Dissecting the long-term neurobehavioral impact of embryonic benz[a]anthracene exposure on zebrafish: Social dysfunction and molecular pathway activation.

Benz[a]anthracene (BaA), a prevalent environmental contaminant within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class, poses risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems. The impact of BaA on neural development and subsequent social behavior patterns remains inadequately explored. In this investigation, we employed the zebrafish as a model to examine the persisting effects of BaA exposure on social behaviors across various developmental stages, from larvae, juveniles to adults, following embryonic exposure. Our findings indicate that BaA exposure during embryogenesis yields lasting neurobehavioral deficits into adulthood. Proteomic analysis highlights that BaA may impair neuro-immune crosstalk in zebrafish larvae. Remarkably, our proteomic data also hint at the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) pathway by BaA, leading to the hypothesis that this pathway may be implicated in the disruption of neuro-immune interactions, contributing to observable behavioral disruptions. In summary, our findings suggest that early exposure to BaA disrupts social behaviors, such as social ability and shoaling behaviors, from the larval stage through to maturity in zebrafish, potentially through the detrimental effects on neuro-immune processes mediated by the AHR-CYP1A pathway.

The effect of weighted blankets on sleep and related disorders: a brief review.

Background: Sleep disorders such as insomnia can lead to a range of health problems. The high risk of side effects and drug abuse of traditional pharmacotherapy calls for a safer non-pharmacotherapy. Aims: To examine the use and efficacy of weighted blankets in improving sleep and related disorders in different populations and explore the possible mechanisms. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and CNKI databases. Eligible studies included an intervention with weighted blankets and outcomes covering sleep and/or related disorders (behavioral disturbance, negative emotions and daytime symptoms). Studies using other deep pressure, compression, or exercise-related interventions were excluded. Conclusions: Most of the included studies showed that weighted blankets could effectively improve sleep quality and alleviate negative emotions and daytime symptoms in patients with sleep disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other related disorders, with a possible mechanism of deep pressure touch. Recommendations: Weighted blankets might be a promising tool for sleep interventions among individuals with sleep disorders in clinical settings. More high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to further validate the safety and efficacy of weighted blankets and explore precise mechanisms.

PfAgo-Based Zika Virus Detection.

As a mosquito-borne flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV) has been identified as a global health threat. The virus has been linked to severe congenital disabilities, including microcephaly and other congenital malformations, resulting in fatal intrauterine death. Therefore, developing sensitive and specific methods for the early detection and accurate diagnosis of the ZIKV is essential for controlling its spread and mitigating its impact on public health. Herein, we set up a novel nucleic acid detection system based on Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo)-mediated nucleic acid detection, targeting the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) region of the ZIKV genome (abbreviated ZIKV-PAND). Without preamplification with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the minimum detection concentration (MDC) of ZIKV-PAND was about 10 nM. When introducing an amplification step, the MDC can be dramatically decreased to the aM level (8.3 aM), which is comparable to qRT-PCR assay (1.6 aM). In addition, the diagnostic findings from the analysis of simulated clinical samples or Zika virus samples using ZIKV-PAND show a complete agreement of 100% with qRT-PCR assays. This correlation can aid in the implementation of molecular testing for clinical diagnoses and the investigation of ZIKV infection on an epidemiological scale.

Routine Workflow of Spatial Proteomics on Micro-formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues.

In the era of single-cell biology, spatial proteomics has emerged as an important frontier. However, it still faces several challenges in technology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are an important material in spatial proteomics, in which fixed tissues are excised using laser capture microdissection (LCM), followed by protein identification with mass spectrometry. For a satisfied spatial proteomics upon FFPE tissues, the excision area is expected to be as small as possible, and the identified proteins are countered upon as much as possible. For a general laboratory for spatial proteomics, a routine workflow is required, not relying on any special device, and is easily operating. In view of these challenges in technology, we initiated a technology evaluation throughout the entire procedure of proteomic analysis with micro-FFPE tissues. In contrast to the protocols reported previously, several innovations in technology were proposed and conducted, such as removal of destaining, decross-linking with "hang-down", solution simplification for peptide generation and balancing to excision area, and capture rate of micro-FFPE tissues. After optimization of all the necessary steps, a routine workflow was established, in which the minimized area for protein identification was 0.002 mm2, while the excision area for a consistent proteomic analysis was 0.05 mm2. Using the developed workflow and collecting the micro-FFPE tissues continuously, for the first time, a spatial proteomic atlas of mouse brain was preliminarily constructed, which exhibited the typical characteristics of spatial-dependent protein abundance and functional enrichment.

Washed microbiota transplantation improves haemoglobin levels in anaemia of chronic disease.

BACKGROUND: Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the second most common type of anaemia and lacks an effective treatment. Patients with anaemia are reported to have altered gut microbial profiles, which may affect erythropoiesis. Here, we investigated the gut microbial features of patients with ACD and determined whether regulating gut microbiota using washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) was effective in treating ACD. METHODS: We compared the gut microbiota profile of patients with ACD and healthy controls, evaluated the efficacy of WMT on haematological parameters in the patients, and analysed the alterations in gut microbiota after WMT treatment. RESULTS: Patients with ACD had lower gut microbial richness, and differences in microbial composition and function, relative to healthy controls. Additionally, the relative abundances of two butyrate-producing genera Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Butyricicoccus, were positively correlated with the haemoglobin (HGB) level and lower in patients with ACD than controls. WMT significantly increased HGB levels in patients with ACD. After the first, second and third WMT rounds, normal HGB levels were restored in 27.02%, 27.78% and 36.37% (all p < .05) of patients with ACD, respectively. Moreover, WMT significantly increased the abundance of butyrate-producing genera and downregulated gut microbial functions that were upregulated in patients with ACD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ACD exhibited differences in gut microbial composition and function relative to healthy controls. WMT is an effective treatment for ACD that reshapes gut microbial composition, restores butyrate-producing bacteria and regulates the functions of gut microbiota.

Novel Nucleic Acid Detection for Human Parvovirus B19 Based on Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute Protein.

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is pathogenic to humans and causes various human diseases. However, no antiviral agents or vaccines currently exist for the treatment or prevention of B19V infection. Therefore, developing sensitive and specific methods for B19V infection diagnosis is essential for accurate diagnoses. Previously, a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a (cpf1)-based electrochemical biosensor (E-CRISPR) with a picomole sensitivity for B19V detection was established. Herein, we set up a novel nucleic acid detection system based on Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo)-mediated nucleic acid detection, targeting the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) region of the B19V viral genome (abbreviated B19-NS1 PAND). Benefiting from independent protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences, PfAgo can recognize their target with guide DNA (gDNA) that is easy to design and synthesize at a low cost. In contrast to E-CRISPR, without preamplification with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) of three guide- or single guide-mediated B19-NS1 PAND was about 4 nM, approximately 6-fold more than E-CRISPR. However, when introducing an amplification step, the MDC can be dramatically decreased to the aM level (54 aM). In addition, the diagnostic results from clinical samples with B19-NS1 PAND revealed 100% consistency with PCR assays and subsequent Sanger sequencing tests, which may assist in molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of B19V.

Childhood experiences and needs of offspring living with paternal and maternal severe mental illness: A retrospective study in China.

OBJECTIVE: Parental mental illness is considered one of the strongest risk factors for the development of children. This study aimed to describe the adverse childhood experiences and needs of offspring living with parental severe mental illness (SMI) in China and to compare the differences in needs between offspring living with maternal SMI and those living with paternal SMI. METHOD: Overall, 381 participants, including 76 living with paternal SMI, 104 living with maternal SMI, and 201 living without parental mental illness, were enrolled. Data were collected using questionnaires from five sites in China. Differences among the three groups were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square test. Factors were extracted using exploratory factor analysis, and differences in factor scores between the paternal and maternal SMI groups were compared using the rank sum test. RESULTS: The percentages of poverty, family care, and housework were significantly higher in the paternal SMI group and maternal SMI group, compared with the control group, and those of school dropout and relationship with friends were significantly higher in the maternal SMI group (p < 0.0167). The need for stigma reduction in the maternal SMI group was significantly higher than that in the paternal SMI group (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of considering the impact of maternal and paternal SMI on child development. There is an urgent need to develop a national program to assist families with mentally ill parents to provide services for children living with parental SMI.

Adverse childhood experiences in offspring living with parental mental illness: a controlled study from China.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect children's development, and their harm to health is pervasive throughout the life course. AIMS: To identify ACEs and their risk factors in Chinese household with or without parental mental illness. METHODS: A controlled study was conducted among 181 young adults with parental mental illness (positive group) and 201 demographically matched individuals without parental mental illness (negative group). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to study the correlation between ACEs and their risk factors. RESULTS: The positive group suffered emotional abuse, domestic violence, bullying, and cumulative ACEs more frequently than the negative group. In the positive group, living in rural areas and having a low household economic status during childhood were identified as risk factors for cumulative ACEs, whereas a higher education level of the mother was a protective factor for cumulative ACEs in univariate analyses. Low household economic status remained an independent risk factor for cumulative ACEs in the positive group in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Children living with parental mental illness are more vulnerable to ACEs, and our findings highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors in increasing the risk of ACEs. To alleviate the deleterious impact of parental mental illness on offspring, multidimensional supports are needed.

Flow Regulation Performance Analysis of Microfluidic Passive Valve for High Throughput Liquid Delivery.

A microfluidic passive valve (MPV) is important for precise flow control, and it determines the reliability of the microfluidic system. In this paper, a novel MPV capable of delivering a constant flow rate independently of inlet pressure changes is proposed. The flow rate of the MPV is adjusted by the difference between the fluid force on the upper surface of the valve core and the spring force. The constant flow rate of the MPV is maintained by automatically changing the size of the gap channel formed by the groove on the valve core and the baffle on the valve body. The nearly constant flow rate of the MPV is 6.26 mL/min, with a variation of 6.5% under the inlet pressure varied from 1.25 kPa to 3.5 kPa. In addition, the flow characteristics of the MPV are analyzed by numerical simulation. With the increase in the inlet pressure, the maximum velocity gradually increases, while the increment of the maximum velocity decreases. In the movement process of the valve core, the region of pressure drop becomes larger. This work has a certain reference value for the design and research of the MPVs with high throughput liquid delivery.

Effect of a contact-based education intervention on reducing stigma among community health and care staff in Beijing, China: Pilot randomized controlled study.

The aim was to assess the feasibility of an intervention to reduce stigma among primary care and community healthcare staff in Beijing, China through a contact-based education intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to: (i) "education only" group, a lecture-based education; or (ii) "education and contact" group, lectures plus contact with people with lived experience of mental illness. Each participant completed an assessment of mental health stigma related: knowledge (mental health knowledge schedule, MAKS); attitudes (mental illness: clinicians' attitudes scale, MICA-4); and behavior (reported and intended behavior scale, RIBS) before and after the intervention, with follow up at 1 month and 3 months after the intervention. A total of 121 healthcare staff were recruited. Both "education only" group and "education and contact" group showed improved knowledge after the intervention, MAKS scores increased by 1.77 ± 3.15 VS 2.46 ± 2.49 (both p < 0.001), respectively. There was no between-group difference in MAKS score. The "education and contact" group showed a significantly greater improvement for MICA and RIBS score than the "education only" group: the MICA score decreased by 4.43 ± 9.42 VS 8.41 ± 7.48 (p = 0.027), and the RIBS score increased by 2.28 ± 3.89 VS 4.57 ± 3.53 (p = 0.003), in the "education only" and the "education and contact" groups respectively, but the between group differences disappeared at 1 month and 3 months follow-up points. The positive effects on stigma levels (knowledge, attitudes and behaviours) in both groups were sustained at 3 months. The intervention to reduce stigma among the primary and community healthcare staff through a contact-based education intervention was feasible in Beijing.

Children of parents with mental illness in the COVID-19pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in China.

OBJECTIVE: Children of parents with mental illness (COPMI) are vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to assess the psychosocial impacts of the pandemic and identify potential factors influencing their mental health. METHOD: 665 COPMI from six sites including Wuhan in China were enrolled. COPMI's mental health and the impacts of COVID-19 were assessed by an online survey. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the association between impact factors and participants' mental health. RESULTS: 16.1 % of participants were in abnormal range of mental health, with interpersonal relationship being the most common problem. 48.6 % of participants reported quite worried about the epidemic. All aspects of adverse effects of COVID-19 were more prevalent among COPMI in Wuhan than in other sites. Concerns about COVID-19 (OR = 1.7, p = 0.02), decreased family income (OR = 2.0, p = 0.02), being physically abused (OR = 2.1, p = 0.04), witnessing family members being physically abused (OR = 2.0, p = 0.03), and needs for promoting family members' mental health (OR = 2.2, p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for participants' mental health. CONCLUSION: The findings raise our awareness of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the wellbeing of COPMI. Multifaceted psychosocial support for COPMI is urgently needed to support them live through the pandemic.

Large Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in HIV Sensory Neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of large mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in skin samples of people with HIV (PWH) with measures of neuropathy and prior exposure to therapy. We hypothesized that deletions would be associated with neuropathy. As secondary objectives, we determined the correlation of deletion burden with demographic data and neuropathy measures. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we measured the accumulation of large mtDNA deletions in skin biopsies from PWH recruited as part of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Our cohort includes individuals with and without sensory neuropathy, as well as individuals with normal or abnormal skin biopsies. Skin biopsies, sural and peroneal nerve conduction studies, total neuropathy score, and deletion burden scores were measured, along with baseline demographic data such as age, CD4+ cell count, viral counts, and prior nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposures. RESULTS: Sixty-seven PWH were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the cohort (n = 67) was 44 years (SD 6.8, range 32-65 years), and 9 participants were female. The mean CD4+ T-cell count was 168 cells/mm3 (SD 97 cells/mm3, range 1-416 cells/mm3) and mean viral load was 51,129 copies/mL (SD 114,586 copies/mL, range 147-657,775 copies/mL). We determined that there was a correlation between the total mtDNA deletion and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) (r = -0.344, p = 0.04) and sural nerve amplitude (r = -0.359, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Both IENFD and sural nerve amplitude statistically correlate with mitochondrial mutation burden in PWH, specifically in those with HIV-associated sensory neuropathy as assessed by skin biopsy.

Robust expression of SIRT6 inhibits pulpitis via activation of the TRPV1 channel.

Invasion of dentinal tubules and pulp tissue by pathogenic bacteria may cause infection leading to pulpitis. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a NAD-dependent protein deacetylase encoded by the SIRT6 gene. The effect of SIRT6 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulpitis and its mechanism of action were discussed in this study. Dental pulp cells (DPCs) were extracted from human teeth and injected with LPS to induce inflammation. The cells injected with LPS showed substantially decreased expression of SIRT6. The overexpression of SIRT6, induced by plasmid-transfection of DPCs with SIRT6 overexpressing vector, led to a marked decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α) and deactivation of NF kappa B pathway. Additionally, dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), a promoter of inflammation in dental pulp tissues, was downregulated. Further investigation revealed that SIRT6 promotes ubiquitination of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, leading to its degradation and deactivation. The role of TRPV1 in the anti-inflammatory effects of SIRT6 was determined through incubation of SIRT6-expressing dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) with capsaicin. This incubation counteracted the effect of SIRT6 on cytokines and DMP1. The injection of lentivirus-SIRT6 attenuated LPS-induced pulpitis in vivo by suppressing TRPV1 activity. Thus, SIRT6 inhibits the TRPV1 channel during LPS-induced inflammation of dental pulp. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study discussed the effect of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulpitis as well as its mechanism of action and found that SIRT6 may be a negative regulator of pulpitis. Additionally, low expression of SIRT6 and high expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in LPS-treated human dental pulp cells are closely associated with proinflammatory cytokines, dentin matrix protein 1 expression, and activation of the NF-κB pathway, which indicated that TRPV1 may be a biomarker for pulpitis and the SIRT6-TRPV1-CGRP axis maybe a clinical target due to their role regulating inflammation and neuropathic pain.

Monocarboxylate transporter 1 in Schwann cells contributes to maintenance of sensory nerve myelination during aging.

Schwann cell (SC)-specific monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) knockout mice were generated by mating MCT1 f/f mice with myelin protein zero (P0)-Cre mice. P0-Cre+/- , MCT1 f/f mice have no detectable early developmental defects, but develop hypomyelination and reduced conduction velocity in sensory, but not motor, peripheral nerves during maturation and aging. Furthermore, reduced mechanical sensitivity is evident in aged P0-Cre+/- , MCT1 f/f mice. MCT1 deletion in SCs impairs both their glycolytic and mitochondrial functions, leading to altered lipid metabolism of triacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and sphingomyelin, decreased expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein, and increased expression of c-Jun and p75-neurotrophin receptor, suggesting a regression of SCs to a less mature developmental state. Taken together, our results define the contribution of SC MCT1 to both SC metabolism and peripheral nerve maturation and aging.

ERP correlates of valence asymmetry during incentive anticipation.

The stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) is a reliable index of incentive anticipation. However, it remains controversial whether the anticipatory process indexed by the SPN is modulated by incentive valence. The present study investigated the effect of valence on the SPN in a gambling task that required participants to make a binary (gain vs. loss) prediction after their choice on trials with different reward probabilities. Behaviorally, the participants exhibited a positive bias in their prediction. Electrophysiologically, a valence asymmetry was observed for the SPN. Specifically, the SPN was more pronounced when the participants made a gain relative to loss prediction, which was specific over the left hemisphere. Moreover, the SPN showed an uncertainty effect with enhanced amplitudes before uncertain versus certain outcomes, which tended to be pronounced during gain compared to loss anticipation. These findings indicated that the SPN is more sensitive to positive relative to negative valence, which may be mediated by the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway.© 2018 Society for Psychophysiological Research.

Evaluation of functionality for serine and threonine phosphorylation with different evolutionary ages in human and mouse.

BACKGROUND: Rapid evolution of phosphorylation sites could provide raw materials of natural selection to fit the environment by rewiring the regulation of signal pathways. However, a large part of phosphorylation sites was suggested to be non-functional. Although the new-arising phosphorylation sites with little functional implications prevailed in fungi, the evolutionary performance of vertebrate phosphorylation sites remained elusive. RESULTS: In this study, we evaluated the functionality of human and mouse phosphorylation sites by dividing them into old, median and young age groups based on the phylogeny of vertebrates. We found the sites in the old group were more likely to be functional and involved in signaling pathways than those in the young group. A smaller proportion of sites in the young group originated from aspartate/glutamate, which could restore the ancestral functions. In addition, both the phosphorylation level and breadth was increased with the evolutionary age. Similar to cases in fungi, these results implied that the newly emerged phosphorylation sites in vertebrates were also more likely to be non-functional, especially for serine and threonine phosphorylation in disordered regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided not only insights into the dynamics of phosphorylation evolution in vertebrates, but also new clues to identify the functional phosphorylation sites from massive noisy data.

Evolution of oncogenic signatures of mutation hotspots in tyrosine kinases supports the atavistic hypothesis of cancer.

Cancer has been shown as an evolutionary process emerging hallmarks that are reminiscent of unicellular organisms. Since cancer is mostly driven by somatic mutations, especially by oncogenic hotspot mutations, we proposed a molecular atavism of cancer caused by gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes. As tyrosine kinase (TK) family contains the largest subgroup of oncogenes with hotspot mutations, we traced the most predominant mutation hotspots of TK oncogenes across phylogeny with the domain information and adjacent sequences integrated as onco-signatures. We detected 9 out of 17 TK oncogenes with onco-homologs possessing an onco-signature, which could be divided into two classes by whether their onco-homologs existed in mammals or not. In Class I we identified mammalian onco-homologs assuming oncogenic functions with onco-signatures always intact in cancer, such as HCK and LYN. In Class II with no bona fide mammalian onco-homologs, Pyk2, a protist onco-homolog with an onco-signature of BRAF was found assuming oncogenic-like functions. Onco-signatures in both classes root deep in the primitive system. Together, these evidences supported our proposal that cancer can be driven by reverse evolution of oncogenes through gain-of-function mutations. And also for the first time, we provided the specific targets for experimental verification of the atavistic hypothesis of cancer.

Different ketogenesis strategies lead to disparate seizure outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of new medicines to treat epilepsy over the last 50 years, the number of patients with poorly-controlled seizures remains unchanged. Metabolism-based therapies are an underutilized treatment option for this population. We hypothesized that two different means of systemic ketosis, the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, would differ in their acute seizure test profiles and mitochondrial respiration. METHODS: Male NIH Swiss mice (aged 3-4 weeks) were fed for 12-13 days using one of four diet regimens: ketogenic diet (KD), control diet matched to KD for protein content and micronutrients (CD), or CD with intermittent fasting (24 h feed/24 h fast) (CD-IF), tested post-feed or post-fast. Mice were subject to the 6 Hz threshold test or, in separate cohorts, after injection of kainic acid in doses based on their weight (Cohort I) or a uniform dose regardless of weight (Cohort II). Mitochondrial respiration was tested in brain tissue isolated from similarly-fed seizure-naïve mice. RESULTS: KD mice were protected against 6 Hz-induced seizures but had more severe seizure scores in the kainic acid test (Cohorts I & II), the opposite of CD-IF mice. No differences were noted in mitochondrial respiration between diet regimens. INTERPRETATION: KD and CD-IF do not share identical antiseizure mechanisms. These differences were not explained by differences in mitochondrial respiration. Nevertheless, both KD and CD-IF regimens protected against different types of seizures, suggesting that mechanisms underlying CD-IF seizure protection should be explored further.

Diminished choice effect on anticipating improbable rewards.

Previous research found that the neural substrates underlying perceived control highly overlap those of reward system, especially during reward anticipation stage. The current event-related potential study examined whether the experience of choice by which individuals exercise control is modulated by reward probability during reward anticipation stage as indexed by the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN). Thirty participants performed a cued gambling task during which choices could be made either by themselves (a choice condition) or by a computer (a no-choice condition) with three levels of reward probability (low, medium, and high) while their EEG was recording. As expected, the participants perceived higher control during the choice compared to no-choice condition. Correspondingly, the SPN was enhanced in the choice condition than the no-choice condition. Critically, the SPN choice effect was present when reward probability was high and medium, but was diminished when reward probability was low. These findings suggest that the perceived control as exercised by choice is associated with reward anticipation, which may be sensitive to the fundamental properties of reward.

Association between the CYP11 family and six cancer types.

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a major source of variability in pharmacokinetics and drug response. CYPs utilize a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions. The CYP genes may be divided into two groups: Endogenous CYPs (CYP family 7-51) and xenobiotic CYPs (CYP family 1-4). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether endogenous CYPs exhibit similar gene expression and mutations in various cancer types. The gene expression profiles and somatic mutations exhibited in colon adenocarcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma were analyzed using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The expression of CYP11A1 was significantly downregulated in all six cancer types. In addition, CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 exhibited the highest number of mutations among endogenous CYPs in all samples. As the CYP11 family is important for steroid biosynthesis, and previous studies have demonstrated that steroid hormones are associated with certain cancers, these results indicate a common role of the CYP11 family in various cancer types.