Conservative treatment for high-risk NMIBC failing BCG treatment: who benefits from adding electromotive drug administration (EMDA) of mitomycin C (MMC) to a second BCG induction cycle?

PURPOSE: Radical cystectomy (RC) is the standard treatment for high-risk non muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) failing first BCG treatment. A second BCG course is an option for those patients who refuse RC or are not eligible for it, but its success rate is quite low. Aim of the present study was to determine whether the addition of intravesical electromotive drug administration of mytomicin-C (EMDA-MMC) improved the efficacy of second BCG course. METHODS: Patients with high-risk NMIBC having failed first BCG treatment and having refused RC were offered a second BCG induction course either alone (group A) or combined with EMDA-MMC (group B). Recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were tested. RESULTS: Of the 80 evaluable patients, 44 were in group A and 36 in group B; median follow-up was 38 months. RFS was significantly worse in group A whereas there was no difference in PFS and CSS between the two groups. Stratifying by disease stage, Ta patients receiving combined treatment had statistically better RFS and PFS survival than those receiving BCG only; this difference did not apply to T1 patients. Multivariable analysis confirmed that combined treatment was a significant predictor of recurrence and was close to predict progression. No tested variable was predictive of recurrence or progression in T1 tumours. Among those who underwent RC, CSS was 61.5% in those who had progression and 100% in those who remained with NMIBC. CONCLUSION: Combined treatment improved RFS and PFS only in patients with Ta disease.

Viewpoint: Virtual and Augmented Reality in Basic and Advanced Life Support Training.

The use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) for life support training is increasing. These technologies provide an immersive experience that supports learning in a safe and controlled environment. This review focuses on the use of AR and VR for emergency care training for health care providers, medical students, and nonprofessionals. In particular, we analyzed (1) serious games, nonimmersive games, both single-player and multiplayer; (2) VR tools ranging from semi-immersive to immersive virtual and mixed reality; and (3) AR applications. All the toolkits have been investigated in terms of application goals (training, assessment, or both), simulated procedures, and skills. The main goal of this work is to summarize and organize the findings of studies coming from multiple research areas in order to make them accessible to all the professionals involved in medical simulation. The analysis of the state-of-the-art technologies reveals that tools and studies related to the multiplayer experience, haptic feedback, and evaluation of user's manual skills in the foregoing health care-related environments are still limited and require further investigation. Also, there is an additional need to conduct studies aimed at assessing whether AR/VR-based systems are superior or, at the minimum, comparable to traditional training methods.

Compared Efficacy of Adjuvant Intravesical BCG-TICE vs. BCG-RIVM for High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the standard therapy for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The superiority of any BCG strain over another could not be demonstrated yet. METHODS: Patients with NMIBCs underwent adjuvant induction ± maintenance schedule of intravesical immunotherapy with either BCG TICE or RIVM at two high-volume tertiary institutions. Only BCG-naïve patients and those treated with the same strain over the course of follow-up were included. One-to-one (1:1) propensity score matching (PSM) between the two cohorts was utilized to adjust for baseline demographic and tumor characteristics imbalances. Kaplan-Meier estimates and multivariable Cox regression models according to high-risk NMIBC prognostic factors were implemented to address survival differences between the strains. Sub-group analysis modeling of the influence of routine secondary resection (re-TUR) in the setting of the sole maintenance adjuvant schedule for the two strains was further performed. RESULTS: 852 Ta-T1 NMIBCs (n = 719, 84.4% on TICE; n = 133, 15.6% on RIVM) with a median of 53 (24-77) months of follow-up were reviewed. After PSM, no differences at 5-years RFS, PFS, and CSS at both Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were detected for the whole cohort. In the sub-group setting of full adherence to European/American Urology Guidelines (EAU/NCCN), BCG TICE demonstrated longer 5-years RFS compared to RIVM (68% vs. 43%, p = 0.008; HR: 0.45 95% CI 0.25-0.81). CONCLUSION: When routinely performing re-TUR followed by a maintenance BCG schedule, TICE was superior to RIVM for RFS outcomes. However, no significant differences were detected for PFS and CSS, respectively.

Are Two Meshes Better than One in Sacrocolpopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse? Comparison of Single Anterior versus Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Mesh Procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Sacrocolpopexy (SC) is the main treatment option for the repair of anterior and apical pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Indications and technical aspects are not standardized, and the question remains whether it is necessary to place a mesh on both anterior and posterior vaginal walls, particularly in cases with only minor or no posterior compartment prolapse. The present study aimed to compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of single anterior mesh only versus anterior and posterior mesh procedures in SC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our prospectively maintained database on POP was used to identify patients who had undergone either abdominal or mini-invasive SC from January 2006 to October 2019. Patients with symptomatic or unmasked stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were not included in the study and were treated using the pubo-vaginal cystocele sling procedure. Objective outcomes included clinical evaluation of pre-existing or de novo POP by the halfway system and POP-q classifications, as well as the development of de novo SUI. Subjective outcomes were assessed using the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) with questions on bladder, bowel, and vaginal functions. Persistent or de novo constipation and overactive bladder were defined as bowel symptoms and urinary urgency/frequency/urinary incontinence after surgery. RESULTS: Ninety-five women with symptomatic anterior and apical POP underwent SC. Forty-one patients were treated with only anterior vaginal mesh (group A), and 54 with anterior and posterior mesh (group B). There were no differences between the pre- and post-operative characteristics of the 2 groups. In group B, there were 2 blood transfusions, 1 wound dehiscence, and 3 mesh erosions/extrusion after abdominal SC (Clavien-Dindo II), and in group A, there was 1 ileal lesion after laparoscopic SC (Clavien-Dindo III). There were no differences between the 2 groups in either anatomical or functional outcomes during 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: SC with single anterior vaginal mesh has similar results to SC with combined anterior/posterior mesh, regardless of the surgical approach. The single anterior mesh may reduce the risk of complications (mesh erosion/extrusion), and offers better subjective outcomes with improved quality of life. Anterior/posterior mesh may be justified in the presence of clinically significant posterior POP.

Design of a system to detect the force applied by tourniquets in a manikin's limb.

Massive hemorrhage remains the number one cause of preventable death in trauma worldwide. However, immediate intervention by a bystander can significantly improve the survival of the injured person. In this context, the tourniquets represent the most quick and effective devices for stopping arterial and venous blood flow. The aim of this study was to implement a system to detect the force applied by a tourniquet on a simulated limb, without blood flow. The system we designed is characterized by four low-cost force sensing resistors placed on each lower limb of a manikin, below the groin. Tests on 21 tourniquets, revealed that our system is able to detect the force applied for 60 minutes, also discriminating between turns. Hence, this system can be used to compare the performance of different types of devices, but also to assess proper tourniquet placement in trainees and trauma care providers, thus making it a versatile low-cost device.

RiNeo MR: A mixed-reality tool for newborn life support training.

The first minute of life, the Golden Minute, has been defined as a critical window in which fundamental physiological processes occur for establishing spontaneous ventilation in a newborn. Resuscitation is more likely to succeed if it is performed properly and at the right time. In this scenario, simulation is an appropriate tool for training and evaluating the abilities of all staff working in the delivery room, as well as students. As simulations require a high degree of immersivity in order to be effective, the use of technologies like Virtual (VR) and mixed reality (MR) have garnered more interest in training. Currently, some VR and MR applications have been developed for adult life support training, but neonatal tools are still missing. To overcome this limitation, we present RiNeo MR, a prototype of a MR simulator for neonatal resuscitation training. The simulator consists of (i) a sensorized physical model of the newborn that allows monitoring chest compressions; (ii) a VR head mounted display that allows visualizing a virtual 3D model of the manikin and scenarios of the delivery and operating rooms. This enables students, and healthcare providers to be immersed in realistic hospital settings while performing life support procedures on the newborn manikin. Clinical Relevance-The newborn life support training (NLS) in facilities reduces term intrapartum-related deaths by 30%.

Mitofusin-2 Down-Regulation Predicts Progression of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Identification of markers predicting disease outcome is a major clinical issue for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The present study aimed to determine the role of the mitochondrial proteins Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) in predicting the outcome of NMIBC. The study population consisted of patients scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumor upon the clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). Samples of the main bladder tumor and healthy-looking bladder wall from patients classified as NMIBC were tested for Mfn2 and ClpP. The expression levels of these proteins were correlated to disease recurrence, progression. Mfn2 and ClpP expression levels were significantly higher in lesional than in non-lesional tissue. Low-risk NMIBC had significantly higher Mfn2 expression levels and significantly lower ClpP expression levels than high-risk NMIBC; there were no differences in non-lesional levels of the two proteins. Lesional Mfn2 expression levels were significantly lower in patients who progressed whereas ClpP levels had no impact on any survival outcome. Multivariable analysis adjusting for the EORTC scores showed that Mfn2 downregulation was significantly associated with disease progression. In conclusion, Mfn2 and ClpP proteins were found to be overexpressed in BC as compared to non-lesional bladder tissue and Mfn2 expression predicted disease progression.

Distinctive morphological and molecular features of urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern.

Urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern (UC-IGP) is a peculiar entity within the spectrum of urothelial lesions. While efforts have been made over the last few decades to unravel its carcinogenesis and relationship with conventional urothelial carcinoma, the exact classification of inverted urothelial lesions is a matter of debate. The morphological features of UC-IGP pose several issues in differential diagnosis with other mostly benign lesions. Various techniques, including immunohistochemistry, UroVysion, and many molecular methods, have been employed to study the exact nature of this lesion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphological and immunophenotypical aspects of UC-IGP. Moreover, we present and discuss the immunohistochemical and molecular markers involved in diagnosis and prognosis of UC-IGP lesions.

Assessing treatment response after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin induction cycle: are routine bladder biopsies necessary?

PURPOSE: To determine the need for routine bladder biopsies (BBs) in assessing response to the induction cycle of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: Our prospectively maintained NMIBC database was queried to identify patients with high-risk disease (carcinoma in situ, high-grade Ta/T1) who underwent BBs after BCG induction cycle. Urine cytology, cystoscopy, and BBs findings were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients met the inclusion criteria. Urine cytology was positive in 20 patients and negative in 199; cystoscopy was positive in 35 patients, suspicious in 32 and normal in 152 patients. BBs yielded bladder cancer (BCa) in 43 (19.6%) patients, with a BCa rate of 9.3% in patients with negative cytology and cystoscopy as opposed to 38.0% in patients whereby one or both exams were suspicious/positive. The diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology, cystoscopy, and combined tests was 0.56, 0.70, and 0.71, respectively. The negative predictive value of combined tests was 90.7%. Performing BBs only in patients with positive cytology and/or positive/suspicious cystoscopy would have spared 140 (64%) patients to undergo this procedure while missing BCa in 13 (9.3%) of them, representing 30% of all BCa cases. CONCLUSION: Performing BBs only in patients with positive cytology and suspicious/positive cystoscopy would spare 64% of un-necessary BBs but miss a non-negligible number of BCas. While no data are available regarding the potential consequences of missing such BCas, such information should be taken into account in patient's counselling.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Before Radical Cystectomy: Why We Must Adhere?

AIM: This study provides a critical literature review on state-of-the-art and novel strategies in the field of neoadjuvant treatments for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHODS: A nonsystematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Clinical Trials.gov to retrieve papers related to neoadjuvant treatments for MIBC over the past 15 years. Prospective and retrospective studies were included. RESULTS: Platinum-based treatment is the gold standard and mainly consists of a combination of cisplatin with vinblastine, methotrexate, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, adriamycin or even epirubicin. The 5- year absolute overall survival benefit of MVAC is 5% and the absolute disease-free survival improves by 9%. CMV treatment is associated with a 10-year overall survival improving from 30% to 36% and a 16% reduction in mortality. Gemcitabine and cisplatin regimen provides complete response in 20% of cases, with non-inferior oncological outcomes compared to MVAC regimen. Recent prospective trials investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy show a high rate of complete response, from 29% with atezolizumab to 39.5% with pembrolizumab. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor pathway is being explored and could offer an interesting strategy to improve survival outcomes. CONCLUSION: Available evidence suggests better oncological outcomes for MIBC patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment before radical cystectomy. While MVAC remains the standard of care in cisplatin eligible patients, novel strategies are under development for cisplatin-ineligible patients, whereby immunotherapy seems to hold great promise.

Urinary Tract Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Issues.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary tract is a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor with distinct pathological features, usually portending an aggressive clinical behavior in comparison to conventional urothelial carcinoma. Due to its low prevalence, little is known about its clinical management and there is no current standard of care. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge about LCNEC of the bladder, ureter and kidney, with relevance to diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic issues, through a systematic analysis of clinical, pathological and outcome data retrieved from the literature.

Impact of time to second transurethral resection on oncological outcomes of patients with high-grade T1 bladder cancer treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of time to restaging transurethral resection (Re-TUR) on recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer specific survival (CSS) of patients with high-grade T1 bladder cancer (BC) treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). MATERIALS AND PATIENTS: Our prospectively maintained NMIBC databases were queried to identify patients with high-grade T1 BC who underwent Re-TUR before receiving intravesical BCG treatment (induction + 1-year maintenance). Patients were divided into three groups based on time to Re-TUR (group A: ≤ 6 weeks; group B: > 6-12 weeks; group C: > 12-18 weeks). Kaplan-Meier plots were used to estimate differences in RFS, PFS, and CSS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the impact of time to Re-TUR on oncological outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 269 high-grade T1 BC patients were eligible for the analysis. Nineteen (7.1%) had concomitant CIS. Median follow-up was 49.3 (IQR 25-65) months. Kaplan-Meier plots showed no differences in RFS, PFS, and CSS between the three groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Group B had a slightly better RFS, while the other outcomes were not affected by time to Re-TUR. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study testing the role of time to Re-TUR in a homogeneous population of patients with high-grade T1 BC who received complete BCG treatment. The study challenged the concept the sooner the Re-TUR the better, since time to Re-TUR did not significantly affect oncological outcomes.

Is Repeat Transurethral Resection Always Needed in High-Grade T1 Bladder Cancer?

Re-staging transurethral resection, the so-called repeat TUR (Re-TUR), is mandatory in case of incomplete first transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). In completely resected high grade T1 tumors, Re-TUR is recommended but question remains whether it provides advantages in terms of recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer specific survival (CSS). The present study aimed to determine whether Re-TUR improves such outcomes in patients with completely resected high-grade T1 bladder cancer (BC). We queried our prospectively maintained database to identify patients with completely resected high-grade T1 BC who underwent (Group A) or not (Group B) Re-TUR before starting intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The impact of Re-TUR as well as of other tested variables on RFS, PFS, and CSS was tested by Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank testing. A total of 118 patients underwent Re-TUR, which pointed out no BC in 61 (51.7%), NMIBC in 54 (45.8%) and pT2 disease in 3 (2.5%). The 3 patients with pT2 disease underwent cystectomy, whereas all others were offered BCG treatment. Forty-two patients refused BCG treatment while 2 did not complete it; therefore, Group A (Re-TUR before BCG treatment) consisted of 71 patients whereas Group B consisted of 40 patients who refused Re-TUR but completed BCG treatment. Mean follow-up was 60 months (range 12-142). Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank testing showed no difference in RFS, PFS and CSS between patients who had (Group A) or had not (Group B) Re-TUR before starting BCG treatment. Our findings suggest that a Re-TUR in patients with a completely resected high-grade T1 BC does not translate into a better oncological outcome. Given its impact on both patients and healthcare system, the need for Re-TUR in completely resected high grade T1 BC should be further investigated into the framework of a randomized study.

A Mixed Reality system for the simulation of emergency and first-aid scenarios.

Simulation is a powerful learning tool, as it allows gaining direct experience in a controlled and repeatable way. However, the simulation is effective when it is able to reproduce the real conditions and when the user feels him/herself immersed and present in the situation. With the aim of improving these critical points, we propose an immersive virtual reality system for first-aid handling. Specifically, we increase the visual realism of medical mannequins and the contextualization, and we add the touch feedback by mapping the real mannequin into its virtual representation. Moreover, the interaction is performed by using a virtual representation of the users own hands by allowing a more realistic execution of tasks. The results show a good accuracy in the mapping between the real and the virtual mannequin, and a high degree of presence for both the control group and the medical one. These results and the low values of simulator sickness reported during the experiment are a good starting point for the use of the proposed mixed reality system in simulation scenarios.