Exploring the effect of disc displacement on the risk and severity of condylar erosion in adult temporomandibular disorder patients: A CBCT and MRI study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between types of disc displacement (DD) diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the risk (presence or absence) and severity of condylar erosion (CE) graded using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in adult Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. METHODS: A total of 353 TMD patients (283 females, 70 males) underwent MRI scans to categorise DD as normal (NA), anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR), or anterior displacement without reduction (ADDNR). CE severity was graded on a scale of 0-3 (absence, mild, moderate or severe) using CBCT. To establish the plausibility and cut-off points for CE diagnosis, the severity of CE was then further divided into three classifications: Grade 0 versus 1 + 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 versus 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 + 2 versus 3. Logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender and joint correlation. RESULTS: ADDNR significantly increased the risk of CE compared with NA (OR = 10.04, 95% CI: [6.41, 15.73]) and showed a significant increase in CE severity across all classifications (ORs = 10.04-18.95). The effects of ADDNR were significant in both genders (p < .001) and had a greater impact in females. ADDR was predominantly associated with mild CE. CONCLUSIONS: ADDNR significantly increased the risk and severity of CE independent of gender when compared to NA, whereas ADDR was mainly associated with mild CE. Slight cortical discontinuity may represent a subclinical diagnosis requiring further investigation.

Incidence and Survival of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer in the United States From 1975 to 2018.

PURPOSE: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer (OC-OPC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. A comprehensive investigation of the temporal changes in incidence, overall survival (OS), and associated factors of this disease may facilitate the formulation and modification of public health control measures. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1975 to 2018). Average annual percentage change (APC) in incidence was calculated by linear regression. Associations of incidence and OS with time and covariates (age, race, gender, site, grade, income, and residence) were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier log-rank test was used for analysis of OS. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Cox regression models. RESULTS: This study included 92,685 patients diagnosed with OC-OPC in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 database. An overall decrease was discovered in the incidence, especially among the Black population (APC, -15.2; 95% CI, -17.5 to -13.0; P < .01), and among those at 60+ years of age (APC, -12.8; 95% CI, -18.6 to -7.0; P < .01). Notably, the incidence among the rural population (APC, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.4 to 9.8; P < .01) increased. Residence and gender had the greatest effect on changes in incidence. Univariate analysis showed that the prognosis was worse in patients diagnosed between 1975 and 2000, patients from the Black population (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.81 to 1.93; P < .01), patients at 60+ years of age (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.61 to 1.68; P < .01), and patients with OPC. Interestingly, multivariate analysis showed no significant difference between OPC and OC, and the results of other subgroups were similar to univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that more attention should be paid to facilitating OC-OPC prevention in rural population, as well as improving management of this disease in Black and elderly populations, and among patients with higher grade of disease and lower income.

[Development of precancerous lesions of oral mucous membrane diseases and oral cancer animal models].

Precancerous lesions of oral mucous membrane diseases and oral cancer are common diseases in developing countries, especially in South Asia. However, the cancerous mechanism remains unclear, and no efficient treatment and prognosis measure are currently available. Thus, precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa and oral cancer animal models must be identified to further understand their function. In this paper, we systematically review the development of oral mucosal precancerous lesions and oral cancer animal models by referring to related research.

Photodynamic therapy guidelines for the management of oral leucoplakia.

With recent developments in photosensitizers and light delivery systems, topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has become the fourth alternative therapeutic approach in the management of oral leucoplakia (OLK) due to its minimally invasive nature, efficacy, and low risk of systemic side effects and disfigurement. This report presents step-by-step guidelines for applying topical ALA-PDT in the management of OLK based on both the clinical experience of the authors and a systematic review of the current literature. Studies using protocols with standardized parameters and randomized clinical trials at multiple centres with adequate sample sizes and both interim and long-term follow-ups are needed before universally applicable guidelines can be produced in this field.

PA28γ acts as a dual regulator of IL-6 and CCL2 and contributes to tumor angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

PA28γ promotes tumor development and progression and is suggested to play a role in tumor angiogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. Here, we found that PA28γ enhanced the ability of OSCC cells to promote the migration, invasion, and tube formation of HUVECs and promoted tumor-induced angiogenesis in xenograft mice models in vivo. Then, a mechanism study revealed that the expression and secretion of IL-6 and CCL2 were dependent on PA28γ expression. Furthermore, blocking IL-6 or CCL2 or the transcription factor NF-κB induced the inhibition of tube formation in HUVECs co-cultured with PA28γ-overexpression OSCC cell supernatants. Moreover, we revealed that p-STAT3 and p-AKT, which are downstream of the IL-6 and CCL2 signaling axis, were downregulated in HUVECs co-cultured with the PA28γ-silenced supernatant and were upregulated with the PA28γ-overexpressing supernatant. In addition, IL-6, CCL2 and PA28γ expressions were correlated in a clinical OSCC cohort. Collectively, our study indicates that PA28γ contributes to tumor angiogenesis by regulating IL-6 and CCL2. PA28γ may be a novel therapeutic target as a dual regulator of IL-6 and CCL2 for treating PA28γ-positive OSCC.

RACK1 is an organ-specific prognostic predictor in OSCC.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to verify that RACK1 is an organ-specific prognostic predictor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The RACK1 expression level was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a total of 342 OSCC patients from 3 independent cohorts. The multivariate hazard ratios for Overall Survival (OS) was determined by Cox proportional hazards regression model. OS was analyzed in 460 Head Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients from TCGA data set. The expression level of RACK1 was analyzed in 60 cases multiple organ tissue microarrays representing both normal and cancer tissues by IHC, and in TCGA database of mRNA abundance in cancers and paired normal tissues. RESULTS: The median follow-up times of patients in the study was 74, 52, and 78 months. High expression of RACK1 was identified in tumors from 103 of 151 patients (68.2%), 51 of 83 patients (61.4%), and 59 of 108 patients (54.6%). Compared with low expression, high expression of RACK1 was strongly associated with worse OS, with HR of 0.5995 (95% CI, 0.3929 to 0.9147; P=0.0176), 0.4402 (95% CI, 0.2321 to 0.8348; P=0.0120), and 0.5010 (95% CI, 0.2886 to 0.8699; P=0.0141). This finding is consistent with TCGA HNSCC data (P=0.0276). Tissue microarrays analyses showed different protein expression level of RACK1 in multiple human carcinomas and this finding is consistent with the TCGA database analysis of RACK1 mRNA abundance. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that RACK1 is a good independent organ-specific predictor of the risk of death in OSCC.