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Brainoid computing using 2D atomic crystals and their heterostructures, by emulating the human brain's remarkable efficiency and minimal energy consumption in information processing, poses a formidable solution to the energy-efficiency and processing speed constraints inherent in the von Neumann architecture. However, conventional 2D material based heterostructures employed in brainoid devices are beset with limitations, performance uniformity, fabrication intricacies, and weak interfacial adhesion, which restrain their broader application. The introduction of novel 2D atomic-molecular heterojunctions (2DAMH), achieved through covalent functionalization of 2D materials with functional molecules, ushers in a new era for brain-like devices by providing both stability and tunability of functionalities. This review chiefly delves into the electronic attributes of 2DAMH derived from the synergy of polymer materials with 2D materials, emphasizing the most recent advancements in their utilization within memristive devices, particularly their potential in replicating the functionality of biological synapses. Despite ongoing challenges pertaining to precision in modification, scalability in production, and the refinement of underlying theories, the proliferation of innovative research is actively pursuing solutions. These endeavors illuminate the vast potential for incorporating 2DAMH within brain-inspired intelligent systems, highlighting the prospect of achieving a more efficient and energy-conserving computing paradigm.
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Correction for 'Affective computing for human-machine interaction via a bionic organic memristor exhibiting selective in situ activation' by Bingjie Guo et al., Mater. Horiz., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MH01950K.
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The harmful effects of PM2.5 on human health, including an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), have raised a lot of attention, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We used the Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System (Shanghai-METAS) to simulate the inhalation of PM2.5 in the real environment and established an animal model by exposing C57BL/6 mice to filtered air (FA) and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) for 8 weeks. PM2.5 impaired the renal function of the mice, and the renal tubules underwent destructive changes. Analysis of NHANES data showed a correlation between reduced kidney function and higher blood levels of PM2.5 components, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, which are Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) ligands. PM2.5 exposure induced higher levels of AhR and CYP1A1 and oxidative stress as evidenced by the higher levels of ROS, MDA, and GSSG in kidneys of mice. PM2.5 exposure led to AhR overexpression and nuclear translocation in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. Inhibition of AhR reduced CYP1A1 expression and PM2.5-increased levels of ROS, MDA and GSSG. Our study suggested metformin can mitigate PM2.5-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the AhR/CYP1A1 pathway. These findings illuminated the role of AhR/CYP1A1 pathway in PM2.5-induced kidney injury and the protective effect of metformin on PM2.5-induced cellular damage, offering new insights for air pollution-related renal diseases.
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Affective computing, representing the forefront of human-machine interaction, is confronted with the pressing challenges of the execution speed and power consumption brought by the transmission of massive data. Herein, we introduce a bionic organic memristor inspired by the ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) to facilitate near-sensor affective computing based on electroencephalography (EEG). It is constructed from a coordination polymer comprising Co ions and benzothiadiazole (Co-BTA), featuring multiple switching sites for redox reactions. Through advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that when subjected to a bias voltage, only the site where Co ions bind with N atoms from four BTA molecules becomes activated, while others remain inert. This remarkable phenomenon resembles the selective in situ activation of LGICs on the postsynaptic membrane for neural signal regulation. Consequently, the bionic organic memristor network exhibits outstanding reliability (200 000 cycles), exceptional integration level (210 pixels), ultra-low energy consumption (4.05 pJ), and fast switching speed (94 ns). Moreover, the built near-sensor system based on it achieves emotion recognition with an accuracy exceeding 95%. This research substantively adds to the ambition of realizing empathetic interaction and presents an appealing bionic approach for the development of novel electronic devices.
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BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) has high mortality rates. The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway and its potential role in SA-AKI pathogenesis remain to be fully understood. Herein, we addressed this issue using mouse models. METHODS: An SA-AKI mouse model was established using the cecal ligation and puncture method (CLP). Mice were grouped into sham, CLP model, CLP + recombinant RANKL, and CLP + anti-RANKL groups. Serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured to assess kidney function. ELISA was used to detect serum IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of OPG, RANKL, RANK, and TLR4 in kidney tissues. HE staining was performed to evaluate the pathological changes. RESULTS: The CLP model group showed higher levels of Scr and BUN, indicating impaired kidney function in SA-AKI, compared to the sham group. Treatment with recombinant RANKL in the CLP + recombinant RANKL group reduced Scr and BUN levels, while anti-RANKL treatment in the CLP + anti-RANKL group elevated their levels. Moreover, the CLP model group had significantly increased IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6 than the sham group, indicating elevated inflammation in SA-AKI. The CLP + recombinant RANKL group demonstrated decreased cytokine levels, whereas the CLP + anti-RANKL group showed an increase. Additionally, the histopathological evaluation revealed distinct kidney tissue damage in the CLP model group. Recombinant RANKL treatment reduced this damage, while anti-RANKL treatment exacerbated it. Mechanically, the mRNA and protein expression of RANKL were significantly decreased, while those of OPG, RANK, and TLR4 were significantly increased in the CLP model group and the CLP + anti-RANKL group. Interestingly, treatment with recombinant RANKL reversed these changes, as evidenced by significantly increased RANKL but decreased OPG, RANK, and TLR4. CONCLUSION: The OPG/RANKL/RANK/TLR4 pathway is involved in SA-AKI pathogenesis. Recombinant RANKL treatment attenuates the inflammatory response and kidney tissue damage in SA-AKI, possibly via regulating this pathway. This pathway shows promise as a therapeutic target for SA-AKI.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Osteoprotegerina , Ligando RANK , Receptor Activador del Factor Nuclear kappa-B , Sepsis , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Animales , Lesión Renal Aguda/metabolismo , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Ligando RANK/metabolismo , Ratones , Sepsis/complicaciones , Sepsis/metabolismo , Receptor Activador del Factor Nuclear kappa-B/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
We design and construct a broadband integrated multi-channel imaging spectrometer (MCIS) from visible light to near-infrared. This system can directly obtain spectral images that conform to the consistent visual habits of the human eyes through a single exposure of the detector. The genetic algorithm is used to calculate system parameters to minimize pixel waste between spectral channels, achieving nearly 100% utilization of detector pixels. The field stop suppresses stray light in the system. This device is used for imaging an optical-resolution target, an object, and a furnace to verify the basic principles of the system. The results indicate that the system can effectively utilize detectors to monitor high-temperature objects in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range.
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Candida albicans is a leading cause of intravascular catheter-related infections. The capacity for biofilm formation has been proposed to contribute to the persistence of this fungal pathogen on catheter surfaces. While efforts have been devoted to identifying microbial factors that modulate C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro, our understanding of the host factors that may shape C. albicans persistence in intravascular catheters is lacking. Here, we used multiphoton microscopy to characterize biofilms in intravascular catheters removed from candidiasis patients. We demonstrated that, NETosis, a type of neutrophil cell death with antimicrobial activity, was implicated in the interaction of immune cells with C. albicans in the catheters. The catheter isolates exhibited reduced filamentation and candidalysin gene expression, specifically in the total parenteral nutrition culture environment. Furthermore, we showed that the ablation of candidalysin expression in C. albicans reduced NETosis and conferred resistance to neutrophil-mediated fungal biofilm elimination. Our findings illustrate the role of neutrophil NETosis in modulating C. albicans biofilm persistence in an intravascular catheter, highlighting that C. albicans can benefit from reduced virulence expression to promote its persistence in an intravascular catheter.
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Biopelículas , Candida albicans , Candidiasis , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres , Trampas Extracelulares , Proteínas Fúngicas , Neutrófilos , Humanos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Candidiasis/microbiología , Candidiasis/inmunología , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/microbiología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Trampas Extracelulares/inmunología , Catéteres/microbiología , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Estimating long-term causal effects based on short-term surrogates is a significant but challenging problem in many real-world applications such as marketing and medicine. Most existing methods estimate causal effects in an idealistic and simplistic manner - disregarding unobserved surrogates and treating all short-term outcomes as surrogates. However, such methods are not well-suited to real-world scenarios where the partially observed surrogates are mixed with the proxies of unobserved surrogates among short-term outcomes. To address this issue, we develop our flexible method called LASER to estimate long-term causal effects in a more realistic situation where the surrogates are either observed or have observed proxies. In LASER, we employ an identifiable variational autoencoder to learn the latent surrogate representation by using all the surrogate candidates without the need to distinguish observed surrogates or proxies of unobserved surrogates. With the learned representation, we further devise a theoretically guaranteed and unbiased estimation of long-term causal effects. Extensive experimental results on the real-world and semi-synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
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Redes Neurales de la Computación , Humanos , Algoritmos , Aprendizaje Automático , CausalidadRESUMEN
This study is to understand and analyze the development history, research hotspots, and research trends in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage through bibliometric analyses in order to fill the current gap of no literature review in this research field and to make certain contributions to the research in this field and the protection of cultural heritage. Bibliometric and visual analyses of the literature on cultural heritage microbial diseases in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection were carried out using VOSviewer and R-bibliometrix, choosing the two main literature types of papers and reviews. The emphasis was placed on analyzing and summarizing core research strengths, hotspots, and trends. Six hundred sixty-seven documents (573 articles and 94 reviews) were retrieved. αIn the WoS core collection, the first literature on cultural heritage microbial disease research was published in January 2000, and the annual number of publications from 2000 to 2009 did not exceed one; the annual number of publications from 2010 onwards increased rapidly, and after 2018, the number of publications per year exceeded 60, reaching 94 in 2020, which indicates that cultural heritage microbial disease research is booming. Our research showed that Italy, the USA, and China were the leading research countries, and Univ Milan was the institution with the most publications. International Biodeterioration &Biodegradation was the most published and co-cited journal, and Gu JD was the most prolific author. The research hotspots in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage mainly include biological degradation of cultural heritage; identification of diseased microorganisms and disease mechanisms; cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control methods; monitoring, prevention, and control of diseased microorganisms in indoor air; antibacterial agents, especially essential oils, nanoparticles, and other safe and efficient antibacterial products research and development; and exploration of the mechanisms of biofilm protection of cultural heritage on cultural heritage surfaces. Monitoring and identifying cultural heritage microbial communities, identifying disease mechanisms, and researching safe and efficient bacteriostatic products such as essential oils and nanoparticles will be the main research directions in the field of cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control in the future.
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Bibliometría , Cultura , Infecciones , HumanosRESUMEN
Electrocaloric1,2 and electrostrictive3,4 effects concurrently exist in dielectric materials. Combining these two effects could achieve the lightweight, compact localized thermal management that is promised by electrocaloric refrigeration5. Despite a handful of numerical models and schematic presentations6,7, current electrocaloric refrigerators still rely on external accessories to drive the working bodies8-10 and hence result in a low device-level cooling power density and coefficient of performance (COP). Here we report an electrocaloric thin-film device that uses the electro-thermomechanical synergy provided by polymeric ferroelectrics. Under one-time a.c. electric stimulation, the device is thermally and mechanically cycled by the working body itself, resulting in an external-driver-free, self-cycling, soft refrigerator. The prototype offers a directly measured cooling power density of 6.5 W g-1 and a peak COP exceeding 58 under a zero temperature span. Being merely a 30-µm-thick polymer film, the device achieved a COP close to 24 under a 4 K temperature span in an open ambient environment (32% thermodynamic efficiency). Compared with passive cooling, the thin-film refrigerator could immediately induce an additional 17.5 K temperature drop against an electronic chip. The soft, polymeric refrigerator can sense, actuate and pump heat to provide automatic localized thermal management.
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Polímeros , Refrigeración , Termodinámica , Refrigeración/instrumentación , Polímeros/química , Frío , Electricidad , Diseño de Equipo , Estimulación Eléctrica , TemperaturaRESUMEN
While there is significant potential for DNA machine-built enzyme-free fluorescence biosensors in the imaging analysis of live biological samples, they persist certain shortcomings. These encompass a deficiency of signal enrichment within a singular interface, uncontrolled premature activation during bio-delivery, and a slow reaction rate due to free nucleic acid collisions. In this contribution, we are committed to resolving the above challenges. Firstly, a single-interface-integrated domino-like driving amplification is constructed. In this conception, a specific target acts as the domino promotor (namely the energy source), initiating a cascading chain reaction that grafts onto a singular interface. Next, an 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light-excited up-converting luminescence-induced light-activatable biosensing technique is introduced. By locking the target-specific identification segment with a photo-cleavage connector, the up-converted ultraviolet emission can activate target binding in a completely controlled manner. Moreover, a fast reaction rate is achieved by confining nucleic acid collisions within the surface of a DNA wire nano-scaffold, leading to a substantial enhancement in local contact concentration (30.8-fold increase, alongside a 15 times elevation in rate). When a non-coding microRNA (miRNA-221) is positioned as the model low-abundance target for proof-of-concept validation, our intelligent DNA machine demonstrates ultra-high sensitivity (with a limit of detection down to 62.65 fM) and good specificity for this hepatic malignant tumor-associated biomarker in solution detection. Going further, it is worth highlighting that the biosensing system can be employed to carry out high-performance imaging analysis in live bio-samples (ranging from the cellular level to the nude mouse body), thereby propelling the field of DNA machines in disease diagnosis.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , ADN , Rayos Infrarrojos , MicroARNs , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Humanos , ADN/química , ADN/genética , MicroARNs/análisis , MicroARNs/genética , Animales , Ratones , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Nanoestructuras/químicaRESUMEN
The tribe-material is the key factor affecting the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Inorganic materials have higher heat resistance and stability than widely used organic materials. However, the weaker tribe-property limits the application of TENGs. Modulating surface roughness by changing particle shape and size is a simple way to increase performance for TENGs. Polyoxometalates (POMs) have unrivalled structural diversity and can self-assemble to form different nanostructures. In this study, we propose [{(NH4)42[Mo72 VIMo60 VO372(CH3COO)30 (H2O)72] â ca.300H2O â ca.CH3COONH4)}-Mo132] and [{Na8K14(VO)2[{(MoVI) (Mo5 VIO21)(H2O)3]}10{(MoVI)Mo5 VIO21(H2O)3 (SO4)}2{VIVO(H2O)20} {VIVO}10({KSO4}5)2] â 150H2O)}-Mo72V30] with blackberry structure which are cured and prepared into film by spin-coating technique, are used as positive tribe-materials for the first time in the field of TENGs. Keplerate-type POMs can form blackberry structures with higher dispersibility and flexibility, which can be used to control surface roughness by regulating the size of particles. The discovery proves that the particle size influences the surface roughness, which adjusts the output of TENGs. According to our findings, Mo132-h-TENG generates an output voltage of 29.3â V, an output charge of 8 Nc, which is 2-3 folds higher than Mo132-TENG, and a maximum power density of 6.25â mW â m-2 at 300â MΩ. Our research provides that altering the dimensional size can be an available way to raise the output of TENGs.
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The advancement of artificial intelligent vision systems heavily relies on the development of fast and accurate optical imaging detection, identification, and tracking. Framed by restricted response speeds and low computational efficiency, traditional optoelectronic information devices are facing challenges in real-time optical imaging tasks and their ability to efficiently process complex visual data. To address the limitations of current optoelectronic information devices, this study introduces a novel photomemristor utilizing halide perovskite thin films. The fabrication process involves adjusting the iodide proportion to enhance the quality of the halide perovskite films and minimize the dark current. The photomemristor exhibits a high external quantum efficiency of over 85%, which leads to a low energy consumption of 0.6 nJ. The spike timing-dependent plasticity characteristics of the device are leveraged to construct a spiking neural network and achieve a 99.1% accuracy rate of directional perception for moving objects. The notable results offer a promising hardware solution for efficient optoneuromorphic and edge computing applications.
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Accurate and efficient prediction of drug-target interaction (DTI) is critical to advance drug development and reduce the cost of drug discovery. Recently, the employment of deep learning methods has enhanced DTI prediction precision and efficacy, but it still encounters several challenges. The first challenge lies in the efficient learning of drug and protein feature representations alongside their interaction features to enhance DTI prediction. Another important challenge is to improve the generalization capability of the DTI model within real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose CAT-DTI, a model based on cross-attention and Transformer, possessing domain adaptation capability. CAT-DTI effectively captures the drug-target interactions while adapting to out-of-distribution data. Specifically, we use a convolution neural network combined with a Transformer to encode the distance relationship between amino acids within protein sequences and employ a cross-attention module to capture the drug-target interaction features. Generalization to new DTI prediction scenarios is achieved by leveraging a conditional domain adversarial network, aligning DTI representations under diverse distributions. Experimental results within in-domain and cross-domain scenarios demonstrate that CAT-DTI model overall improves DTI prediction performance compared with previous methods.
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Desarrollo de Medicamentos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , AminoácidosRESUMEN
Pycnoporus sanguineus is a fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota that has many applications in traditional medicine, modern pharmaceuticals, and agricultural industries. Light plays an essential role in the metabolism, growth, and development of fungi. This study evaluated the mycelial growth and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in P. sanguineus fermentation broth (PFB) cultured under different wavelengths of LED irradiation or in the dark. Compared to the dark cultures, the dry weight of mycelia in red- and yellow-light cultures decreased by 37 and 35% and the yields of pigments increased by 30.92 ± 2.18 mg and 31.75 ± 3.06 mg, respectively. Compared with the dark culture, the DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS+ free radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power of yellow-light cultures increased significantly, and their total phenolic content peaked at 180.0 ± 8.34 µg/mL. However, the reducing power in blue-light cultures was significantly reduced, though the total phenol content did not vary with that of dark cultures. In LPS- and IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, nitrite release was significantly reduced in the red and yellow light-irradiated PFB compared with the dark culture. In the dark, yellow-, and green-light cultures, TNF-α production in the inflamed RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited by 62, 46, and 14%, respectively. With red-, blue-, and white-light irradiation, TNF-α production was significantly enhanced. Based on these results, we propose that by adjusting the wavelength of the light source during culture, one can effectively modulate the growth, development, and metabolism of P. sanguineus.
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Antioxidantes , Luz , Pycnoporus , Ratones , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Pycnoporus/metabolismo , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Picratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Picratos/química , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/farmacología , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The innovative cutting mechanism of multi-dimensional teeth presents a groundbreaking approach to drill bit design, particularly optimizing drilling efficiency in challenging geological formations such as interlayers and gravel-rich layers within the Changqing Oilfield. Nevertheless, compared to conventional flat-tooth PDC drill bits, several aspects of the cutting mechanism and design parameters for multi-dimensional teeth require further elucidation. This article employs a linear cutting finite element model to establish cutting models for traditional flat teeth and two distinct types of multi-dimensional teeth, designated as Ridge and Benz. It systematically investigates the influence of varying cutting parameters on the effectiveness of rock-crushing within the multi-dimensional tooth-cutting mechanism. This study conducts laboratory-based single-tooth rock-crushing experiments to validate the numerical simulation results. Furthermore, applying principles derived from soil plastic mechanics contrasts the stress states experienced by rocks during the rock-crushing process between multi-dimensional teeth and conventional flat teeth, shedding light on the rock-crushing mechanism employed by multi-dimensional teeth. This research categorizes PDC cutting teeth on the drill bit into two groups: those near the center and those near the outer shoulder. A linear cutting model for teeth positioned near the outer shoulder is developed to analyze the impacts of different rake angles, side clearance angles, and welding errors on the tooth helix angle and the rock-crushing efficiency of the Benz tooth. This comprehensive study is a valuable reference for tailored drill bit design and holds potential for publication in a prestigious scientific journal.
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Diente , Simulación por Computador , SueloRESUMEN
The crystalline quality of perovskite films is a key factor that affects the performance of perovskite photovoltaic devices. Polyoxometalates can better match the energy levels of each layer in the devices through their own suitable energy level and band gap, and the good light absorption of POMs can also increase the mobility of photogenerated carriers in the devices. Moreover, POMs with Keggin-type structures can also improve the crystalline quality of perovskite films by eliminating defect sites, which can lead to better crystallization of perovskites with larger grains. In this study, we optimized the crystalline quality of a perovskite layer using the SiW9Co3@rGO composite prepared using POMs and graphene derivatives. XRD and SEM tests show that the crystallization degree of the perovskite layer was improved, the average grain size of which can reach up to 1222.92 nm, which is nearly four times higher than that of a blank perovskite. The photoresponse current of a SiW9Co3@rGO-doped photodetector can reach to 43.94 µA, which is about 226% higher than that of an undoped device. At the same time, the addition of the composite can improve the stability of photodetectors because of the special network structure of graphene. Photodetectors doped with SiW9Co3@rGO can still maintain more than 90% of their high performance for a month. This study proves that POM-based composites have good application prospects in the field of photovoltaic devices.
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Entering the era of AI 2.0, bio-inspired target recognition facilitates life. However, target recognition may suffer from some risks when the target is hijacked. Therefore, it is significantly important to provide an encryption process prior to neuromorphic computing. In this work, enlightened from time-varied synaptic rule, an in-memory asymmetric encryption as pre-authentication is utilized with subsequent convolutional neural network (ConvNet) for target recognition, achieving in-memory two-factor authentication (IM-2FA). The unipolar self-oscillated synaptic behavior is adopted to function as in-memory asymmetric encryption, which can greatly decrease the complexity of the peripheral circuit compared to bipolar stimulation. Results show that without passing the encryption process with suitable weights at the correct time, the ConvNet for target recognition will not work properly with an extremely low accuracy lower than 0.86%, thus effectively blocking out the potential risks of involuntary access. When a set of correct weights is evolved at a suitable time, a recognition rate as high as 99.82% can be implemented for target recognition, which verifies the effectiveness of the IM-2FA strategy.
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Redes Neurales de la Computación , Sinapsis , Sinapsis/fisiología , Algoritmos , HumanosRESUMEN
Designing friction materials with high electron storage capacity, high work function, low cost, and high stability is an important method to improve the output performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Here, we report two kinds of friction materials based on Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs)-modified graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4), namely, g-C3N4@PMo12 and g-C3N4@PW12, and form TENG with commercial indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ITO/PET) electrodes. The performance test shows that the g-C3N4@PMo12 TENG device exhibits a high output voltage of about 78 V, a current of about 657 nA, and a transfer charge of about 15 nC, which is more than 3 times higher than that of unmodified TENG. This performance improvement is attributed to the fact that POM loaded on the surface of g-C3N4 can be used as a shallow electron trap to increase the electron storage capacity through electron interaction and to increase the charge density on the surface of the material by increasing the work function of the composite. This work not only broadens the choices of TENG friction materials but also offers a practical means of enhancing TENG's output performance.
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Despite significant breakthroughs in immunotherapy, the limitations of inadequate immune stimulation and stubborn immune resistance continue to present opportunities and challenges. Therefore, a two-pronged approach, encompassing the activation of immunogenic cell death (ICD) and blocking the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-mediated pathway, is devised to elicit systemic anti-tumor immunity and alleviate immunosuppression. Herein, a tumor microenvironment (TME)-specific driven nanoagent is composed of a tetrasulfide bond-bridged mesoporous silica layer (MON) coated up-conversion nanoparticles as a nano-carrier, combines Fe2+, curcumin, and indoximod for operating chemodynamic therapy/chemotherapy/immunotherapy. The consumption of glutathione (GSH) caused by MON degradation, the Fenton reaction of Fe2+, and curcumin triggering mitochondrial damage collectively exacerbate the oxidative stress, leading to a violent immunoreaction and reversal of the immunosuppressive TME through a combination of IDO-inhibitors. Meanwhile, upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging serves as a significant guiding tool for drug delivery and the treatment of nanoagents. In vivo and in vitro experiment results demonstrate that the nanosystem not only effectively inhibits the growth of primary tumors but also induces immune priming and memory effects to reject re-challenged tumors. The strategy as a complementary approach displays great potential for future immunotherapy along with other multimodal treatment modes.