The role of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in chondrocyte senescence.

Chondrocytes are the exclusive cellular constituents of articular cartilage, and their functional status governs the health of the cartilage. The primary factor contributing to the deterioration of cartilage structure and function is chondrocyte senescence. In hypoxia and hypodextrose environment, chondrocytes heavily rely on glycolysis for energy metabolism. Mitochondria, acting as the regulatory hub for chondrocyte energy metabolism, exhibit dysfunction before chondrocyte senescence, indicating their crucial involvement in the process. Previous research has suggested that molecules associated with mitochondrial quality control mechanisms can effectively restore mitochondrial function and alleviate chondrocyte senescence. However, there remains to be clarity regarding the relationship between mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and differences in efficacy among various target molecules, which pose challenges when evaluating them in chondrocytes. By conducting a comprehensive review of the existing literature on mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and chondrocyte senescence, we gain further insights into this intricate relationship while identifying promising targets that could potentially open up novel avenues for the treatment of chondrocyte senescence.

Machine learning prediction model of major adverse outcomes after pediatric congenital heart surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Major adverse postoperative outcomes (APOs) can greatly affect mortality, hospital stay, care management and planning, and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of five machine learning (ML) algorithms for predicting four major APOs after pediatric congenital heart surgery and their clinically meaningful model interpretations. METHODS: Between August 2014 and December 2021, 23 000 consecutive pediatric patients receiving congenital heart surgery were enrolled. Based on the split date of 1 January 2019, the authors selected 13 927 participants for the training cohort, and 9073 participants for the testing cohort. Four predefined major APOs including low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS), pneumonia, renal failure, and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were investigated. Thirty-nine clinical and laboratory features were inputted in five ML models: light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), logistic regression (LR), support vector machine, random forest, and CatBoost. The performance and interpretations of ML models were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). RESULTS: In the training cohort, CatBoost algorithms outperformed others with the mean AUCs of 0.908 for LCOS and 0.957 for renal failure, while LightGBM and LR achieved the best mean AUCs of 0.886 for pneumonia and 0.942 for DVT, respectively. In the testing cohort, the best-performing ML model for each major APOs with the following mean AUCs: LCOS (LightGBM), 0.893 (95% CI: 0.884-0.895); pneumonia (LR), 0.929 (95% CI: 0.926-0.931); renal failure (LightGBM), 0.963 (95% CI: 0.947-0.979), and DVT (LightGBM), 0.970 (95% CI: 0.953-0.982). The performance of ML models using only clinical variables was slightly lower than those using combined data, with the mean AUCs of 0.873 for LCOS, 0.894 for pneumonia, 0.953 for renal failure, and 0.933 for DVT. The SHAP showed that mechanical ventilation time was the most important contributor of four major APOs. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric congenital heart surgery, the established ML model can accurately predict the risk of four major APOs, providing reliable interpretations for high-risk contributor identification and informed clinical decisions-making.

Tissue adhesive, ROS scavenging and injectable PRP-based 'plasticine' for promoting cartilage repair.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) that has various growth factors has been used clinically in cartilage repair. However, the short residence time and release time at the injury site limit its therapeutic effect. The present study fabricated a granular hydrogel that was assembled from gelatin microspheres and tannic acid through their abundant hydrogen bonding. Gelatin microspheres with the gelatin concentration of 10 wt% and the diameter distribution of 1-10 µm were used to assemble by tannic acid to form the granular hydrogel, which exhibited elasticity under low shear strain, but flowability under higher shear strain. The viscosity decreased with the increase in shear rate. Meanwhile, the granular hydrogel exhibited self-healing feature during rheology test. Thus, granular hydrogel carrying PRP not only exhibited well-performed injectability but also performed like a 'plasticine' that possessed good plasticity. The granular hydrogel showed tissue adhesion ability and reactive oxygen species scavenging ability. Granular hydrogel carrying PRP transplanted to full-thickness articular cartilage defects could integrate well with native cartilage, resulting in newly formed cartilage articular fully filled in defects and well-integrated with the native cartilage and subchondral bone. The unique features of the present granular hydrogel, including injectability, plasticity, porous structure, tissue adhesion and reactive oxygen species scavenging provided an ideal PRP carrier toward cartilage tissue engineering.

Construction of MoB@LDH heterojunction and its derivates through phase and interface engineering for advanced supercapacitor applications.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been attracted widespread attention in supercapacitor due to their unique layered structure and associated advantages. However, the inherent limitations of low electrical conductivity and reaction kinetics rate of LDH restrict its widespread application. Various modification techniques, such as heterojunction formation, phosphorization and introduction of phosphorus vacancies, are employed to modify LDH with the goal of improving the electrochemical performance. Preparation of composite materials using MoB MBene as conductive template and phosphorization are the effective ways for enhancing the electrical conductivity of electrode materials. MoB MBene is prepared using a modified method that combines NaOH etching and a high-temperature hydrothermal process. The presence of phosphorus vacancy is beneficial for enhancing the kinetics rate during electrode reactions. Through the synergistic effect of various modification methods, MP2 demonstrates an optimal electrochemical performance with a superior specific capacitance of 1731.19F/g (238.28 mAh g-1) at 1 A/g. It also demonstrates an impressive rate capacity of 81.28 % at 10 A/g and maintains a satisfactory capacitance retention of 88.14 % after 5000 cycles. In addition, a fabricated MP2//AC ASC device achieves an impressive energy density of 39.91 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 948.25 W kg-1 and demonstrates satisfactory cycling stability of 78.76 % after 5000 cycles. This work presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing the impact of material structure, components, and crystal phases on energy storage performance. It also examines the regulatory impact of different modification methods on energy storage mechanisms.

N/P co-doped MXene hollow microcapsules by surfactants assisted hydrothermal-freeze drying for adjustable permeability.

The assembly of MXene materials into microcapsules has drawn great attentions due to their unique properties. However, rational design and synthesis of MXene-based microcapsules with specific nanostructures at the molecular scale remains challenging. Herein, we report a strategy to synthesize N/P co-doped MXene hollow flower-like microcapsules with adjustable permeability via dual surfactants assisted hydrothermal-freeze drying method. In contrast to anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants exhibited effective electrostatic interactions with MXene nanosheets during the hydrothermal process. Manipulation of dual surfactants in hydrothermal process realized N and P co-doping of MXene to improve flexibility and promoted the generation of abundant internal cavities in flower-like microcapsules. Based on the unique microstructure, the prepared hollow flower-like microcapsules showed excellent performance, stability and reusability in size-selective release of small organic molecules. Moreover, the release rate can be controlled by turning the oxidation state and type of MXene. The strategy delineates promising prospects for the design of MXene-based microcapsules with specific structures.

X-ray Detectors Based on Ga2O3 Microwires.

X-ray detectors have numerous applications in medical imaging, industrial inspection, and crystal structure analysis. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) shows potential as a material for high-performance X-ray detectors due to its wide bandgap, relatively high mass attenuation coefficient, and resistance to radiation damage. In this study, we present Sn-doped Ga2O3 microwire detectors for solar-blind and X-ray detection. The developed detectors exhibit a switching ratio of 1.66 × 102 under X-ray irradiation and can operate stably from room temperature to 623 K, which is one of the highest reported operating temperatures for Ga2O3 X-ray detectors to date. These findings offer a promising new direction for the design of Ga2O3-based X-ray detectors.

Comparison of Femoral Triangle Block in Combination with IPACK to Local Periarticular Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This article studied the efficacy of two different analgesic methods after unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to find an effective analgesic method. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo, parallel, and controlled study was performed to evaluate the benefits of combining the femoral triangle block (FTB) and the interspace between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee (IPACK). Forty patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis and underwent unilateral primary TKA with FTB and IPACK were divided grouped into the experimental group, and 40 patients undergoing TKA with intra-articular cocktail analgesic mixture local injection were grouped into the control group. All patients received the patient-controlled anesthesia pump for analgesia at postoperative 48 hours. The main indexes were postoperative knee joint rest and activity pain (visual analog scale) and muscle strength of the affected limb; secondary indexes were anesthetic consumption, total morphine consumption, range of motion, and complications (such as postoperative nausea and vomiting [PONV]). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the general data of each treatment group. Compared with the conventional group, the quadriceps muscle strength of the combined FTB and IPACK group was higher with significant statistical differences after surgery (p < 0.05). At postoperative 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, active pain was better than in the conventional group (p < 0.05). Resting pain was significantly smaller than the traditional group only at postoperative 2, 6, 12, and 48 hours (p < 0.05). Morphine consumption, anesthetics consumption, and hospitalization time were lower than the conventional group, the difference being statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the two groups in postoperative wound healing, infection incidence, blood pressure, heart rate, rash, respiratory depression, deep vein thrombosis, and urinary retention. There were also no significant differences in PONV (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Combining FTB and IPACK significantly increased the quadriceps muscle in patients, together with relieving early pain and reducing the amount of anesthetic consumption at different postoperative intervals.

Ga2O3-Based Solar-Blind Position-Sensitive Detector for Noncontact Measurement and Optoelectronic Demodulation.

As a kind of photodetector, position-sensitive-detectors (PSDs) have been widely used in noncontact photoelectric positioning and measurement. However, fabrications and applications of solar-blind PSDs remain yet to be harnessed. Herein, we demonstrate a solar-blind PSD developed from a graphene/Ga2O3 Schottky junction with a 25-nanometer-thick Ga2O3 film, in which the absorption of the nanometer-thick Ga2O3 is enhanced by multibeam interference. The graphene/Ga2O3 junction exhibits a responsivity of 48.5 mA/W and a rise/decay time of 0.8/99.8 µs at zero bias. Moreover, the position of the solar-blind spot can be determined by the output signals of the PSD. Using the device as a sensor of noncontact test systems, we demonstrate its application in measurement of angular, displacement, and light trajectory. In addition, the position-sensitive outputs have been used to demodulate optical signals into electrical signals. The results may prospect the application of solar-blind PSDs in measurement, tracking, communication, and so on.

Early Efficacy of Type I Collagen-Based Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation for the Treatment of Articular Cartilage Lesions.

Background: Articular cartilage is a complex structure that allows for low frictional gliding and effective shock absorption. Various sports injuries and inflammatory conditions can lead to lesions in the articular cartilage, which has limited regenerative potential. Type I collagen combined with autologous chondrocytes in a three-dimensional culture were used to induce the regeneration of single-layer autologous expanded chondrocytes without chondrogenic differentiation. Purpose: To assess the clinical, radiological, and histological changes following collagen-based autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) for chondral knee lesions. Methods: The study prospectively enrolled 20 patients with symptomatic knee chondral lesions (mean size lesion was 2.41 ± 0.43 cm2, range: 2.0-3.4 cm2) in the lateral femoral condyle and femoral groove who underwent type I collagen-based MACT between July 2017 and July 2019. knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) was assessed before the procedure, and periodic clinical follow-up was conducted every 3 months for a maximum of 12 months following the procedure and at 1-year intervals thereafter. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 mapping of repaired cartilage was also used for the quantitative analysis of regeneration. In one patient, second-look arthroscopy was performed to assess cartilage regeneration characteristics, and a portion of regenerated cartilage was harvested for histological evaluation 12 months after implantation. Results: At pre-operation and at three, six, 12, and 24 months after the operation, KOOS pain, symptoms, daily life activities, sports and recreation, as well as the quality of life were significantly improved between every two time points. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining indicated that the newly formed cartilage was comprised of naive chondrocytes. Safranin O-fast (S-O) green staining of the regenerated tissue revealed fibroblast-like cells surrounded by glycosaminoglycans. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicated that collagen type II was uniformly distributed at the deep zone of articular cartilage and type I collagen mainly depositing in the superficial cartilage layer. The T2 values for repaired tissue gradually decreased, eventually approaching near-average values. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that type I collagen-based MACT is a clinically effective treatment for improving functionality and pain levels. Histological evidence confirmed hyaline cartilage induction and showed that repaired cartilage tended to emerge from the deep to the superficial layer. The quantitative MRI T2 mapping test indicated that there still was a difference between the transplanted cartilage and the surrounding hyaline cartilage. Taken together, the current method represents an efficient approach for the restoration of knee cartilage lesions.

Ga2O3 based multilevel solar-blind photomemory array with logic, arithmetic, and image storage functions.

Photomemories offer great opportunities for multifunctional integration of optical sensing, data storage, and processing into one single device. However, little attention has been paid to photomemories working in the solar-blind region so far, which may have unique advantages of insusceptibility to ambient light and higher capacity. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a Ga2O3 based solar-blind photomemory array with logic, arithmetic, and optoelectronic memory functions. The device shows n-type field effect-transistor performance with an on/off ratio as high as 106, a responsivity of 8 × 103 A W-1, and a detectivity of 1.42 × 1014 Jones, all of which are amongst the best values ever reported for Ga2O3 based photodetectors. Based on the trapping and de-trapping process of holes in Ga2O3, multilevel data storage can be realized from the device. Simultaneously, the optical and electrical mixed basic logic of reconfigurable "AND" and "OR" operations have been realized in a single cell through the co-regulation of solar-blind light and the grid voltage. In addition, the photomemory can perform counting and addition operations, and the photomemory array can be utilized to realize solar-blind image storage. The results suggest that Ga2O3 may have potential applications in high-performance information storage, computing, and communications.

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase is required for fertility in rice.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The rice OsFAH gene functions identically to that of Arabidopsis SSCD1 encoding FAH. Loss of OsFAH causes rice sterility. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is the last enzyme in the tyrosine (Tyr) degradation pathway that is crucial for animals. By genetic analysis of the mutant of Short-day Sensitive Cell Death 1 gene encoding Arabidopsis FAH, we first found the pathway also plays a critical role in plants (Han et al., Plant Physiol 162:1956-1964, 2013). To further understand the role of the Tyr degradation pathway in plants, we investigated a biological function of the rice FAH. Firstly, the cDNA of rice FAH gene (OsFAH) was cloned and confirmed to be able to rescue the Arabidopsis Short-day Sensitive Cell Death 1 mutant defective in the FAH. Then, we identified the OsFAH T-DNA insertion mutant and generated the OsFAH RNA interference lines, and found that loss of OsFAH results in rice sterility. Furthermore, we analyzed expression of the OsFAH gene in roots, stems, leaves and young panicles at booting stage of rice and found that its transcript level was highest in young panicles and lowest in roots. In addition, the expression analysis of ß-glucuronidase driven by OsFAH promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that the OsFAH promoter was highly active in aerial tissues in vegetative stage, and sepals, filaments and stigma in reproductive stage. These results suggested that FAH plays an important role in rice fertility.

NIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms for the prediction of cadmium content in rice samples.

Fast determination of heavy metals is necessary and important to ensure the safety of crops. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric technology for quantitative analysis of cadmium in rice was investigated. A total of 825 rice samples were collected and scanned by NIRS. The Kennard-Stone method was applied to divide the samples into calibration and validation sets. Before modeling, the spectrum was preprocessed using first derivation to reduce the baseline shift. Different chemometric tools such as interval partial least squares, moving window partial least squares, synergy interval partial least squares, and backward interval partial least squares were proposed to extract and optimize spectral interval from full-spectrum data. The performance of the calibration models generated on the basis of different regression algorithms was compared and evaluated. Results showed that the PLS models based on four chemometric algorithms outperformed the full-spectrum PLS model. Among the tools, biPLS performed better with the optimal subinterval selection. The root-mean-square error of prediction and correlation coefficient (R) of the biPLS model were 0.2133 and 0.9020, respectively. In addition, the low root-mean-square error of cross-validation was obtained in biPLS, which was 0.1756. NIRS technology combined with biPLS could be considered as an effective and convenient tool for primary screening and measuring of cadmium content in rice. In comparison with classical methodologies, this new technology was beneficial because of its eco-friendliness, fast analysis, and virtually no sample preparation required.

miR-107 affects cartilage matrix degradation in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis by regulating caspase-1.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) seriously affects the quality of life of KOA patients. This study aimed to investigate whether miR-107 could regulate KOA through pyroptosis to affect collagen protein secreted by chondrocytes through IL-1ß. METHODS: The proliferation of chondrocytes was detected by CCK-8 assay. RT-qPCR analysis was used to identify miR-107 expression and transfection effects. The expression of Col II, IL-1ß, IL-18, and MMP13 in supernatant of chondrocytes or chondrocytes was detected by ELISA assay and western blot analysis. The pyroptosis of chondrocytes was analyzed by TUNEL assay and the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins was analyzed by western blot. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the relation of miR-107 to caspase-1. RESULTS: The proliferation of chondrocytes was decreased after LPS induction and further decreased by treatment of ATP. Single LPS treatment for chondrocytes downregulated the Col II expression while upregulated the expression of IL-1ß, IL-18, and MMP-13, which was further changed by ATP treatment. miR-107 expression was decreased in chondrocytes induced by LPS and further decreased in chondrocytes induced by LPS and ATP. In addition, miR-107 overexpression increased the proliferation and decreased the pyroptosis of chondrocytes induced by LPS and ATP. miR-107 overexpression upregulated the Col II expression while down-regulated the expression of IL-1ß, IL-18, and MMP-13 in supernatant of chondrocytes or chondrocytes induced by LPS and ATP. miR-107 overexpression down-regulated the expression of caspase-1, c-caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and TLR4 in chondrocytes induced by LPS and ATP. Furthermore, miR-107 directly targeted caspase-1. CONCLUSIONS: miR-107 can protect against KOA by downregulating caspase-1 to decrease pyroptosis, thereby promoting collagen protein secreted by chondrocytes by down-regulating IL-1ß.

Development and evaluation of a monitoring-aid system for a nuclear power plant in control room system manipulation.

BACKGROUND: In an advanced nuclear power plant (NPP), the operators are responsible for monitoring a massive number of alarm parameters. OBJECTIVE: To assist the operators, a monitoring-aid system (MAS), that applies four quality control chart methods, was proposed and evaluated. METHODS: Two types of MAS, namely, text and graph marks, were proposed and compared with the original display. To validate the proposed MAS, 17 professional engineers and operators were invited to join an experiment. Two different system states, normal and abnormal, were simulated. The operators were asked to manipulate the system, monitor the critical parameters, search for operational procedures, and deal with other secondary tasks. The primary and secondary task performance and heart rate were measured. After each task was conducted, three subjective rating questionnaires, namely, mental workload, situation awareness, and preference ratings, were implemented for the proposed MAS and the original system. RESULTS: With the assistance of the MAS, the alarm detection rate, secondary task performance, and subjective mental workload demonstrate significant improvements. The proposed MAS helps the operators monitor critical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the MAS should be considered for implementation with the control panel to increase the safety of NPPs. Furthermore, the MAS could reduce the mental workload might decrease the health hazard of the operators.

Utilisation of chitinous materials in pigment adsorption.

The effect of adding the cells of four lactobacilli to a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium on prodigiosin (PG) production by Serratia marcescens TKU011 is examined. The best increase in PG productivity was shown by strain TKU012. Among the samples of strain TKU012 and the chitinous materials of cicada casting powder (CCP), shrimp shell powder (SSP), squid pen powder (SPP), α-chitin, and ß-chitin, TKU012 cells displayed the best adsorption rate (84%) for PG, followed by CCP, SSP, SPP, α-chitin, and ß-chitin. As for the water-soluble food colourants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazne (Y4), SPP and SSP had better adsorptive powers than pure chitin preparations, strain TKU012, and CCP. Treatment with organic solvents, hot alkali, or proteases (papain, bromelain) diminished the adsorption rates of the biosorbents.

Data mining techniques for assisting the diagnosis of pressure ulcer development in surgical patients.

Pressure ulcer is a serious problem during patient care processes. The high risk factors in the development of pressure ulcer remain unclear during long surgery. Moreover, past preventive policies are hard to implement in a busy operation room. The objective of this study is to use data mining techniques to construct the prediction model for pressure ulcers. Four data mining techniques, namely, Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), decision tree (DT), and logistic regression (LR), are used to select the important attributes from the data to predict the incidence of pressure ulcers. Measurements of sensitivity, specificity, F(1), and g-means were used to compare the performance of four classifiers on the pressure ulcer data set. The results show that data mining techniques obtain good results in predicting the incidence of pressure ulcer. We can conclude that data mining techniques can help identify the important factors and provide a feasible model to predict pressure ulcer development.

Conversion of squid pen by a novel strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei TKU010, and its application in antimicrobial and antioxidants activity.

TKU010 was isolated from infant vomited milk and identified as Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. TKU010 had desirable properties concerning its ability to withstand adverse conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. The hydrolysate of casein enhanced the growth of TKU010 most obviously (17.20-18.25 OD(660)), followed by the hydrolysate of SPP (16.00-15.06 OD(660)). Incubating with SPP, both the culture supernatant of TKU010 on the first day and the fourth day showed inhibitory activities on E. coli BCRC13086, F. oxysporum BCRC32121 and A. fumigatus BCRC30099. TKU010 culture supernatant (1% SPP) incubated for 3 days has high antioxidant activity; the DPPH scavenging ability was 75% per ml. Thus, TKU010 could be preferably used as a starter to produce fermented milk with possibly interesting organoleptic properties. Besides, we have shown that squid pen wastes can be utilized to generate a high value-added product, and have revealed its hidden potential in the production of biocontrol agents and functional foods.

Protein-induced DNA bending clarifies the architectural organization of the sigma54-dependent glnAp2 promoter.

Sigma54-RNA polymerase (Esigma54) predominantly contacts one face of the DNA helix in the closed promoter complex, and interacts with the upstream enhancer-bound activator via DNA looping. Up to date, the precise face of Esigma54 that contacts the activator to convert the closed complex to an open one remains unclear. By introducing protein-induced DNA bends at precise locations between upstream enhancer sequences and the core promoter of the sigma54-dependent glnAp2 promoter without changing the distance in-between, we observed a strong enhanced or decreased promoter activity, especially on linear DNA templates in vitro. The relative positioning and orientations of Esigma54, DNA bending protein and enhancer-bound activator on linear DNA were determined by in vitro footprinting analysis. Intriguingly, the locations from which the DNA bending protein exerted its optimal stimulatory effects were all found on the opposite face of the DNA helix compared with the DNA bound Esigma54 in the closed complex. Therefore, these results provide evidence that the activator must approach the Esigma54 closed complexes from the unbound face of the promoter DNA helix to catalyse open complex formation. This proposal is further supported by the modelling of activator-promoter DNA-Esigma54 complex.

Novel AroA with high tolerance to glyphosate, encoded by a gene of Pseudomonas putida 4G-1 isolated from an extremely polluted environment in China.

Glyphosate has been used globally as a safe herbicide for weed control. It inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (AroA), which is a key enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway in microorganisms and plants. A Pseudomonas putida strain, 4G-1, was isolated from a soil heavily contaminated by glyphosate in China. Its AroA-encoding gene (aroA) has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this AroA belongs neither to class I nor to class II AroA enzymes. When compared with E. coli AroA, 4G-1 AroA shows similar values for K(m)[PEP], K(m)[S3P], and specific enzyme activity. Moreover, 4G-1 AroA exhibits high tolerance to glyphosate, which indicates a protein with a high potential for structural and functional studies of AroA in general and its potential usage for the generation of transgenic crops resistant to the herbicide.