Camera trap surveys of Atlantic Forest mammals: A data set for analyses considering imperfect detection (2004-2020).

Camera traps became the main observational method of a myriad of species over large areas. Data sets from camera traps can be used to describe the patterns and monitor the occupancy, abundance, and richness of wildlife, essential information for conservation in times of rapid climate and land-cover changes. Habitat loss and poaching are responsible for historical population losses of mammals in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot, especially for medium to large-sized species. Here we present a data set from camera trap surveys of medium to large-sized native mammals (>1 kg) across the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from 5380 ground-level camera trap deployments in 3046 locations, from 2004 to 2020, resulting in 43,068 records of 58 species. These data add to existing data sets of mammals in the Atlantic Forest by including dates of camera operation needed for analyses dealing with imperfect detection. We also included, when available, information on important predictors of detection, namely the camera brand and model, use of bait, and obstruction of camera viewshed that can be measured from example pictures at each camera location. Besides its application in studies on the patterns and mechanisms behind occupancy, relative abundance, richness, and detection, the data set presented here can be used to study species' daily activity patterns, activity levels, and spatiotemporal interactions between species. Moreover, data can be used combined with other data sources in the multiple and expanding uses of integrated population modeling. An R script is available to view summaries of the data set. We expect that this data set will be used to advance the knowledge of mammal assemblages and to inform evidence-based solutions for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest. The data are not copyright restricted; please cite this paper when using the data.

As armadilhas fotográficas tornaram­se o principal método de observação de muitas espécies em grandes áreas. Os dados obtidos com armadilhas fotográficas podem ser usados para descrever os padrões e monitorar a ocupação, abundância e riqueza da vida selvagem, informação essencial para a conservação em tempos de rápidas mudanças climáticas e de cobertura do solo. A perda de habitat e a caça furtiva são responsáveis pelas perdas populacionais históricas de mamíferos no hotspot de biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica, especialmente para espécies de médio e grande porte. Aqui apresentamos um conjunto de dados de levantamentos com armadilhas fotográficas de mamíferos de médio e grande porte (>1 kg) em toda a Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de 5.380 armadilhas fotográficas instaladas no nível do chão em 3.046 locais, de 2004 a 2020, resultando em 43.068 registros de 58 espécies. Esses dados acrescentam aos conjuntos de dados existentes de mamíferos na Mata Atlântica por incluir as datas de operação das câmeras, que são necessárias para análises que lidam com detecção imperfeita. Também incluímos, quando disponíveis, informações sobre importantes preditores de detecção, como marca e modelo da câmera, uso de isca e obstrução do visor da câmera que pode ser medido a partir de imagens de exemplo em cada local da câmera. Além de estudos sobre os padrões e mecanismos por trás da ocupação, abundância relativa, riqueza e detecção, o conjunto de dados aqui apresentado pode ser usado para estudar os padrões de atividade diária das espécies, nível de atividade e interações espaço­temporais entre as espécies. Além disso, os dados podem ser usados em combinação com outras fontes de dados em diversas análises com modelagem populacional integrada. Um script R está disponível para visualizar um resumo do conjunto de dados. Esperamos que este conjunto de dados seja usado para aumentar o conhecimento sobre as assembleias de mamíferos e usado para informar soluções baseadas em evidências para a conservação da Mata Atlântica. Os dados não são restritos por direitos autorais e, por favor, cite este documento ao usar os dados.

What a few hairs can tell us about the resource use of giant armadillos.

Understanding of resource requirements of vulnerable species is key for conservation planning. Here, we used stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15 N) of hair from giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) to understand individual resource use. We collected hair from 19 giant armadillos analyzing 34 samples from the Brazilian Pantanal and compared the resource use between sexes and age classes. We also assessed the relationship of isotopic values with individuals' body mass and the habitat type used. We observed a wide variation in resource use by giant armadillos, showing that individuals consume prey that feeds on distinct resources and occupies different habitat types, indicating that there is individual variation in foraging behavior. Most giant armadillos presented a mixed diet (C3 /C4 resources, forests/open areas), but a quarter of individuals had strictly C4 diets (open areas). Males are more prone to forage on C4 resources, presenting an isotopic niche 2.6-times larger than that of females. Subadults presented diets more associated with habitats with high arboreal cover (C3 resources, forests), while adults foraged more in open areas (C4 resources). This result is mirrored by the positive relationship between δ13 C values and body mass, suggesting that larger giant armadillos tend to feed more in open areas. We observed that δ13 C values decreased as individuals increased the use of habitats with high arboreal cover. We stress the importance of conserving the natural mosaic in the Pantanal landscape for the species persistence, given that giant armadillos require all habitat types to fulfill their dietary, spatial, and developmental needs.

Germination of fruits eaten by the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) (Carnivora, Canidae) / Germinação de frutos consumidos pelo lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) (Carnivora, Canidae)

Abstract Zoochory is a fundamental process that can be the main mechanism for seed and plant dispersal for many species. Mammals of the Carnivora order are among the most important dispersing agents; however, little is known regarding the role of canids as seed dispersers. Although the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) has a potentially important role in seed dispersal, given its relatively high consumption of fruits, few studies have investigated the germination rate of ingested seeds. Here, we used seeds removed from the feces of two captive specimens (maned wolf treatment) and those directly collected from unconsumed fruits (control) in germination essays to evaluate the germination rate and emergence velocity index (IVE). We used mature fruits from five species of trees in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest in a 5 (species) × 2 (method of seed collection) factorial arrangement. The passage of seeds through the digestive tract of the maned wolf favored the germination of Genipa americana and Psidium guajava, delayed germination of Psidium cattleianum, and maintained the germination of Plinia cauliflora and Ficus obtusifolia. Our results revealed that germination occurred for all tested plant species consumed by the maned wolf; therefore, this canid species has high dispersal potential and can be an important ally in the restoration of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest-Cerrado contact zone ecosystems.

Resumo A zoocoria é um processo fundamental para muitas espécies vegetais, podendo ser o principal mecanismo de dispersão de sementes e plantas. Os mamíferos da ordem Carnivora estão entre os agentes dispersores mais importantes, contudo, pouca atenção tem sido dada ao papel dos canídeos como dispersores de sementes. Embora o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) tenha um papel potencialmente importante na dispersão de sementes dado o seu consumo relativamente elevado de frutos, poucos estudos investigaram a taxa de germinação de sementes ingeridas. Aqui utilizamos sementes retiradas de fezes de dois exemplares em cativeiro (tratamento do lobo-guará) e diretamente retiradas de frutos não consumidos (controle) em ensaios de germinação para avaliar a taxa de germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). Utilizamos frutos maduros de cinco espécies de árvores que ocorrem no Cerrado e Mata Atlântica formando um arranjo fatorial de 5 (espécie) × 2 (forma de coleta de sementes). A passagem das sementes pelo trato digestivo do lobo-guará favoreceu a germinação de duas espécies, Genipa americana e Psidium guajava, atrasou a germinação de uma espécie, Psidium cattleianum e não afetou a germinação de duas espécies, Plinia cauliflora e Ficus obtusifolia. Com base nos nossos resultados, particularmente a descoberta de que todas as espécies vegetais testadas consumidas pelo lobo-guará germinaram, concluímos que esta espécie de canídeo tem um elevado potencial de dispersão, sendo um importante aliado na restauração de ecossistemas do Cerrado e da zona de contato entre Cerrado e Mata Atlântica.

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics.

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics.

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Neotropical carnivores: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peerreviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other largescale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics.

Xenarthrans-anteaters, sloths, and armadillos-have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data.

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America.

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1-6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

Buffer zone use by mammals in a Cerrado protected area / Uso da zona de amortecimento de uma Unidade de Conservação de Cerrado por mamíferos

Habitat loss and degradation is threatening mammals worldwide. Therefore, Protected Areas (PA) are of utmost importance to preserve biodiversity. Their effectiveness, however, depends on some management strategies such as buffer zones, which prevent/mitigate the impact of external threats and might increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife existing within reserves. Nevertheless, how intensively terrestrial mammals use buffer zones remains little studied, particularly in the Neotropical region. Aiming to analyse the use of a buffer zone (5 km wide) by medium and large-sized mammals, we modelled the occupancy probabilities of five species of conservation concern including local (interior and buffer zone) as a site covariate, simultaneously controlling for imperfect detection. Data collection was made with camera traps from April to September 2013 in a 9000 ha Cerrado PA ("interior") and in its surrounding area (39721.41 ha; "buffer zone"). This PA (Jataí Ecological Station) is immersed in a landscape where sugarcane plantations predominate in the northeastern of the state of São Paulo. We also conducted an inventory to compare the number and composition of species between interior and buffer zone. A total of 31 mammal species (26 natives) was recorded via camera traps and active search for sightings, vocalizations, tracks and signs. Occupancy estimates for Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Leopardus pardalis and Pecari tajacu were numerically higher in interior. On the other hand, Chrysocyon brachyurus had the highest occupancy in buffer zone, while the largest predator, Puma concolor, used both areas similarly. However, as the confidence intervals (95%) overlapped, the differences in occupancy probabilities between interior and buffer were weak for all these species. Additionally, regarding only the species recorded by cameras, the observed and estimated richness were similar between interior and buffer zone of the PA. Our data demonstrated that the buffer zone is indeed used by medium and large-sized mammals, including conservation-dependent ones. The lack of enforcement of current legislation regarding buffer zones is therefore a real threat for mammals, even when protection is guaranteed in the interior of protected areas.

A perda e degradação de habitat têm ameaçado os mamíferos no mundo todo. Dessa forma, a criação de Unidades de Conservação (UC) faz-se cada vez mais fundamental para sua preservação. Entretanto, estratégias de manejo são necessárias para que as UCs cumpram plenamente seus objetivos, tal como o estabelecimento de uma zona de amortecimento ao seu redor, a qual aumenta a área de habitat protegido e visa servir como barreira a impactos negativos externos. Contudo, o uso das zonas de amortecimento por mamíferos terrestres permanece pouco estudado, particularmente no Neotrópico. Com o objetivo de analisar o uso de uma zona de amortecimento (5 km de extensão) por mamíferos de médio e grande porte, nós modelamos a probabilidade de ocupação de cinco espécies de interesse conservacionista, incluindo local (interior e zona de amortecimento) como uma covariável de sítio, controlando, simultaneamente, as imperfeições na detecção. Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhamento fotográfico de abril a setembro de 2013 em uma UC de Cerrado de 9000 ha e em 39721,41 ha do seu entorno. A área de estudo (Estação Ecológica de Jataí) está imersa em uma paisagem de matriz canavieira no nordeste do estado de São Paulo. Nós também realizamos um inventário a fim de comparar a riqueza e a composição de espécies no interior e na zona de amortecimento. Foi registrado um total de 31 espécies (26 nativas), incluindo aquelas amostradas apenas por identificação de vestígios, de vocalizações e por observação direta. As estimativas de ocupação para Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Leopardus pardalis e Pecari tajacu foram numericamente maiores no interior, enquanto Chrysocyon brachyurus obteve a maior estimativa de ocupação na zona de amortecimento. Já o maior predador, Puma concolor, utilizou ambas as áreas de forma semelhante. Entretanto, como houve sobreposição entre os intervalos de confiança (95%), as diferenças nas probabilidades de ocupação entre interior e zona de amortecimento foram fracas para as cinco espécies analisadas. Além disso, considerando apenas as espécies registradas por armadilhamento fotográfico, a riqueza observada e a estimada foram similares no interior e na zona de amortecimento da UC. Nossos dados demonstraram que a zona de amortecimento é de fato utilizada por várias espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, incluindo aquelas prioritárias para a conservação. Portanto, a falta de cumprimento da legislação vigente em relação ès zonas de amortecimento é uma ameaça real para as espécies de mamíferos, mesmo quando a proteção é garantida no interior das UCs.

Prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure in rural dogs around protected areas of the Atlantic forest.

BACKGROUND: Despite the crucial role of domestic dogs as reservoirs for zoonosis and some of the most threatening diseases for wild carnivores such as distemper and parvovirosis, little is known about the epidemiological features and the risk factors involved in pathogen exposure of dogs that live in human/wildlife interfaces and actually contacts wildlife. Through a cross-sectional serological approach and questionnaire survey, we assessed the prevalence along with individual and environment-associated risk factors for four important viral diseases of rural dogs living in households around six Atlantic Forest fragments in southeast Brazil. RESULTS: Widespread exposure to canine parvovirus (97%), canine distemper virus (15%) and canine adenovirus (27%) was detected, but none for canine coronavirus. Dogs from small private reserves were more exposed to parvovirus and canine distemper virus than those from larger state parks. Exposure was associated with dog sex and age, lack of health care and the number of people in the households. Remarkably, factors linked to free-ranging behaviour of dogs were associated with the exposure for all pathogens detected. CONCLUSIONS: According to identified associations, reducing viral pathogen exposure in dogs will require inhibiting dog's movements and access to nearby forests and villages and improving veterinary assistance. Promoting dog vaccination and population control through sterilization around protected areas is also necessary. The study provides support for preventive management actions aimed to protect the health of rural dogs, and consequently of Atlantic Forest's wild carnivores.

Ocelot Population Status in Protected Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Forest fragmentation and habitat loss are detrimental to top carnivores, such as jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), but effects on mesocarnivores, such as ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), are less clear. Ocelots need native forests, but also might benefit from the local extirpation of larger cats such as pumas and jaguars through mesopredator release. We used a standardized camera trap protocol to assess ocelot populations in six protected areas of the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil where over 80% of forest remnants are < 50 ha. We tested whether variation in ocelot abundance could be explained by reserve size, forest cover, number of free-ranging domestic dogs and presence of top predators. Ocelot abundance was positively correlated with reserve size and the presence of top predators (jaguar and pumas) and negatively correlated with the number of dogs. We also found higher detection probabilities in less forested areas as compared to larger, intact forests. We suspect that smaller home ranges and higher movement rates in smaller, more degraded areas increased detection. Our data do not support the hypothesis of mesopredator release. Rather, our findings indicate that ocelots respond negatively to habitat loss, and thrive in large protected areas inhabited by top predators.

First record of intestinal parasites in a wild population of jaguar in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Small and isolated wildlife populations may be more susceptible to disease, which makes illness an important issue to investigate regarding the conservation of large carnivores. Here, we present the results of the first investigation of intestinal parasites in one of the last remaining populations of jaguars in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We studied parasites from fecal samples using three different techniques for parasitological examination: floatation in saturated sodium chloride solution, sedimentation and formalin-ether centrifugation. Intestinal parasites were detected in 70% of the analyzed samples, and seven taxa (mean = 3.7 taxa/sample) were identified. All the groups of parasites that were identified have been recorded in previous jaguar studies. However, the records of Class Trematoda and nematodes Trichuridae are the first evidence of these groups of worms in free-ranging jaguars in Brazil. Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence on the health of this jaguar population, given its very small size (approximately 20 animals) we stress the need to properly understand the dynamics of disease in this wild population and to evaluate the risk of contracting new diseases from domestic species inhabiting the neighboring areas. These represent imperative actions for the successful conservation of this threatened population of jaguar.

First record of intestinal parasites in a wild population of jaguar in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest / Primeiros registros de parasitos intestinais em uma população silvestre de onça-pintada na Mata Atlântica Brasileira

Small and isolated wildlife populations may be more susceptible to disease, which makes illness an important issue to investigate regarding the conservation of large carnivores. Here, we present the results of the first investigation of intestinal parasites in one of the last remaining populations of jaguars in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We studied parasites from fecal samples using three different techniques for parasitological examination: floatation in saturated sodium chloride solution, sedimentation and formalin-ether centrifugation. Intestinal parasites were detected in 70% of the analyzed samples, and seven taxa (mean = 3.7 taxa/sample) were identified. All the groups of parasites that were identified have been recorded in previous jaguar studies. However, the records of Class Trematoda and nematodes Trichuridae are the first evidence of these groups of worms in free-ranging jaguars in Brazil. Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence on the health of this jaguar population, given its very small size (approximately 20 animals) we stress the need to properly understand the dynamics of disease in this wild population and to evaluate the risk of contracting new diseases from domestic species inhabiting the neighboring areas. These represent imperative actions for the successful conservation of this threatened population of jaguar.

Populações pequenas e isoladas são mais suscetíveis a doenças, o que torna a investigação de enfermidades uma questão importante para a conservação de grandes carnívoros. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados da primeira investigação de parasitos intestinais em uma das últimas populações remanescentes de onça-pintada na Mata Atlântica brasileira. Os parasitos foram obtidos a partir de amostras fecais, sendo utilizadas três técnicas para exame parasitológico: flutuação em solução saturada de cloreto de sódio (Método de Willis), sedimentação (Método de HPJ) e centrifugação com formol-éter. Parasitos intestinais foram detectados em 70% das amostras analisadas, tendo sido identificados sete táxons (média = 3,7 taxa/amostra). Todos os grupos de parasitos identificados foram mencionados em estudos anteriores realizados com onças-pintadas. Entretanto, os registros de Trematoda e nematoides Trichuridae aqui obtidos representam a primeira evidência desses grupos de vermes em onças-pintadas de vida livre no Brasil. Embora os resultados obtidos não sejam conclusivos quanto à saúde da população estudada, em virtude do tamanho populacional reduzido (aproximadamente 20 indivíduos), recomenda-se a investigação da dinâmica de doenças, bem como a avaliação do risco de contração de novas doenças a partir do contato com animais domésticos provenientes do entorno da área estudada. Essas investigações são fundamentais para a conservação dessa população ameaçada de onças-pintadas.

Factors associated with the seroprevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs living around Atlantic Forest fragments.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important zoonosis in Brazil. However, infection patterns are unknown in some scenarios such as rural settlements around Atlantic Forest fragments. Additionally, controversy remains over risk factors, and most identified patterns of infection in dogs have been found in urban areas. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological survey to assess the prevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs through three different serological tests, and interviews with owners to assess features of dogs and households around five Atlantic Forest remnants in southeastern Brazil. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Chi-square tests to detect associations between prevalence and variables that might influence Leishmania infection, and a nearest neighbor dispersion analysis to assess clustering in the spatial distribution of seropositive dogs. Our findings showed an average prevalence of 20% (ranging from 10 to 32%) in dogs. Nearly 40% (ranging from 22 to 55%) of households had at least one seropositive dog. Some individual traits of dogs (height, sterilization, long fur, age class) were found to positively influence the prevalence, while some had negative influence (weight, body score, presence of ectoparasites). Environmental and management features (number of cats in the households, dogs with free-ranging behavior) also entered models as negative associations with seropositivity. Strong and consistent negative (protective) influences of the presence of chickens and pigs in dog seropositivity were detected. Spatial clustering of cases was detected in only one of the five study sites. The results showed that different risk factors than those found in urban areas may drive the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in farm/forest interfaces, and that humans and wildlife risk infection in these areas. Domestic dog population limitation by gonadectomy, legal restriction of dog numbers per household and owner education are of the greatest importance for the control of visceral leishmaniasis in rural zones near forest fragments.

Influence of camera-trap sampling design on mammal species capture rates and community structures in southeastern Brazil

The distribution of species and population attributes are critical data for biodiversity conservation. As a tool for obtaining such data, camera traps have become increasingly common throughout the world. However, there are disagreements on how camera-trap records should be used due to imperfect species detectability and limitations regarding the use of capture rates as surrogates for abundance. We evaluated variations in the capture rates and community structures of mammals in camera-trap surveys using four different sampling designs. The camera traps were installed on internal roads (in the first and fourth years of the study), at 100-200 m from roads (internal edges; second year) and at 500 m from the nearest internal road (forest interior; third year). The mammal communities sampled in the internal edges and forest interior were similar to each other but differed significantly from those sampled on the roads. Furthermore, for most species, the number of records and the capture success varied widely among the four sampling designs. A further experiment showed that camera traps placed on the same tree trunk but facing in opposing directions also recorded few species in common. Our results demonstrated that presence or non-detection and capture rates vary among the different sampling designs. These differences resulted mostly from the habitat use and behavioral attributes of species in association with differences in sampling surveys, which resulted in differential detectability. We also recorded variations in the distribution of records per sampling point and at the same spot, evidencing the stochasticity associated with the camera-trap location and orientation. These findings reinforce that for species whose specimens cannot be individually identified, the capture rates should be best used as inputs for presence and detection analyses and for behavior inferences (regarding the preferential use of habitats and activity patterns, for example). Comparisons between capture rates or among relative abundance indices, even for the same species, should be made cautiously.

A distribuição das espécies e os atributos das populações são dados críticos para a conservação da biodiversidade. Enquanto ferramenta para obtenção de tais dados, as armadilhas fotográficas tem se tornado cada vez mais comuns em estudos em todo o mundo. No entanto, há divergências sobre como os registros fotográficos devem ser utilizados devido a problemas de detectabilidade e limitações relacionadas ao uso das taxas de captura como substitutos de abundância. No presente estudo foram avaliadas variações na taxa de captura e na estrutura da comunidade de mamíferos registrada por meio de armadilhas fotográficas utilizando-se quatro diferentes desenhos amostrais. As armadilhas foram instaladas em estradas internas (primeiro e quarto anos), a 100-200 m de distância das estradas (bordas internas; segundo ano) e a 500 m da estrada mais próxima (interior da mata; terceiro ano). As comunidades de mamíferos amostradas em bordas internas e interior da floresta foram semelhantes entre si, mas diferiram significativamente daquelas amostradas em estradas. Além disso, para a maioria das espécies, o número de registros e o sucesso de captura variaram muito entre os quatro desenhos amostrais. A partir de um experimento desenvolvido paralelamente às amostragens, foi observado ainda que armadilhas fotográficas colocadas em um mesmo tronco de árvore, mas voltadas para direções opostas, registraram poucas espécies em comum. Nossos resultados demonstram que presença ou não detecção e taxas de captura variam entre diferentes desenhos de amostragem. Essas diferenças são atribuídas principalmente ao uso do habitat e atributos comportamentais das espécies, em associação com diferenças no desenho amostral, resultando em diferenças na detectabilidade. Foram também registradas variações na distribuição de registros entre pontos de amostragem e para o mesmo local, evidenciando a estocasticidade associada à localização e orientação das armadilhas. Esses dados reforçam que, para espécies cujos espécimes não podem ser individualmente identificados, os registros fotográficos são mais bem utilizados como insumo para análises de presença e detecção, assim como para obtenção de informações relacionadas a comportamento (uso preferencial de habitats e padrão de atividade, por exemplo). Comparações entre taxas de captura ou índices de abundância relativa, mesmo para a mesma espécie, devem ser realizadas com cautela.

Registros de perdiz Rhynchotus rufescens (Aves, Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) no interior da Reserva Natural Vale, Linhares, Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil / Observations of the tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens (Aves, Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) inside Reserva Natural Vale, Linhares, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil

A presente comunicação reporta observações de perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) efetuadas no interior da área florestada da Reserva Natural da Vale (RNV). A Reserva apresenta grande extensão (21.787 ha) e é coberta predominantemente por florestas primárias. Seis registros foram obtidos no período de 2005 a 2007, em locais distantes entre 70 e 5.500 m da borda florestal mais próxima, indicando que esta espécie de Cerrado está utilizando partes internas e florestadas da Reserva. Observações anteriores e relatos de outros autores já haviam confirmado a presença da perdiz em áreas abertas adjacentes à RNV e à Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, que é contígua à anterior, mas esta é a primeira vez em que a presença desta ave campestre é relatada para o interior da floresta. Os impactos potenciais que a entrada da perdiz representa para as espécies nativas e florestais de tinamídeos, como a contaminação por parasitas e patógenos e a introdução de capim exótico, são brevemente discutidos.

The present communication reports records of the tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) made in the interior of the forested area of Reserva Natural Vale (RNV). This reserve has a large area (21,787 ha) and is covered predominantly by primary forests. Six tinamou sightings were obtained between 2005 and 2007 in places located within the forest from 70 to 5,500 m of distance to the nearest forest edge, indicating that this Cerrado-dwelling tinamou is using the forested interior of the reserve. Previous observations and reports from other authors had already confirmed the presence of this bird in open areas adjacent to the RNV and Sooretama Biological Reserve, which is contiguous to the former, however this is the first time this tinamou is observed within the forest. The potential impacts the entrance of this bird represents to other tinamou species, like contamination with parasites and pathogens and the introduction of exotic grass species, are briefly discussed.

Grooming in brown howler monkeys, Alouatta fusca.

The grooming behavior of a group of brown howler monkeys was studied for one year in an Atlantic forest reserve of southeastern Brazil. A total of 290 grooming bouts were recorded and analyzed. The two adult females directed most of the grooming (91%), while the adult male was the major recipient (37%). Grooming between females, and between them and their siblings, also occurred quite often. On average, the group spent 2% of its daily time grooming, with a higher frequency around noon. There were significant differences, however, in time spent grooming between seasons; grooming was more abundant during the coldest seasons (autumn-winter) and rarer in hotter ones (spring-summer). A significant negative correlation was found between grooming time and temperature, but contrary to expectations, grooming time failed to correlate with both the group' diet and the demands of food-gathering, as measured by travelling time and day range length. A comparison of grooming behavior with other species of the genus suggests that brown, red (A. seniculus), and black howler monkeys (A. caraya) are more similar to each other than to mantled howlers (A. palliata), a result that probably is linked with the differing social structure and group size of the latter species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Role of loud calls in brown howlers, Alouatta fusca.

The loud calls of brown howler monkeys were studied during a year at the Santa Genebra Reserve, in southeastern Brazil. The study group emitted roars and barks on a total of 47 occasions, the majority of which (92%) were restricted to intergroup visual encounters. Loud calls were also elicited by the roars of distant groups (6%) and during intragroup agonistic interactions (2%). Intergroup visual encounters (n = 42) occurred predominantly in seldom used quadrats of the study group home range. In these instances, the loud calls were produced chiefly by the adult male alone (69% of cases), while the study group's two adult females joined the male in the remaining cases. Intergroup physical aggression, such as chase and displacement, was observed during 15 encounters (35% of cases). A dawn chorus does not occur in Santa Genebra-the loud calls were heard most frequently in mid-morning and again during mid-afternoon-and they were more abundant during the dry season, when the availability of food (new leaves) in the forest was lower. The data presented here provide some support for the hypothesis that roars of howler adult males are used in assessment of opponents, providing an alternative to energetically expensive chases and fights. However, given the relatively high rate of physical aggression observed during intergroup encounters, a result probably related to the high density of howlers and the consequent high frequency of intergroup encounters observed in this forest (0.7/day), ritualized aggression, in the form of loud calling, is apparently often insufficient to settle disputes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.