Repeated Cyclogenesis on Hot-Exoplanet Atmospheres with Deep Heating.

Most current models of hot-exoplanet atmospheres assume shallow heating, a strong day-night differential heating near the top of the atmosphere. Here we investigate the effects of energy deposition at differing depths in a model tidally locked gas-giant exoplanet. We perform high-resolution atmospheric flow simulations of hot-exoplanet atmospheres forced with idealized thermal heating representative of shallow and deep heating (i.e., stellar irradiation strongly deposited at ∼10^{3} Pa and ∼10^{5} Pa pressure levels, respectively). Unlike with shallow heating, the flow with deep heating exhibits a new dynamic equilibrium state, characterized by repeated generation of giant cyclonic storms that move away westward once formed. The formation is accompanied by a burst of heightened turbulence, leading to the production of small-scale flow structures and large-scale mixing of temperature on a timescale of ∼3 planetary rotations. Significantly, while effects that could be important (e.g., coupled radiative flux and convectively excited gravity waves) are not included, over a timescale of several hundred days the simulations robustly show that the emergent thermal flux depends strongly on the heating type and is distinguishable by current observations.

Atmospheric dynamics of tidally synchronized extrasolar planets.

Tidally synchronized planets present a new opportunity for enriching our understanding of atmospheric dynamics on planets. Subject to an unusual forcing arrangement (steady irradiation on the same side of the planet throughout its orbit), the dynamics on these planets may be unlike that on any of the Solar System planets. Characterizing the flow pattern and temperature distribution on the extrasolar planets is necessary for reliable interpretation of data currently being collected, as well as for guiding future observations. In this paper, several fundamental concepts from atmospheric dynamics, likely to be central for characterization, are discussed. Theoretical issues that need to be addressed in the near future are also highlighted.

The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet upsilon Andromedae b.

The star upsilon Andromedae is orbited by three known planets, the innermost of which has an orbital period of 4.617 days and a mass at least 0.69 that of Jupiter. This planet is close enough to its host star that the radiation it absorbs overwhelms its internal heat losses. Here, we present the 24-micrometer light curve of this system, obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope. It shows a variation in phase with the orbital motion of the innermost planet, demonstrating that such planets possess distinct hot substellar (day) and cold antistellar (night) faces.