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Context: Nidogen-2 (NID-2) hypermethylation has been implicated in many types of cancers, such as lung, bladder, and gastric carcinomas. However, its role has not yet been studied adequately in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). HNSCCs constituting a major portion of the global cancer load, it is of importance to diagnose and treat them at earliest. This systematic review was performed to assess the role of NID-2 in HNSCCs and assess its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed across multiple databases to identify studies pertaining to analysis of expression or methylation of NID-2 in HNSCCs. The sample size, type of cancer/premalignant condition studied, type of tissue/fluid analysed, and the various methodologies used and their results were extracted. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021245326. Results: Four studies were identified after a systematic search of literature. The studies analysed NID-2 expression or methylation in conditions such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). NID-2 was found to be a highly specific marker for HNSCCs, and serum NID-2 levels also correlated with poor survival. Conclusion: Data from the reviewed studies indicate that hypermethylation of NID-2 is highly specific for HNSCC. The high specificity is maintained in salivary and serum samples, facilitating accurate and non-invasive prognostication of HNSCC. The relatively lower sensitivity of NID-2 methylation may be overcome by analysing it along with a panel of multiple biomarkers such as HOX-A2 and YKL20.
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INTRODUCTION: In the present-day scenario, wherein histotechnological laboratory personnel come into contact with numerous hazardous chemicals every day, laboratories are emphasizing on development of safer and environment-friendly alternatives globally which are easily available and feasible. In this context, we have attempted to utilize anthocyanins, a family of pigments naturally occurring in fruits and flowers and which are already used as natural food colorants, for assessing their utility as histological stains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Juices of thin consistency from well-ripened pomegranates were obtained by using a juicer with blender functions. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded 4 µm thin sections were immersed in this solution for 2 h, during which the solution was periodically monitored. Several modifications were attempted such as the addition of Citrus limon (lemon) extract or acetic acid, change in orientation of the slides and refrigeration of the solution during the staining procedure. RESULTS: A peculiar pattern of reasonably diagnostic staining was observed in which the basal and suprabasal cells, basement membrane, inflammatory cells and collagen fibers stained prominently with a magenta color. The addition of lemon, horizontal orientation of slides and refrigeration each separately led to an improvement in staining characteristics. The addition of 4% acetic acid and refrigeration of the solution each led to an improvement in longevity of the staining solution. CONCLUSION: Anthocyanins could potentially be used as viable histological stains having advantages of availability, feasibility, color stability and nontoxicity, although numerous modifications to improve longevity of staining solution and staining characteristics are warranted by further research for which the present study could serve as a pretext.
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Background: It has been reported that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with the presence of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) in 15%-48% of cases. Among PMDs, oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common, with 16%-62% of cases associated with OSCC. Hence, in the present study, we have analyzed demographic data and re-evaluated immunohistochemical (IHC) data of OL cases and aimed to correlate the clinical, histopathological and IHC aspects of OL. Materials and Methods: The data of histopathologically diagnosed cases of OL were retrieved from the archives. These data were further evaluated for age, gender, duration, site, size, side, habits, clinical staging and histopathological grading. IHC re-evaluation of OL tissues was done using epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), n = 20; human MutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), n = 30; CD1a (n = 30); vimentin (n = 30); Ki-67 (n = 30); heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), n = 30; p16INK4, n = 20; and mucin-1 (MUC1), n = 30. All the results and observations were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: The male: female ratio was 7.5:1; right side and buccal mucosa were more commonly affected. The duration of the lesion ranged from 1 to 30 years. One hundred and twelve patients were habituated to tobacco chewing, while 171 patients came with a combined habit of smoke and smokeless tobacco usage. Clinically, most of the lesions were of stage 2 while histopathologically they were of mild dysplasia. There was a decrease in the immunoexpression of E-cadherin, hMLH1 and CD1a, while there was an increase in the immunoexpression of vimentin, Ki-67, HSP-70, MUC1 and p16INK4. Conclusion: The study of different biomarkers such as cytoplasmic, membranous and nuclear in OL will help in better understanding and application of a reliable marker for diagnostic and prognostic purpose.
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B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and classical Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), is a diagnostic provisional category in the World Health Organization 2008 classification of lymphomas. This category was designed as a measure to accommodate borderline cases that cannot be reliably classified into a single distinct disease entity after all available morphological, immunophenotypical and molecular studies have been performed. Typically, these cases share features intermediate between DLBCL and classical BL or include characteristics of both lymphomas. The rarity of such cases poses a tremendous challenge to both pathologists and oncologists because its differential diagnosis has direct implications for management strategies. In this article, we present a "classical unclassifiable lymphoma with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL" in a young male patient and review of literature.
