Classification systems for platelet-rich plasma.

There is good scientific rationale to support the use of growth factors to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. However, the clinical effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and other blood-derived products has yet to be proven. Characterization and reporting of PRP preparation protocols utilized in clinical trials for the treatment of musculoskeletal disease is highly inconsistent, and the majority of studies do not provide sufficient information to allow the protocols to be reproduced. Furthermore, the reporting of blood-derived products in orthopaedics is limited by the multiple PRP classification systems available, which makes comparison of results between studies challenging. Several attempts have been made to characterize and classify PRP; however, no consensus has been reached, and there is lack of a comprehensive and validated classification. In this annotation, we outline existing systems used to classify preparations of PRP, highlighting their advantages and limitations. There remains a need for standardized universal nomenclature to describe biological therapies, as well as a comprehensive and reproducible classification system for autologous blood-derived products. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:891-896.

LECT2 association with macrophage-mediated killing of Helicobacter pylori by activating NF-κB and nitric oxide production.

Helicobacter pylori employs unique methods to colonize the stomach, which induces chronic inflammation. It is also able to avoid eradication by macrophages and other immune cells. Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), a multi-functional cytokine involved in many pathological conditions, has recently been shown to activate macrophages via the CD209a receptor. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of LECT2 on H. pylori-infected macrophages. Macrophages were treated with recombinant LECT2, and both their ability to kill H. pylori and produce nitric oxide were analyzed. Western blot was performed to determine nuclear translocation and protein phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Transfection experiments were performed to analyze the signaling pathway of LECT2 in macrophages. We found that treatment with LECT2 enhanced H. pylori killing and nitric oxide production in macrophages. In addition, DNA-binding activity and nuclear translocation of p65 were up-regulated by LECT2 treatment. Furthermore, we found that NF-κB activation by LECT2 was mediated by Raf-1 in macrophages, and Raf-1 phosphorylation was specifically altered in response to LECT2. Moreover, LECT2 induced Ser28 phosphorylation in the intracellular domain of CD209a. CD209a Ser28 phosphorylation was required for LECT2-induced Raf-1 and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our study showed that the effects of LECT2 on H. pylori killing and nitric oxide production were dependent on CD209a phosphorylation, Raf-1, and NF-κB activation. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that exposure to LECT2 can modulate specific intracellular mechanisms downstream of CD209a to enhance H. pylori killing and nitric oxide production in macrophages.

Effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Chinese subjects: an interventional study

Accumulating evidence has suggested that high salt and potassium might be associated with vascular function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) in Chinese subjects. Forty-nine subjects (28-65 years of age) were selected from a rural community of northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day NaCl), a high-salt diet for an additional 7 days (18.0 g/day NaCl), and a high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for a final 7 days (18.0 g/day NaCl+4.5 g/day KCl). Brachial-ankle PWV was measured at baseline and on the last day of each intervention. Blood pressure levels were significantly increased from the low-salt to high-salt diet, and decreased from the high-salt diet to high-salt plus potassium supplementation. Baseline brachial-ankle PWV in salt-sensitive subjects was significantly higher than in salt-resistant subjects. There was no significant change in brachial-ankle PWV among the 3 intervention periods in salt-sensitive, salt-resistant, or total subjects. No significant correlations were found between brachial-ankle PWV and 24-h sodium and potassium excretions. Our study indicates that dietary salt intake and potassium supplementation, at least in the short term, had no significant effect on brachial-ankle PWV in Chinese subjects.

Effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Chinese subjects: an interventional study.

Accumulating evidence has suggested that high salt and potassium might be associated with vascular function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) in Chinese subjects. Forty-nine subjects (28-65 years of age) were selected from a rural community of northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day NaCl), a high-salt diet for an additional 7 days (18.0 g/day NaCl), and a high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for a final 7 days (18.0 g/day NaCl+4.5 g/day KCl). Brachial-ankle PWV was measured at baseline and on the last day of each intervention. Blood pressure levels were significantly increased from the low-salt to high-salt diet, and decreased from the high-salt diet to high-salt plus potassium supplementation. Baseline brachial-ankle PWV in salt-sensitive subjects was significantly higher than in salt-resistant subjects. There was no significant change in brachial-ankle PWV among the 3 intervention periods in salt-sensitive, salt-resistant, or total subjects. No significant correlations were found between brachial-ankle PWV and 24-h sodium and potassium excretions. Our study indicates that dietary salt intake and potassium supplementation, at least in the short term, had no significant effect on brachial-ankle PWV in Chinese subjects.

Profiles of circulating endothelial cells and serum cytokines during adjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: This research aimed to demonstrate the correlation of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) count and serum cytokine levels with side effects and prognosis in rectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiation. METHODS: Eleven patients received proctectomy, chemoradiotherapy and follow-up for 4 years. Fifty-five blood samples were taken before radiation and during the course. The quantities of CECs were estimated by flow cytometry, and serological factors were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The CEC level in patients without tumor recurrence was significantly lower than in patients with tumor recurrence (p < 0.01). The IL-6 and TGF-ß1 levels exhibited a similar profile (p < 0.01). For morbidity, the mean CEC level in patients with grade 3 diarrhea was significantly greater than patients with grades 1 (p < 0.001) and 2 diarrhea (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of CECs, serum IL-6, TGF-ß1 and TNF-α during post-operative chemoradiation in rectal cancer patients might be candidate biomarkers for prognosis and morbidity (NCT00325871).

Yields from blood cultures of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A

The yield and speed of detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A from the blood of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A in 13 500 paired aerobic and anaerobic bottles (AEB, ANB) that were each filled with 5 ml of blood by the BacT/ALERT 3D system were compared, and the blood bacterial counts of 1 000 probable patients were estimated by pour plate method. A total of 4 060 isolates were recovered, of these, 3 149 were recovered from both AEB and ANB, 461 from the AEB only, and 450 from the ANB only. The estimating median bacterial count in blood from 400 patients was 0.5 CFU/ml. The research findings demonstrate that the blood volume drawn is an important factor determining the yields from blood cultures. Growth of significantly more isolates was detected earlier in AEB.

Yields from blood cultures of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A.

The yield and speed of detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A from the blood of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A in 13 500 paired aerobic and anaerobic bottles (AEB, ANB) that were each filled with 5 ml of blood by the BacT/ALERT 3D system were compared, and the blood bacterial counts of 1 000 probable patients were estimated by pour plate method. A total of 4 060 isolates were recovered, of these, 3 149 were recovered from both AEB and ANB, 461 from the AEB only, and 450 from the ANB only. The estimating median bacterial count in blood from 400 patients was 0.5 CFU/ml. The research findings demonstrate that the blood volume drawn is an important factor determining the yields from blood cultures. Growth of significantly more isolates was detected earlier in AEB.

Yields from blood cultures of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A

The yield and speed of detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A from the blood of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever A in 13 500 paired aerobic and anaerobic bottles (AEB, ANB) that were each filled with 5 ml of blood by the BacT/ALERT 3D system were compared, and the blood bacterial counts of 1 000 probable patients were estimated by pour plate method. A total of 4 060 isolates were recovered, of these, 3 149 were recovered from both AEB and ANB, 461 from the AEB only, and 450 from the ANB only. The estimating median bacterial count in blood from 400 patients was 0.5 CFU/ml. The research findings demonstrate that the blood volume drawn is an important factor determining the yields from blood cultures. Growth of significantly more isolates was detected earlier in AEB.

Administración de vacunas y casos de muerte súbita del lactante en el Perú, 2001. ¿Asociación o coincidencia temporal? / Immunization and sudden death in infants in Peru, 2001. Is it an association or a temporary coincidence?

Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas, socioeconómicas, y patológicas de nueve casos de lactantes que fallecieron horas después de administrárseles vacunas antipolio y DPT junto con anti Haemophilus influenzae b o asociada con antihepatitis B o BCG. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de la historia clínica, entrevista con el equipo de salud a cargo de la vacunación y con los padres del lactante fallecido. Revisión de los informes del protocolo de autopsia e informes de anatomía patológica y entrevista con los médicos legistas y patólogos. Evaluación de controlde calidad de las vacunas administradas. Realización de exámenes de inmunohistoquímica de tejidos pulmonarespara el diagnóstico de virus. Resultados: Entre agosto y diciembre de 2001 se notificaron en el Perú, nueve casos de fallecimiento de lactantes entre ocho horas y tres días después de la aplicación de vacunas DPT y antipolio. Después de la vacunación, los síntomas iniciaron entre 30 minutos a tres horas y la muerte se produjo entre ocho a 78 horas. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron irritabilidad 8/9, llanto persistente 6/9, somnolencia 5/9, sangrado por nariz y boca5/9. Todos los casos procedieron de familias pobres o muy pobres. El control de calidad se corroboró que las vacunas cumplieron con los estándares establecidos por la OMS. Las causas de la muerte reportadas en las necropsias fueron neumonía en dos casos y edema pulmonar en cinco casos, los informes de anatomía patológica mostraron una neumonitis intersticial y meningitis linfocitaria. No se observaron efectos citopáticos virales en los tejidos pulmonares y los estudios toxicológicos fueron negativos. Conclusiones: No existe evidencia de una asociación causal entre los eventosfatales y la administración de las vacunas.

Objectives: To describe clinical, socio-economic, and pathological characteristics of nine infants who died hours after receiving anti-polio and DPT vaccines, together with anti-Haemophilus influenzae b or in association to anti-hepatitis B vaccine or BCG. Materials and methods: Review of the clinical record, interview with the healthcare team in charge of immunization, and with parents of the deceased infant. Review the autopsy and pathology reports, as well as an interview with pathologists and forensic physicians. Quality control assessment of vaccines used immunohistochemistry examinations for virus diagnosis. Results: Between August and December 2001, nine cases of infant death were reported in Peru, between 8 hours and 3 days after receiving DPT and anti-polio vaccines. After immunization, symptoms appeared from thirty minutes to three hours, and death occurred between 8 to 78 hours. Most frequently reported symptoms were: irritability (8/9), persistent weeping (6/9), somnolence (5/9), nose and mouth bleeding (5/9). All cases occurred in poor or very poor families. Quality control assessments corroborated that vaccines complied with standards set by the World Health Organization. Causes of death reported in autopsies were pneumonia in 2 cases and pulmonary edema in 5 cases; pathology reports indicated the presence of interstitial pneumonitis and lymphocyte meningitis. No viral cytopathic effects in pulmonary tissues were found, and toxicological studies were reported as negative. Conclusions: There is no evidence of a causal relationship between fatal events and vaccine administration.

Cómo lograr la óptima colaboración del niño en el consultorio dental / How to achieve optimal child co-operation in the dental office

El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la conducta de un grupo de niños durante su tratamiento dental mediante la utilización de técnicas no farmacológicas, así como también medir el grado de satisfacción alcanzado por los niños respecto a su tratamiento. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido por 25 niños de 3 a 9 años de edad que fueron atendidos en la Clínica de Odontología Pediátrica Postgrado de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Lima, Perú), todos ellos con diagnóstico de caries dental y pulpitis irreversible que recibieron tratamiento de operatoria o terapia pulpar. El estudio concluye que las técnicas no farmacológicas son apropiadas para reducir la ansiedad en niños y lograr una colaboración óptima durante su tratamiento, permitiendo una adecuada relación paciente-dentista. A través del test de satisfacción del tratamiento dental de Tarnowski y Simonia se determinó que la mayoría de los niños presentaron grados de satisfacción positivos respecto de la atención que recibieron (AU)

Cómo lograr la óptima colaboración del niño en el consultorio dental / How to achieve optimal child co-operation in the dental office

El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la conducta de un grupo de niños durante su tratamiento dental mediante la utilización de técnicas no farmacológicas, así como también medir el grado de satisfacción alcanzado por los niños respecto a su tratamiento. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido por 25 niños de 3 a 9 años de edad que fueron atendidos en la Clínica de Odontología Pediátrica Postgrado de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Lima, Perú), todos ellos con diagnóstico de caries dental y pulpitis irreversible que recibieron tratamiento de operatoria o terapia pulpar. El estudio concluye que las técnicas no farmacológicas son apropiadas para reducir la ansiedad en niños y lograr una colaboración óptima durante su tratamiento, permitiendo una adecuada relación paciente-dentista. A través del test de satisfacción del tratamiento dental de Tarnowski y Simonia se determinó que la mayoría de los niños presentaron grados de satisfacción positivos respecto de la atención que recibieron