Deep Learning Super-Resolution Technique Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Application of Image-Guided Diagnosis and Surgery of Trigeminal Neuralgia.

This study aimed to implement a deep learning-based super-resolution (SR) technique that can assist in the diagnosis and surgery of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Experimental methods applied SR to MRI data examined using five techniques, including T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), contrast-enhancement T1WI (CE-T1WI), T2WI turbo spin-echo series volume isotropic turbo spin-echo acquisition (VISTA), and proton density (PD), in patients diagnosed with TN. The image quality was evaluated using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM). High-quality reconstructed MRI images were assessed using the Leksell coordinate system in gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS). The results showed that the PSNR and SSIM values achieved by SR were higher than those obtained by image postprocessing techniques, and the coordinates of the images reconstructed in the gamma plan showed no differences from those of the original images. Consequently, SR demonstrated remarkable effects in improving the image quality without discrepancies in the coordinate system, confirming its potential as a useful tool for the diagnosis and surgery of TN.

Direct C1 posterior arch screws for reduction and osteosynthesis in the treatment of Jefferson fracture.

The surgical treatment of Jefferson fractures generally involves solid fusion, which limits the range of motion of the upper cervical spine. Herein, we present a case of a Jefferson fracture that was surgically treated using direct C1 posterior arch screw reduction and osteosynthesis instead of fusion surgery. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) and plain radiography revealed that both C1 posterior arch screws were well positioned, and placing lag screws at the C1 level played a key role in fracture reduction. The present case highlights a surgical technique, which can preserve neck motion by using lag screws for reduction and osteosynthesis.

Application of critical pathway of integrative medical service for lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus: A protocol for single-centered prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (L-HNP) is a condition in which fibroblasts escape due to degenerative changes or external forces in the intervertebral disc, causing neurological symptoms by compressing the dura mater or nerve root. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the effectiveness, economic feasibility, and safety of using an integrated medical service critical pathway (CP) in L-HNP patients. METHODS: This single-center prospective observational study will be performed at Kyung Hee University Medicine Hospital and Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital. The inclusion criteria are a diagnosis of L-HNP on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans, age under 80 years, a visual analog scale score of 7 or higher for either lower back pain or lower extremity pain. The included 102 participants will be classified into 6 groups (n = 17 in each group): CP application with conservative treatment; CP application with open discectomy; CP application with intrabody fusion; conservative treatment without CP application; open discectomy without CP application; and interbody fusion without CP application. We will collect data on the visual analog scale, ODI, SF-36, and EQ-5D-3L scores; number of admission days; medical staff satisfaction; patients health service satisfaction; waiting time for consultations; use of pain relievers; and CP application and completion rates. CONCLUSION: In future, this study is expected to serve as a basis for follow-up studies on the development and application of CPs in integrated medical services for various diseases, including lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus.

Spatial analysis of the relationship between out-of-pocket expenditure and socioeconomic status in South Korea.

The rapid increase in out-of-pocket expenditures regressively raises the issue of equity in medical access opportunities according to income class and negatively affects public health. Factors related to out-of-pocket expenses have been analyzed in previous studies using an ordinary regression model (Ordinary Least Squares [OLS]). However, as OLS assumes equal error variance, it does not consider spatial variation due to spatial heterogeneity and dependence. Accordingly, this study presents a spatial analysis of outpatient out-of-pocket expenses from 2015 to 2020, targeting 237 local governments nationwide, excluding islands and island regions. R (version 4.1.1) was used for statistical analysis, and QGIS (version 3.10.9), GWR4 (version 4.0.9), and Geoda (version 1.20.0.10) were used for the spatial analysis. As a result, in OLS, it was found that the aging rate and number of general hospitals, clinics, public health centers, and beds had a positive (+) significant effect on outpatient out-of-pocket expenses. The Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) suggests regional differences exist concerning out-of-pocket payments. As a result of comparing the OLS and GWR models through the Adj. R² and Akaike's Information Criterion indices, the GWR model showed a higher fit. This study provides public health professionals and policymakers with insights that could inform effective regional strategies for appropriate out-of-pocket cost management.

Cervical Myelopathy Induced by Posterior Vertebral Body Osteolysis after Cervical Disc Arthroplasty.

Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) has become more widespread and diverges from the conventional technique used in anterior cervical fusion for cervical degenerative disc disease. As arthroplasty has become a popular treatment option, few complications have been reported in the literature. These include subsidence, expulsion, posterior avulsion fractures, heterotopic ossification, and osteolysis. One of the critical complications is osteolysis, but current studies on this subject are limited in terms of not elucidating the incidence, etiology, and consequences. The authors present two cases, who presented with clinical signs of gradually worsening myelopathy induced by posterior vertebral body osteolysis, 2 years after CDA. Subsequently, the patient underwent posterior decompression and fusion without prosthesis removal. Postoperatively, the clinical symptoms gradually resolved, with no severe deficits. The present rare cases highlight the osteolysis that occurs after CDA, which can cause cervical myelopathy, and suggest spine surgeons to be alert to this fatal complication.

Comparison of Inflammatory Markers Changes in Patients Who Used Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics within 24 Hours after Spine Surgery and 5 Days after Spine Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: C-reactive protein (CRP) level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell (WBC) count are inflammatory markers used to evaluate postoperative infections. Although these markers are non-specific, understanding their normal kinetics after surgery may be helpful in the early detection of postoperative infections. To compliment the recent trend of reducing the duration of antibiotic use, this retrospective study investigated the inflammatory markers of patients who had received antibiotics within 24 hours after surgery according to the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service guidelines and compared them with those of patients who had received antibiotics for 5 days, which was proven to be non-infectious. METHODS: We enrolled 74 patients, divided into two groups. Patients underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at a single institution between 2019 and 2020. Group A included 37 patients who received antibiotics within 24 hours after the PLIF procedure, and group B comprised 37 patients who had used antibiotics for 5 days. A 1 : 1 nearest-neighbor propensity-matched analysis was used. The clinical variables included age, sex, medical history, body mass index, estimated blood loss, and operation time. Laboratory data included CRP, ESR, and WBC, which were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7. RESULTS: CRP dynamics tended to decrease after peaking on POD 3, with a similar trend in both groups. The average CRP level in group B was slightly higher than that in group A; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed operation time, number of fused levels, and estimated blood loss as significant predictors of a greater CRP peak value (r²=0.473, p<0.001) in patients. No trend (a tendency to decrease from the peak value) could be determined for ESR and WBC count on POD 7. CONCLUSION: Although slight differences were observed in numerical values and kinetics, sequential changes in inflammatory markers according to the duration of antibiotic administration showed similar patterns. Knowledge of CRP kinetics allows the assessment of the degree of difference between the clinical and expected values.

Can Trigeminal Schwannoma-Related Symptoms be Controlled With Gamma Knife Radiosurgery?

OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for the management of trigeminal schwannomas (TS) has been established. Although GKRS has been shown to inhibit tumor growth, the effect of GKRS on the symptoms caused by TS has not been sufficiently studied. In this study, symptomatic changes following GKRS for the management of symptomatic TS were investigated using long-term follow-up results. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 32 patients with TS who underwent GKRS between May 1994 and December 2016. Clinical charts, radiographic results, and surgical records were reviewed. To evaluate whether symptoms improved after GKRS, patient demographics, GKRS profile, radiological tumor size change, and tumor location were analyzed. RESULTS: Tumor control after GKRS for symptomatic TS was 87%. The improvement rates for facial pain at 6, 12, and 24 months after GKRS were 46%, 72%, and 86%, respectively. For the same time intervals, facial hypesthesia improved by 12%, 46%, and 52%, respectively. Of the patients with diplopia, 17% had improved symptoms 12 months after GKRS, and 50% of the patients improved after 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: GKRS can be an effective treatment modality for TS tumor control and shows favorable results in improving TS-related symptom, especially facial pain.

Clinical application of the optimized X-ray parameter model through analysis of disease risk and image quality when combining the ion chamber of automatic exposure control of digital radiography.

OBJECTIVE: To present an optimized examination model by analyzing the risk of disease and image quality according to the combination of the ion chamber of automatic exposure control (AEC) with digital radiography (DR). METHODS: The X-ray quality was analyzed by first calculating the percentage average error (PAE) of DR. After that, when using AEC, the combination of the ion chambers was the same as the left and centre and right, right and centre, left and centre, centre, right, and left, for a total of six. Accordingly, the entrance surface dose (ESD), risk of disease, and image quality were evaluated. ESD was obtained by attaching a semiconductor dosimeter to the L4 level of the lumbar spine, and then irradiating X-rays to dosimeter centre through average and standard deviation of radiation dose. The calculated ESD was input into the PCXMC 2.0 programme to evaluate disease risk caused by radiation. Meanwhile, image quality according to chamber combination was quantified as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) through Image J. RESULTS: X-ray quality of DR used in the experiment was within the normal range of±10. ESD of six ion chamber combinations was 1.363mGy, 0.964mGy, 0.946mGy, 0.866mGy, 0.748mGy, 0.726mGy for lumbar anteroposterior (AP), and the lumbar lateral values were 1.126mGy, 0.209mGy, 0.830mGy, 0.662mGy, 0.111mGy, and 0.250mGy, respectively. Meanwhile, disease risk analyzed through PCXMC 2.0 was bone marrow, colon, liver, lung, stomach, urinary and other tissue cancer, and disease risk showed a tendency to increase in proportion to ESD. SNR and CNR recorded the lowest values when three chambers were combined and did not show proportionality with dose, while showed the highest values when two chambers were combined. CONCLUSION: In this study, combination of three ion chambers showed the highest disease risk and lowest image quality. Using one ion chamber showed the lowest disease risk, but lower image quality than two ion chambers. Therefore, if considering all above factors, combination of two ion chambers can optimally maintain the disease risk and image quality. Thus, it is considered an optimal X-ray examination parameter.

A Concomitant Occurrence of the Atlantoaxial Subluxation with Rare Vertebral Formation and Segmentation Defects.

An atlantoaxial subluxation from the unstable Os odontoideum by the failure of proper integrations between the embryological somites might be a commonly reported pathology. However, its suspicious origin or paralleled occurrence with other congenital anomalies of vertebral body might be a relatively rare phenomenon. The authors present two cases, who simply presented with clinical signs of prolonged, intractable cervicalgia without any neurological deficits, revealed this rare feature of C1-2 subluxation from the unstable, orthotropic type of Os odontoideum that coincide with congenitally fused cervical vertebral bodies between C2-3. Surprisingly, in one case, when traced from the lower cervical down to the thoracic-lumbar levels during the preoperative work-up process, was also compromised with multi-level butterfly vertebrae formations. Presented cases highlight the association of various congenital vertebrae anomalies and the rationale to fuse only affected joints.

Clinical Outcome of Percutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Block in Elderly Patients in Outpatient Clinics.

OBJECTIVE: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe neuropathic condition that affects several elderly patients. It is characterized by uncontrolled pain that significantly impacts the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the condition should be treated as an emergency. In the majority of patients, pain can be controlled with medication; however, other treatment modalities are being explored in those who become refractory to drug treatment. The use of the trigeminal nerve block with a local anesthetic serves as an excellent adjunct to drug treatment. This technique rapidly relieves the patient of pain while medications are being titrated to effective levels. We report the efficacy and safety of percutaneous trigeminal nerve block in elderly patients with TN at our outpatient clinic. METHODS: Twenty-one patients older than 65 years with TN received percutaneous nerve block at our outpatient clinic. We used bupivacaine (1 mL/injection site) to block the supraorbital, infraorbital, superior alveolar, mental, and inferior alveolar nerves according to pain sites of patients. RESULTS: All patients reported relief from pain, which decreased by approximately 78% after 2 weeks of nerve block. The effect lasted for more than 4 weeks in 12 patients and for 6 weeks in two patients. There were no complications. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous nerve block procedure performed at our outpatient clinic provided immediate relief from pain to elderly patients with TN. The procedure is simple, has no serious side effects, and is easy to apply.

What Is the Ideal Entry Point for Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy?

OBJECTIVE: The method of approach during transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) has been the subject of repeated study. However, the ideal entry point during TELD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, this study investigated the ideal entry point for avoiding complications using computed tomography (CT) scans obtained from patients in the prone position. METHODS: Using CT scans obtained from patients in the prone position, we checked for retroperitoneal or visceral violations and measured the angles of approach with five conventional approach lines drawn on axial CT scans at each disc space level (L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5). We also determined the ideal entry point distance and approach angles for avoiding retroperitoneal or visceral violations. Correlation analysis was performed to identify the patient characteristics related to the ideal entry point properties. RESULTS: We found that the far lateral approach at the L2-3 level resulted in high rates of visceral violation. However, rates of visceral violation at the L3-4 and L4-5 levels were remarkably low or absent. The ideal angles of approach decreased moving caudally along the spine, and the ideal entry point distances increased moving caudally along the spine. Weight, body mass index (BMI), and the depth of the posterior vertebral line from the skin were positively associated with the distance of the ideal entry point from the midline. CONCLUSION: We reviewed the risk of the extreme lateral approach by analyzing rates of retroperitoneal and visceral violations during well-known methods of approach. We suggested an ideal entry point at each level of the lumbar spine and found a positive correlation between the distance of the entry point to the midline and patient characteristics such as BMI, weight, and the depth of the posterior vertebral line from the skin.

Anterior lumbar interbody fusions combined with posterior column osteotomy in patients who had sagittal imbalance associated with degenerative lumbar flat-back deformity: a retrospective case series.

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) combined with posterior column osteotomy (PCO) may be effective to achieve ideal lumbar curve correction in lumbar flat-back deformity (LFD). We aimed to investigate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of patients with primary degenerative LFD treated with multi-level ALIFs combined with PCOs. Seventy patients with primary degenerative LFD who underwent corrective surgery were divided into three groups according to the 1-month postoperative pelvic incidence/lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) angles (≤ - 10°, from - 9° to 9°, and ≥ 10°). The spinopelvic parameters, including thoracic kyphosis, LL, pelvic tilt, T1 pelvic angle, and sagittal vertical axis, were analyzed at the preoperative, postoperative follow-up periods. The clinical outcomes, including the Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS), and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22r, were also evaluated. Further, the paraspinal muscles were qualitatively and quantitatively examined, preoperatively. All spinopelvic parameters were corrected as close to the normal values at the 1-month postoperative period. The spinopelvic parameters in the PI-LL ≤ - 10° group were better corrected and maintained than those in the other groups. The ODI, VAS, and SRS-22r scores improved at the final follow-up in all groups. The PI-LL ≤ - 10° group showed better clinical outcomes than the other groups. In the paraspinal muscle examination, the mean lumbar muscularity value and fatty degeneration ratio were 236.7% and 20.7%, respectively. Multi-level ALIFs with PCOs in patients with LFD are effective in restoring sagittal balance and improving clinical symptoms. In addition, the postoperative LL angles should be larger than PI + 10° to achieve good overall outcomes in patients with severe degenerative back muscle.

Late-onset neurological deficits induced by proximal adjacent segment degeneration related to severe post-tuberculous kyphotic deformities of the spine: a series of 7 cases and surgical correction concept.

OBJECTIVE: Late-onset neurological deficits are a rare complication of spinal tuberculosis that may be caused by proximal adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) above the kyphus. The objective of this study was to report several cases of neurological deficits due to proximal ASD in patients with post-tuberculous kyphotic deformity and discuss the characteristics of the authors' corrective surgical technique. METHODS: The inclusion criteria in this study were severe angular kyphosis due to a post-tuberculous kyphotic deformity and a late-onset neurological deficit. The cause of these deficits was related to a lesion in the proximal cephalad portion of the kyphotic deformity. Surgical intervention, including decompression and compromised restoration of the sagittal imbalance, was performed in all patients. Preoperative surgical planning with a radiological evaluation included CT, plain radiograph, and MRI studies. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). RESULTS: The main goal of our surgical technique was the correction of sagittal malalignment by positioning the patient's head above the kyphotic deformity on the sagittal plane, excluding aggressive osteotomy. The neurological symptoms showed immediate improvements postoperatively, except in 1 patient. Compared to the preoperative value of 66.9, the mean ODI score improved to 42.6 at the final follow-up for all patients. Preoperatively, the mean values of the angles of deformity and the sagittal vertical axis were 99.7° and 157.7 mm, respectively, and decreased to 75.3° and 46.0 mm, respectively, at the final follow-up. No major complications were observed, and the patients' self-satisfaction was high with respect to both cosmetic and functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of the degeneration of the vertebrae above the kyphotic segment in patients with post-tuberculosis deformity. Successful neurological recovery and compromised sagittal balance could be obtained by using our "head on kyphus" surgical concept.

Rare Case of Absent Common Carotid Artery Likely Associated with Intracranial Aneurysm Development.

Congenital absence of the common carotid artery without separate origin of internal carotid artery and external carotid artery from the aortic arch is a very rare anomaly. A persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery into adult life is also a rare condition. We report a patient with the coexistence of such rare conditions who presented with cerebral infarctions and intracranial aneurysms.

Can the Zero-Profile Implant Be Used for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in Traumatic Subaxial Disc Injury? A Preliminary, Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: The zero-profile implant (Zero-P) is accepted for use in anterior cervical fusion for the treatment of degenerative cervical disease. However, evidence pertaining to its efficiency and safety in traumatic cervical injury is largely insufficient. This study aimed to compare the overall outcomes of patients who underwent Zero-P for traumatic cervical disc injury. METHODS: Data from a total of 53 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for traumatic or degenerative cervical disc disease using the Zero-P were reviewed. Seventeen patients (group A) had traumatic cervical disc injury and the remaining 36 (group B) had degenerative cervical disc herniation. The fusion and subsidence rates and Cobb angle were measured retrospectively from plain radiographs. The patients' clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and Odom's criteria. RESULTS: The C2-7 Cobb and operative segmental angles increased by 3.45±7.61 and 2.94±4.59 in group A; and 2.46±7.31 and 2.88±5.49 in group B over 12 postoperative months, respectively. The subsidence and fusion rate was 35.0% and 95.0% in group A; and 36.6% and 95.1% in group B, respectively. None of the parameters differed significantly between groups. The clinical outcomes were similar in both groups in terms of increasing the JOA score and producing a grade higher than "good" using Odom's criteria. CONCLUSION: The application of Zero-P in patients with traumatic cervical disc injury was found to be acceptable when compared with the clinical and radiological outcomes of degenerative cervical spondylosis.

Study of the Transverse Foramen in the Subaxial Cervical Spine in Korean Patients With Degenerative Changes: An Anatomical Note.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide anatomical data on the dimensions and location of the subaxial transverse foramen (TF) in relation to surgical landmarks routinely used during anterior cervical procedures. METHODS: A total of 116 patients who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) evaluations for degenerative cervical disease were enrolled. Axial and coronal CT images of the cervical vertebrae from C3 to C6 were analyzed to measure interforaminal distance, the TF distance from the anterior and posterior vertebral body margin, TF dimensions, and the TF medial margin from the tip and medial margin of the uncus. Comparative and correlative analyses were also performed according to age, body mass index (BMI), and sex. RESULTS: All measurement values in male patients were larger than those in their female counterparts. The interforaminal distance gradually increased from C3 to C6. The distance of the TF medial margin from the tip of the uncus was found be above approximately 3 mm in all vertebrae except C6. Correlation analysis revealed that age had a significant negative relationship with the transverse diameter of TF. In contrast, BMI had a significant positive correlation with interforaminal distance. Moreover, the distances of the TF medial margin from the tip and medial margin of the uncus showed strong negative correlations with age. CONCLUSION: Useful morphometric data were obtained that may help the operating surgeon to avoid vertebral artery injury. The safe distance from the tip of the uncus to the TF medial margin was found to be approximately 3 mm, and this distance should not be violated during lateral decompression. In addition, this value may decrease with age.

Rare Intractable Cervicalgia Related to Exaggerated Disc Height Distraction : Report of Two Cases and Literature Review.

We present two cases of unexpected postoperative intractable cervicalgia due to over-sized implant insertion during simple anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) or artificial disc replacement (ADR). These patients experienced severe cervicalgia mostly related to their neck motion even after standard cervical operations. In both cases, the restored disc heights after the operations were prominently greater than the preoperative disc heights. The patients had not responded to any of the conservative treatments, and unloading of these excessively distracted segments through ultimate revision surgery led to dramatic pain relief. This report emphasizes the increase in distractional forces that takes place after a standard ACDF or ADR, as well as the importance of a proper sized implant. It also includes the reviews of other biomechanical or clinical reports dealing with this issue, thereby cautioning the surgeons not to disregard these factors, which might have an adverse effect in patients with cervicalgia even after radiographically successful cervical procedures.

Perioperative Results and Complications after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Spinal Stenosis in Geriatric Patients over than 70 Years Old.

OBJECTIVE: As increasing the size of the geriatric population, the number of elderly patients, who need the surgery for painful degenerative spinal stenosis has been increasing. The geriatric population may be relatively high complications, because of age and age-associated medical conditions. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the perioperative complications and outcomes in elderly patients with posterior lumbar inter body fusion with screw augmentation (PLIF). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiographic studies of geriatric patients who had spine surgery of PLIF due to spinal stenosis for 11 years. We divided into 2 groups (A; 70-75 years, B; over then 76 years) according to the age. Surgical level of each groups, hospital day and postoperative day, co-morbidities, complications, clinical outcomes were analyzed. Operative reports, hospital and outpatient clinic charts, and radiographic studies were reviewed. RESULTS: Group A was composed of 80 patients, their mean age was 72.21 and female dominant (n=46), and their mean surgically fused level was 1.52 level. Group B was 36 patients, their mean age was 78.83 and female dominant (n=20), and their mean surgically fused level was 1.36 level. Comparing between two groups, complications, postoperative hospital stay were slightly increase in group B and co-morbidity was statistically high in group B, however clinical outcomes were similar between two groups. CONCLUSION: Increasing age might be an important risk factor for complications in patients undergoing PLIF, however, we would like to recommend that if the situation of spine of extreme geriatric patients need PLIF, it should be in the surgeon's consideration after careful selection and clinical judgement.

Clinical outcomes and radiosurgical considerations for pediatric arteriovenous malformation: influence of clinical features on obliteration rate.

PURPOSE: Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is an established treatment modality for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), but there have been few published studies examining the relationship between clinical features of AVM and successful obliteration with GKRS in pediatric patients. In the current study, we investigate the outcomes of GKRS for pediatric patients with brain AVM and analyze the variables that influence obliteration. METHODS: We analyzed 68 pediatric patients (≤ 18 years) with a mean follow-up period of 61.9 months (range 6-215 months). The following parameters were analyzed to determine their influence on obliteration of AVM treated by GKRS: age, sex, target volume, irradiation dose, prior treatment, location of AVM, nidus structure, velocity of AVM, location of venous drainage, number of feeding arteries, and initial presenting symptoms. Also, we estimated clinical factors which should be considered during the follow-up period. RESULTS: Of the 68 patients, complete obliteration was confirmed in 26 (38.2%) by cerebral angiography. The response rate of AVM for GKRS was 92.6%. No significant association was observed between any of the parameters investigated and the obliteration of AVM, with the exception of number of feeding arteries, which exhibited a statistically significant difference by univariate analysis (p = 0.003). However, on multivariate analysis, nidus structure (p = 0.007), velocity of the main arterial phase (p = 0.013), velocity of the feeding artery phase (p = 0.004), and the number of feeding arteries (p = 0.018) showed statistical significance. CONCLUSION: GKRS yielded good long-term clinical outcomes in most pediatric patients. Multiple arterial feeding vessels, diffuse nidus structure, and fast flow of AVM were specific factors associated with a low rate of obliteration in pediatric AVMs.

Nontraumatic Multiple Vertebral Compression Fractures Induced by Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the causes of osteoporosis and is known to increase the fracture risk of bone. However, multiple vertebral compression fracture because of PHPT is extremely rare. CASE DESCRIPTION: A case of acute multiple vertebral compression fracture in a patient with PHPT is described. The fracture occurred suddenly without trauma. The patient had a low T score (-4.4), and serum hypercalcemia and phosphatemia were evident. On examination, serum parathyroid hormone was found to be elevated, and PHPT was diagnosed by neck sonography and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scan. Once the patient was diagnosed with PHPT, we performed subtotal parathyroidectomy and corrective spinal surgery for multiple compression fractures. CONCLUSIONS: When a patient has multiple compression fractures without any trauma history and a very low T score, the presence of other underlying diseases should be investigated.