Effect of oral steroids on olfactory function in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

AIMS: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oral steroids on olfactory disturbances in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective randomized non-blinded study. Selected CRSwNP patients (n=140), with hyposmia, were devided into two groups; group A received a 7-day course of oral steroids with a 12-weeks course of nasal steroids and douching; group B received a 12-weeks course of nasal steroids and douching. Assessment included Sniffin' Sticks scores, visual analogue scale score for olfaction and discomfort (VASsmell, VASdis), the Sinonasal Outcome Test-22, Greek-version (SNOT22-Gr) and the endoscopic appearance (EAS). OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to compare the olfactory effect of the different therapy in group A and group B, at 2, 12 and 24 weeks. Accessory objectives included the comparison of EAS, VASdis and SNOT22-Gr between groups, the evaluation of the therapeutic outcome duration, and, the investigation of potential correlation between the evaluated parameters. RESULTS: The 2-weeks evaluation showed a significant statistical difference (P<0.001) for all parameters except VASdis. Olfactory outcomes (Sniffin' Sticks and VASsmell scale scores) were found significantly better in group A at the 24-weeks evaluation (P<0.001). Within groups, the therapeutic result remained stable between the 12-weeks and 24-weeks evaluation (P>0.05). Sniffin' Sticks score was strongly correlated at 12-weeks evaluation with EAS (rho=0.58, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a combination treatment of oral and nasal steroids in well-selected patients with CRSwNP may result in early olfaction restoration with a possible long-term effect.

Transitory evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) outcomes from a three-stage newborn hearing screening protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the efficacy of Transitory Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAEs) and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs) in a neonatal hearing screening protocol, based on a three-stage strategy. METHODS: In the first stage, a hearing screening using both evoked emissions was conducted in 3,480 neonates from March 2006 through January 2012. Both TEOAEs and DPOAEs were recorded. Neonates, who did not undergo the test before being discharged, were examined within 30 days at a scheduled appointment. Follow-up of the referred newborns (second-stage screening) was performed as an outpatient re-screening, within a month. The third-stage evaluation, i.e., the diagnostic testing, included a clinical otolaryngological examination, high-frequency tympanometry at 1,000 Hz and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) measurements. RESULTS: A total of 3,480 (97%) newborns (n =1,765 males) out of 3,595 infants were enrolled in the study. In the first-stage evaluation, 8.9 % of the infants were referred according to TEOAEs, while the percentage of the referred infants for DPΟΑΕs was 25.7 %. At this initial assessment stage, the specificity of TEOAES and DPOAEs were determined as 92% and 75%, while positive predictive values (PPV) were 3.8 % and 1.3 %, respectively. In the second stage of evaluation, the specificity of TEOAES and DPOAEs were 86 % and 76 %, while the PPV increased to 18 % and 15 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With a lower follow-up rate, TEOAEs testing was significantly easier to perform and more reliable compared to the DPOAEs test. Hippokratia 2016, 20(2): 104-109.

The effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on patients with asthma and CRS with nasal polyps.

AIM: To study the effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) with concomitant asthma. DESIGN: The study was designed to evaluate prospectively whether FESS can influence parameters of asthma in patients with CRS with nasal polyps. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred thirty seven patients were recruited from the ENT-Allergy and Panedoscopy Clinic of the ENT Department. All selected patients underwent medical therapy for CRS and NP for 12 weeks, and in case of no improvement, they proceeded to surgical treatment. They also underwent pre- and post-treatment subjective and objective measurements for CRS and asthma. In the study, 86 patients were finally evaluated who completed the protocol and were followed up for a period of 12 months. The patients showed statistically significant improvement of the objective measurements for asthma, from baseline to six and twelve months follow-up. No significant increase was found in the proportion of patients with well or very well overall asthma-control during the follow-up period. There was a clear improvement in the use of bronchodilators, oral steroids and need for hospitalization for asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Obviously, there is a link between CRS with NP and asthma. The data analysis of our study supports the hypothesis that FESS could have beneficial effect on both diseases improving objective and subjective measurements.

Touch imprint cytological diagnosis of nodal Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Touch imprint cytological diagnosis of nodal Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare neoplasm of the mononuclear phagocytic immunoregulatory system of unknown aetiology. Nodal involvement is uncommon. Cytological findings have seldom been described. A case study of LCH, arising in a submandibular node of a 42-year-old female, is reported. Fine needle aspiration smears were highly cellular and composed of a mixed cell population including eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. Imprint slides from the surgical specimen of the excised node exhibited Langerhans cells with nuclear grooves, leading to a diagnosis suggestive of LCH. Immunohistochemical staining of the node sections with CD1a and S-100 confirmed this diagnosis. In conclusion, cytology may favorably contribute to the diagnosis of LCH.

Accessory parotid gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Case study diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: The accessory parotid gland is salivary tissue separated from the main parotid gland and lying on masseter muscle. It has secondary duct emptying into the Stensen's duct. The accessory parotid gland exists in 21-61% of individuals. However, the appearance of an accessory parotid tumor is rare, with a reported frequency of 1-7.7% of all parotid gland tumors. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma arises from a pre-existing benign mixed tumor. Most of these tumors will have malignant epithelial component, but not malignant stromal component. Reports of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytological (FNAC) diagnosis of malignant mixed tumor are uncommon and have been limited to cases arising in the parotid. We report a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the accessory lobe of the parotid, and address the cytopathology features and pitfalls of this condition. CASE: A 73 aged female presented with a right nontender midcheek mass. The lesion had been present 18 months, with a recent increase in size. FNA was performed and the smears demonstrated features indicative of pleomorphic adenoma admixed with findings indicative of a poorly differentiated carcinoma. CONCLUSION: FNAC can accurately diagnose carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma when strongly fixed requirements are implemented.

Relative diagnostic importance of electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging in vestibular disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging to the aetiological diagnosis of vertigo and unsteadiness, in a population in which the history and clinical examination provide no conclusive diagnosis of the origin of the dysfunction (i.e. peripheral or central). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 102 patients, who underwent full ENT clinical evaluation, history and neurotological assessment (including pure tone audiography, auditory brainstem response testing, electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging). RESULTS: Electronystagmography contributed to establishment of a diagnosis in 53/102 patients (52 per cent), whereas magnetic resonance imaging did the same in four of 102 patients (3.9 per cent). CONCLUSION: Electronystagmography remains the most useful examination for aetiological diagnosis of patients with vertigo and unsteadiness, since the actual number of patients with vertigo and unsteadiness of central origin is small (3.9 per cent), even in a population in which history and clinical examination may indicate an increased probability of central nervous system dysfunction.

Neck nodal metastases from unknown primary: case series.

BACKGROUND: Neck nodal metastases from occult primary constitute about 5%-10% of all hosts harboring carcinoma of unknown primary site. Metastases in the upper and middle neck (levels I-II-III-IV-V) are generally attributed to head and neck cancers, whereas the lower neck (level IV) involvement is often associated with primaries below the clavicles. Diagnostic procedures include a careful clinical evaluation and a fiberoptic endoscopic examination of the head and neck mucosa, biopsies from all suspicious sites or blindly from the sites of possible origin of the primary, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance radiology (MRI). The most frequent histological finding is squamous cell carcinoma, particularly when the upper neck is involved. SETTINGS: We report three cases of patients presented with nodal metastases of the neck from unknown primary site and we also describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach employed in each one. RESULTS: One patient harbored a neuroendocrine metastatic deposit, the second patient a poorly differentiated carcinoma and the third one a malignant melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic procedures should be aimed at clarifying the histology of the nodal metastases and detecting the primary tumor site.

Multiparametric comparison of cold knife tonsillectomy, radiofrequency excision and thermal welding tonsillectomy in children.

OBJECTIVE: This is a prospective study evaluating certain intraoperative and postoperative parameters, comparing the relatively new technique of thermal welding tonsillectomy with cold knife tonsillectomy, and radiofrequency excision in pediatric population. METHODS: Ninety children aged from 5 through 13 years were enrolled a randomized prospective trial comparing cold knife tonsillectomy, radiofrequency excision, and thermal welding tonsillectomy. Indications included recurrent acute tonsillitis and/or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. All techniques were compared by means of length of surgery time, blood loss, postoperative bleeding and postoperative pain. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients underwent tonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea, whereas 22 children underwent tonsillectomy due to recurrent acute tonsillitis. Median values of all variables tested, length of surgery time, blood loss, postoperative bleeding and postoperative pain, were found to differ significantly among the three surgical techniques (P<0.001). Particularly, a statistically significant higher median duration (P<0.001) and intraoperative blood loss (P<0.001), as well as, a statistically significant lower median pain score in each day tested (P<0.001) of the cold knife group, compared to each one of the other two groups, were found. Tissue welding and radiofrequency groups did not differ significantly in any aspect tested. CONCLUSIONS: Both thermal welding and radiofrequency excision techniques have shown comparable results regarding intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hemorrhage, and pain. Compared with cold knife tonsillectomy, welding and radiofrequency excision techniques were associated with less intraoperative blood loss and duration, though cold knife tonsillectomy seems to prevail over the two techniques in terms of the postoperative pain.

Thyroglossal duct cyst: case series.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroglossal duct cysts are remnants of the embryonic thyroglossal duct that may occur anywhere from the base of the tongue to the thyroid gland. The majority, however, are found at the level of the thyrohyoid membrane, under the deep cervical fascia. They are midline or just off the midline, and move up and down upon swallowing. This paper presents five case reports of TDC seen in the Department of Ear-Nose-Throat Surgery Regional Hospital Of Chania, Crete, Greece. It also discusses the different diagnostic approaches and differential diagnoses of the lesion. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of patients admitted from 1995-2006 were reviewed for patients treated for TDC. History and examination reports were studied. When possible, results and reports of special investigations were obtained and the investigations were re-evaluated. Surgical operation notes and histology reports were obtained and the histologic slides were re-examined as necessary. RESULTS: Five cases of thyroglossal duct cyst treated in our department are described with each having a different clinical picture. CONCLUSIONS: Although the clinical and histological presentations of these five cases are not rare, they do illustrate how varied thyroglossal duct cysts can be with respect to patient age, anatomic site, or associated signs and symptoms.

Management of second branchial cleft abnormalities in adults.

OBJECTIVE: Branchial cleft anomalies are developmental disorders of the neck. Our aim is to report the diagnostic and treatment procedure followed in three cases of second branchial cleft abnormalities in adults. METHODOLOGY: A patient aged over 40 underwent surgical excision of a well-encapsulated cystic neck structure and two further patients of a branchial sinus and branchial fistula respectively. Prior to surgery the patients were assessed by means of imaging techniques, FNA cytology and cytometric DNA analysis. RESULTS: Neutrophils, debris, mature squamous epithelial cells including degenerate forms and lymphoid cells were the key features in the cytological diagnosis. DNA analysis of the pre-operative cytological material in two cases revealed euploidy, thus indicating no malignancy. Histological examination of the lesions after excision established the diagnosis in all cases. No recurrences were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Although congenital lesions, the second branchial cleft abnormalities usually present in adulthood and have to be distinguished from benign and malignant lateral neck swellings. FNA cytology as well as DNA ploidy determination contributes to the establishment of the diagnosis of branchial cleft abnormalities and their differential diagnosis.

Transtympanic versus intramuscular steroid administration in a histamine-induced inflammatory middle-ear model.

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the histopathologic effect of transtympanic and intramuscular administration of dexamethasone in an in vivo experimental animal model of middle-ear mucosal inflammation. METHODS: Fifty healthy rabbits weighting 1500-1800 g were randomly divided in three groups. In 10 animals (control group), 0.5 ml of a 20 mg/ml histamine solution was injected transtympanically. In 20 rabbits (group A), histamine challenge followed a three day intramuscular pretreatment with dexamethasone at 1 mg/kg per day. In 20 rabbits (group B), histamine challenge followed pretreatment with dexamethasone via a transtympanic route (0.3 ml, 1.2 mg dexamethasone). Middle-ear mucosa was obtained for histopathology 30 minutes after histamine administration. The following parameters were assessed: inflammation, acute inflammatory component, presence of eosinophils, inflammatory activity and fibrosis. RESULTS: Oedema, vascular dilatation and congestion, inflammation, the presence of an acute (polymorphonuclear) inflammatory component, the presence of eosinophils, and inflammatory activity were found to be of a lesser grade in the mucosae of group B. All differences were found to be statistically highly significant (p<0.01) using the Mann-Whitney test. CONCLUSION: Our findings validate the transtympanic route of dexamethasone administration in counteracting histamine effects.