RESUMEN
Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria (cblC) is the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism and due to mutations in Methylmalonic Aciduria type C and Homocystinuria (MMACHC). Recently, mutations in the transcriptional regulators HCFC1 and RONIN (THAP11) were shown to result in cellular phenocopies of cblC. Since HCFC1/RONIN jointly regulate MMACHC, patients with mutations in these factors suffer from reduced MMACHC expression and exhibit a cblC-like disease. However, additional de-regulated genes and the resulting pathophysiology is unknown. Therefore, we have generated mouse models of this disease. In addition to exhibiting loss of Mmachc, metabolic perturbations, and developmental defects previously observed in cblC, we uncovered reduced expression of target genes that encode ribosome protein subunits. We also identified specific phenotypes that we ascribe to deregulation of ribosome biogenesis impacting normal translation during development. These findings identify HCFC1/RONIN as transcriptional regulators of ribosome biogenesis during development and their mutation results in complex syndromes exhibiting aspects of both cblC and ribosomopathies.
Asunto(s)
Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos/genética , Homocistinuria/genética , Factor C1 de la Célula Huésped/genética , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Ribosomas/genética , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/genética , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos/patología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Embrión de Mamíferos , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Homocistinuria/metabolismo , Homocistinuria/patología , Factor C1 de la Célula Huésped/deficiencia , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Mutación , Biogénesis de Organelos , Oxidorreductasas/deficiencia , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , Subunidades de Proteína/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/deficiencia , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Proteínas Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Ribosomas/metabolismo , Ribosomas/patología , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/patologíaRESUMEN
Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblC type, is the most common inherited disorder of cobalamin metabolism and is characterized by severe fetal developmental defects primarily impacting the central nervous system, hematopoietic system, and heart. CblC was previously shown to be due to mutations in the MMACHC gene, which encodes a protein thought to function in intracellular cobalamin trafficking and biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl). These coenzymes are required for the production of succinyl-CoA and methionine, respectively. However, it is currently unclear whether additional roles for MMACHC exist outside of cobalamin metabolism. Furthermore, due to a lack of sufficient animal models, the exact pathophysiology of cblC remains unknown. Here, we report the generation and characterization of two new mouse models to study the role of MMACHC in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was used to develop a Mmachc floxed allele (Mmachcflox/flox), which we validated as a conditional null. For a gain-of-function approach, we generated a transgenic mouse line that over-expresses functional Mmachc (Mmachc-OE+/tg) capable of rescuing Mmachc homozygous mutant lethality. Surprisingly, our data also suggest that these mice may exhibit a partially penetrant maternal-effect rescue, which might have implications for in utero therapeutic interventions to treat cblC. Both the Mmachcflox/flox and Mmachc-OE+/tg mouse models will be valuable resources for understanding the biological roles of MMACHC in a variety of tissue contexts and allow for deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of cblC.