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BACKGROUND: Liquid biopsy provides important information for the prognosis and treatment of cancer patients. In this study, we evaluated the effects of preanalytical conditions on gene expression and DNA methylation analyses in liquid biopsies. METHODS: We tested the stability of circulating tumor cell (CTC) messenger RNA by spiking MCF-7 cells in healthy donor peripheral blood (PB) drawn into 6 collection-tube types with various storage conditions. CTCs were enriched based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule positivity, and RNA was isolated followed by cDNA synthesis. Gene expression was quantified using RT-quantitative PCR for CK19 and B2M. We evaluated the stability of DNA methylation in plasma under different storage conditions by spiking DNA isolated from MCF-7 cells in healthy donor plasma. Two commercially available sodium bisulfite (SB)-conversion kits were compared, in combination with whole genome amplification (WGA), to evaluate the stability of SB-converted DNA. SB-converted DNA samples were analyzed by real-time methylation-specific PCR (MSP) for ACTB, SOX17, and BRMS1. Quality control was assessed using Levey-Jennings graphs. RESULTS: RNA-based analysis in CTCs is severely impeded by the preservatives used in many PB collection tubes (except for EDTA), as well as by time to analysis. Plasma and SB-converted DNA samples are stable and can be used safely for MSP when kept at -80 °C. Downstream WGA of SB-converted DNA compensated for the limited amount of available sample in liquid biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Standardization of preanalytical conditions and implementation of quality control steps is extremely important for reliable liquid biopsy analysis, and a prerequisite for routine applications in the clinic.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células/genética , Metilación de ADN , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Biopsia Líquida/normas , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células/sangre , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Control de Calidad , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Factores de Transcripción SOXF/genética , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Purpose: Liquid biopsy provides real-time monitoring of tumor evolution and response to therapy through analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and plasma-circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). ESR1 epigenetic silencing potentially affects response to endocrine treatment. We evaluated ESR1 methylation in CTCs and paired plasma ctDNA. We evaluated ESR1 methylation in CTCs and paired plasma ctDNA as a potential biomarker for response to everolimus/exemestane treatment.Experimental Design: A highly sensitive and specific real-time MSP assay for ESR1 methylation was developed and validated in (i) 65 primary breast tumors formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), (ii) EpCAM+ CTC fractions (122 patients and 30 healthy donors; HD), (iii) plasma ctDNA (108 patients and 30HD), and (iv) in CTCs (CellSearch) and in paired plasma ctDNA for 58 patients with breast cancer. ESR1 methylation status was investigated in CTCs isolated from serial peripheral blood samples of 19 patients with ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer receiving everolimus/exemestane.Results:ESR1 methylation was detected in: (i) 25/65 (38.5%) FFPEs, (ii) EpCAM+ CTC fractions: 26/112 (23.3%) patients and 1/30 (3.3%) HD, and (iii) plasma ctDNA: 8/108 (7.4%) patients and 1/30 (3.3%) HD. ESR1 methylation was highly concordant in 58 paired DNA samples, isolated from CTCs (CellSearch) and corresponding plasma. In serial peripheral blood samples of patients treated with everolimus/exemestane, ESR1 methylation was observed in 10/36 (27.8%) CTC-positive samples, and was associated with lack of response to treatment (P = 0.023, Fisher exact test).Conclusions: We report for the first time the detection of ESR1 methylation in CTCs and a high concordance with paired plasma ctDNA. ESR1 methylation in CTCs was associated with lack of response to everolimus/exemestane regimen. ESR1 methylation should be further evaluated as a potential liquid biopsy-based biomarker. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1500-10. ©2017 AACR.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Metilación de ADN , Epigénesis Genética , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/genética , Androstadienos/administración & dosificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , ADN Tumoral Circulante/genética , Everolimus/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Biopsia Líquida , Células MCF-7 , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Tamoxifeno/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) represent a non-invasive liquid biopsy approach for the follow-up and therapy management of cancer patients. We evaluated whether DNA methylation status in CTCs and ctDNA is comparable and whether it reflects the status of primary tumours. We compared the methylation status of three genes, SOX17, CST6 and BRMS1 in primary tumours, corresponding CTCs and ctDNA in 153 breast cancer patients and healthy individuals, by using real time methylation specific PCR. We report a clear association between the EpCAM-positive CTC-fraction and ctDNA for SOX17 promoter methylation both for patients with early (P = 0.001) and metastatic breast cancer (P = 0.046) but not for CST6 and BRMS1. In early breast cancer, SOX17 promoter methylation in the EpCAM-positive CTC-fraction was associated with CK-19 mRNA expression (P = 0.006) and worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.044). In the metastatic setting SOX17 promoter methylation in ctDNA was highly correlated with CK-19 (P = 0.04) and worse OS (Ρ = 0.016). SOX17 methylation status in CTCs and ctDNA was comparable and was associated with CK-19 expression but was not reflecting the status of primary tumours in breast cancer. DNA methylation analysis of SOX17 in CTCs and matched ctDNA provides significant prognostic value.
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BACKGROUND: SOX17 belongs to the high-mobility group-box transcription factor superfamily and down-regulates the Wnt pathway. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of SOX17 promoter methylation in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: We examined the methylation status of SOX17 promoter in 57 operable NSCLC primary tumors and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues and in ctDNA isolated from 48 corresponding plasma samples as well as in plasma from 74 patients with advanced NSCLC and 49 healthy individuals. SOX17 promoter methylation was examined by Methylation Specific PCR (MSP). RESULTS: In operable NSCLC, SOX17 promoter was fully methylated in primary tumors (57/57, 100%), and in corresponding ctDNA (27/48, 56.2%) while it was detected in only 1/49 (2.0%) healthy individuals. In advanced NSCLC, SOX17 promoter was methylated in ctDNA in 27/74 (36.4%) patients and OS was significantly different in favor of patients with non-methylated SOX17 promoter (p=0.012). Multivariate analysis revealed that SOX17 promoter methylation in ctDNA was an independent prognostic factor associated with OS in patients with advanced but not operable NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that SOX17 promoter is highly methylated in primary tumors and in corresponding plasma samples both in operable and advanced NSCLC. In the advanced setting, SOX17 promoter methylation in plasma ctDNA has a statistical significant influence on NSCLC patient's survival time. Detection of SOX17 promoter methylation in plasma provides prognostic information and merits to be further evaluated as a circulating tumor biomarker in patients with operable and advanced NSCLC.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Metilación de ADN , ADN de Neoplasias/sangre , ADN de Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXF/genética , Anciano , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangre , MasculinoRESUMEN
Platelet transfusions have contributed to the revolutionary modern treatment of hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. Despite the long-term application of platelet transfusion in therapeutics, all aspects of their optimal use (i.e., in cases of ABO and/or Rh (D incompatibility) have not been definitively determined yet. We reviewed the available data on transfusion practices and outcome in ABO and RhD incompatibility and platelet refractoriness due to anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Transfusion of platelets with major ABO-incompatibility is related to reduced posttransfusion platelet (PLT) count increments, compared to ABO-identical and minor, but still are equally effective in preventing clinical bleeding. ABO-minor incompatible transfusions pose the risk of an acute hemolytic reaction of the recipient that is not always related to high anti-A, B donor titers. ABO-identical PLT transfusion seems to be the most effective and safest therapeutic strategy. Exclusive ABO-identical platelet transfusion policy could be feasible, but alternative approaches could facilitate platelet inventory management. Transfusion of platelets from RhD positive donors to RhD negative patients is considered to be effective and safe though is associated with low rate of anti-D alloimmunization due to contaminating red blood cells. The prevention of D alloimmunization is recommended only for women of childbearing age. HLA alloimmunization is a major cause of platelet refractoriness. Managing patients with refractoriness with cross-matched or HLA-matched platelets is the current practice although data are still lacking for the efficacy of this practice in terms of clinical outcome. Leukoreduction contributes to the reduction of both HLA and anti-D alloimmunization.
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INTRODUCTION: SOX17 promoter methylation can provide important prognostic information in cancer. We developed a novel semi-quantitative MS-HRMA assay for SOX17 promoter methylation. METHODS: The assay was optimized by using synthetic control samples and validated by analyzing 165 clinical samples: a) 107 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPEs) samples of patients with early breast cancer, b) 27 FFPE samples of patients with metastatic breast cancer, c) 15 reduction mammoplasty specimens obtained from healthy women and d) 16 genomic DNA samples isolated from healthy blood donors. Comparison with real time MSP was also performed. RESULTS: The assay is highly specific and sensitive and provides a semi-quantitative estimation of SOX17 promoter methylation. SOX17 promoter was found methylated in 96/134 (71.6%) breast cancer samples, while none of the 31 non-cancerous samples tested was positive (0%). SOX17 promoter methylation levels varied significantly among samples. When 165 clinical samples were analyzed both by MS-HRMA and real time MSP results were significantly comparable (concordance: 146/165, 88.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This novel MS-HRMA assay for SOX17 promoter methylation is closed-tube, highly sensitive, specific, cost-effective, rapid and easy-to-perform. It gives comparable results to Real-Time MSP in less time, while it offers the advantage of additionally providing an estimation of SOX17 promoter methylation levels.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Metilación de ADN/genética , Desnaturalización de Ácido Nucleico , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXF/genética , Temperatura de Transición , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Breast cancer metastasis suppressor-1 (BRMS1) differentially regulates the expression of multiple genes, leading to metastasis suppression without affecting orthotopic tumor growth. For the first time, BRMS1 promoter methylation was evaluated as a prognostic biomarker in primary breast tumors and a subset of corresponding circulating tumor cells (CTC). Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples were analyzed for BRMS1 methylation status using methylation-specific PCR in a human specimen cohort consisting of noncancerous tissues, benign fibroadenomas, and primary breast tumors, including some with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a large subset of these patients were fixed in cytospins and analyzed. In addition, BRMS1 expression in cytospins was examined by double-immunofluorescence using anti-BRMS1 and pan-cytokeratin antibodies. BRMS1 promoter methylation was not detected in noncancerous breast tissues or benign fibroadenomas; however, methylation was observed in more than a third of primary breast tumors. Critically, BRMS1 promoter methylation in primary tumors was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival with a trend toward reduced overall survival. Similarly, a third of cytospin samples were positive for the presence of CTCs, and the total number of detected CTCs was 41. Although a large fraction of CTCs were negative or maintained low expression of BRSM1, promoter methylation was observed in a small fraction of samples, implying that BRSM1 expression in CTCs was either downregulated or heterogeneous. In summary, these data define BRMS1 promoter methylation in primary breast tumors and associated CTCs. IMPLICATIONS: This study indicates that BRSM1 promoter methylation status has biomarker potential in breast cancer.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Metilación de ADN , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Proteínas RepresorasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We have recently shown that detection of CST6 promoter methylation in primary breast tumors can provide important prognostic information in patients with operable breast cancer and that CST6 promoter is also methylated in Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC). In this study we evaluated the presence of CST6 promoter methylation in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating in plasma of breast cancer patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: Our study material consisted of: a) a pilot testing group of 27 patients with stage I-III operable breast cancer, 46 patients with verified metastasis and 37 healthy donors and b) an independent cohort of 123 consecutive stage I-III operable breast cancer patients. Methylated and unmethylated CST6 promoter sequences were detected by using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). CST6 immunohistochemical detection was performed in 20 corresponding primary tumor tissues. RESULTS: In the pilot testing group, CST6 promoter was methylated in 8/27 (29.6%) operable breast cancer patients, in 6/46 (13.0%) patients with verified metastasis but none of 37 healthy individuals (0%). In the independent cohort, 49/123 (39.8%) operable breast cancer patients were found positive. During the follow up period, 25/123 (20.3%) patients relapsed and 9/123 (7.3%) died. CST6 was methylated in cfDNA of 13/25 (52%) patients that relapsed and in 3/9 (33.3%) patients that died. CONCLUSIONS: CST6 promoter is highly methylated in cfDNA of breast cancer patients, but not in healthy individuals. CST6 promoter methylation in cfDNA, should be prospectively validated as a novel plasma tumor biomarker for breast cancer in a large cohort of breast cancer patients.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Cistatina M/genética , Metilación de ADN , ADN de Neoplasias/sangre , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cistatina M/sangre , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patología , Proyectos Piloto , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors has been widely studied for the early detection of metastatic spread. We evaluated whether there was an association between the origin of cfDNA and CTCs. We investigated whether SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 17 (SOX17) promoter methylation in CTCs was associated with the methylation pattern of this gene in matched cfDNA isolated from plasma of patients with breast cancer. METHODS: We examined SOX17 methylation in 79 primary breast tumors, in 114 paired samples of DNA isolated from CTCs and cfDNA, and in 60 healthy individuals. Isolated DNA was modified by sodium bisulfite and subjected to methylation specific PCR. RESULTS: The SOX17 promoter was methylated in 68 (86.0%) of 79 of primary breast tumors. In CTCs, SOX17 was methylated in 19 (34.5%) of 55 patients with early breast cancer, 27 (45.8%) of 59 patients with metastatic cancer, and 1 (4.3%) of 23 healthy individuals, whereas in matched cfDNA SOX17 was methylated in 19 (34.5%) of 55, 24 (40.7%) of 59, and 1 (2.0%) of 49 of these same groups, respectively. There was a significant correlation between SOX17 methylation in cfDNA and CTCs in patients with early breast cancer (P = 0.008), but not in patients with verified metastasis (P = 0.283). CONCLUSIONS: The SOX17 promoter is highly methylated in primary breast tumors, in CTCs isolated from patients with breast cancer, and in corresponding cfDNA samples. Our findings indicate a direct connection between the presence of CTCs and cfDNA in patients with operable breast cancer, after surgical removal of the primary tumor.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Metilación de ADN , ADN de Neoplasias/sangre , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Factores de Transcripción SOXF/genética , Sistema Libre de Células , Femenino , Humanos , Separación InmunomagnéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with prognosis in a variety of human cancers and have been proposed as a liquid biopsy for follow-up examinations. We show that tumor suppressor and metastasis suppressor genes are epigenetically silenced in CTCs isolated from peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. METHODS: We obtained peripheral blood from 56 patients with operable breast cancer, 27 patients with verified metastasis, and 23 healthy individuals. We tested DNA extracted from the EpCAM-positive immunomagnetically selected CTC fraction for the presence of methylated and unmethylated CST6, BRMS1, and SOX17 promoter sequences by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). All samples were checked for KRT19 (keratin 19, formerly CK-19) expression by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. RESULTS: In CTCs of patients with operable breast cancer, promoter methylation of CST6 was observed in 17.9%, BRMS1 in 32.1%, and SOX17 in 53.6% of patients. In CTCs of patients with verified metastasis, promoter methylation of CST6 was observed in 37.0%, BRMS1 in 44.4%, and SOX17 in 74.1%. In healthy individuals, promoter methylation of CST6 was observed in 4.3%, BRMS1 in 8.7%, and SOX17 in 4.3%. DNA methylation of these genes for both operable and metastatic breast cancer was significantly different from that of the control population. CONCLUSIONS: DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and metastasis suppressor genes is a hallmark of CTCs and confirms their heterogeneity. Our findings add a new dimension to the molecular characterization of CTCs and may underlie the acquisition of malignant properties, including their stem-like phenotype.