital and underwent examinations, including quality-of-life evaluation (St. George Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]), laboratory examination, chest computed tomography (CT) imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Results: A total of 216 participants were recruited, including 95 patients who had recovered from severe/critical COVID-19 (SPs), 51 who had recovered from mild/moderate disease (MPs), 28 who had recovered from asymptomatic disease (APs), and 42 HCs. In total, 154 out of 174 (88.5%) recovered COVID-19 patients tested positive for serum SARS-COV-2 IgG, but only 19 (10.9%) were still positive for IgM. The SGRQ scores were highest in the SPs, while APs had slightly higher SGRQ scores than those of HCs; 85.1% of SPs and 68.0% of MPs still had residual CT abnormalities, mainly ground-glass opacity (GGO) followed by strip-like fibrosis at 3 months after discharge, but the pneumonic lesions were largely absorbed in the recovered SPs or MPs relative to findings in the acute phase. Pulmonary function showed that the frequency of lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide abnormalities were comparable in SPs and MPs (47.1 vs. 41.7%), while abnormal total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) were more frequent in SPs than in MPs (TLC, 18.8 vs. 8.3%; RV, 11.8 vs. 0%). Conclusions: Pulmonary abnormalities remained after recovery from COVID-19 and were more frequent and conspicuous in SPs at 3 months after discharge.